Abstract machine - Abstract machine Abstract machine in its generic meaning is a behavioral model of a computer. Different branches of computer science/engineering put somewhat differing specialized meanings into this notion, as seen below. Abstraction means a processor design which is not intended to be implemented as hardware, but which is the notional executor of a particular intermediate language (abstract machine language) used in a compiler or interpreter. An abstract machine has an instruction set, a register set and a model of memory. It may provide instructions which are closer to the language being compiled than any physical computer or it may be used to make the language implementation easier to port to other platforms. A virtual machine is an abstract machine for which an interpreter exists. Examples: ABC.
Abstract Machine Notation - Abstract Machine Notation Abstract Machine Notation (AMN) is a computer programming language for specifying abstract machines in the B-Method, based on the mathematical theory of Generalised Substitutions. This article is based on material from FOLDOC, used with permission. Update as needed..
Warren Abstract Machine - Warren Abstract Machine In 1983, David H. D. Warren designed an abstract machine for the execution of Prolog consisting of a memory architecture and an instruction set [War83]. This design became known as the Warren Abstract Machine (WAM) and has become the de facto standard for implementing Prolog compilers. In [War83], Warren describes the WAM in a minimalist s style, making understanding very difficult for the average reader, even with a foreknowledge of Prolog s operations. Too much is left untold, and very little is justified in clear terms.(David H. D. Warren's confides privately that he felt [that the WAM] was important, but [its] details unlikely to be of wide interest. Hence, [he used a] personal notes style.) This has resulted in a very scant number of.
Virtual machine - Virtual machine In general terms, a virtual machine in computer science is software that creates an environment between the computer platform and the end user in which the end user can operate software. Specifically, the term virtual machine has several distinct meanings: Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Definitions 1.1 Original Meaning 1.2 Application Virtual Machine 1.3 Operating System Virtual Machine 1.4 Parallel Virtual Machine 2 Techniques 2.5 Emulation of the underlying raw hardware 2.6 Emulation of a non-native system 3 A selection of virtual machines 4 See Also Definitions Original Meaning The original meaning of virtual machine is the creation of a number of different identical execution environments on a single computer, each of which exactly emulates the host computer. This provides each user with the illusion.
Finite state machine - Finite state machine In computer science, a finite-state machine (FSM) or finite-state automaton (FSA) is an abstract machine that has only a finite, constant amount of memory. The internal statess of the machine carry no further structure. This kind of model is very widely used in the study of computation and languages. It can be conceptualised as a directed graph. There are a finitely many states, and each state has transitions to states. There is an input string that determines which transition is followed (some transitions may be from a state to itself). Finite state machines are studied in automata theory, a subfield of theoretical computer science. There are several types of finite state machines: Acceptors produce a "yes" or "no" answer to the input; they either accept.
Flex machine - Flex machine The Flex machine was developed at the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency in Malvern during the 1980s. It used a tagged storage scheme to implement a capability architecture, and was designed for the safe and efficient implementation of strongly-typed procedures. (It should not be confused with either the Flex programming language or an Operating System for 6800 microcomputers). There were two incarnations of Flex, both implemented using hardware with writable microcode. The first was supplied by Logica to an RSRE design, and the second used an ICL Perq. The microcode alone was responsible for storage allocation, deallocation and garbage collection. This immediately precluded a whole class of errors arising from the misuse (deliberate or accidental) of pointers. Another notable feature of Flex was the tagged,.
Abstract syntax - Abstract syntax Abstract syntax is a representation of data (typically either a message passing over a communications link or a computer program being compiled) which is independent of machine-oriented structures and encodings and also of the physical representation of the data (called "concrete syntax" in the case of compilation or "transfer syntax" in communications). A compiler's internal representation of a program will typically be specified by an abstract syntax in terms of categories such as "statement", "expression" and "identifier". This is independent of the source syntax (concrete syntax) of the language being compiled (though it will often be very similar). A parse tree is similar to an abstract syntax tree but it will typically also contain features such as parentheses which are syntactically significant but which.
Abstract Syntax Notation 1 - Abstract Syntax Notation 1 In telecommunications and computer networking abstract syntax notation one (ASN.1) is a standard, flexible method that describes data structures for representing, encoding, transmitting, and decoding data. It provides a set of formal rules for describing the structure of objects independent of machine-specific encoding techniques and is a precise, formal notation that removes ambiguities. ASN.1 is an ISO/ITU-T standard, originally defined in 1984 as part of CCITT X.409 '84. ASN.1 moved to its own standard, X.208, in 1988 due to wide applicability. The substantially revised 1995 version is covered by the X.680 series. ASN.1 defines the abstract syntax of information but does not restrict the way the information is encoded. Various ASN.1 encoding rules provide the transfer syntax (a concrete representation) of the.
Turing machine - Turing machine The Turing machine is an abstract model of computer execution and storage introduced in 1936 by Alan Turing to give a mathematically precise definition of algorithm or 'mechanical procedure'. As such it is still widely used in theoretical computer science, especially in complexity theory and the theory of computation. The thesis that states that Turing machines indeed capture the informal notion of effective or mechanical method in logic and mathematics is known as the Church-Turing thesis. Turing machines shouldn't be confused with the Turing test, Turing's attempt to capture the notion of artificial intelligence. A Turing machine that is able to simulate any other Turing machine is called a universal Turing machine. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Definition 2 Example 3 Universal Turing machines 4.
Machine Elves - Machine Elves Machine Elves is a term coined by the writer and philosopher Terence McKenna to describe the entities that he claims one becomes aware of after having taken tryptamine based psychedelic drugs. According to McKenna, their constant dance creates the reality as we perceive it. By following their dance, one can stay in contact with the Logos, a subconscious world of spiritual and other information. A close similarity is the hindu Dance of Shiva. Many people have claimed to have encountered such entities, and have described them as abstract beings existing in the universe created from human and animal mental space. The term "DMT Space" has also been used. There are numerous references of such encounters that could be found in many cultures ranging from.
Johann Sebastian Bach - of works by Johann Christoph's former mentor, Johann Pachelbel) from his brother's music cabinet and began to copy it by the moonlight. This went on nightly until Johann Christoph heard the young Sebastian playing some of the distinctive tunes from his private library, at which point the elder brother demanded to know how Sebastian had come to learn them. It was at Ohrdruf that Bach began to learn about organ building. The Ohrdruf church's instrument, it seems, was in constant need of minor repairs, and young J. S. Bach was often sent into the belly of the old organ to tighten, adjust, or replace various parts. Realizing that in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the church organ, with its moving bellows, manifold stops, and complicated mechanical linkages from the keys and.
John Llewellyn Rhys Prize - and Edward Lucie-Smith, A Tropical Childhood and Other Poems 1963 - Peter Marshall, Two Lives 1964 - Nell Dunn, Up the Junction 1965 - Julian Mitchell, The White Father 1966 - Margaret Drabble, The Millstone 1967 - Anthony Masters, The Seahorse 1968 - Angela Carter, The Magic Toyshop 1969 - Melvyn Bragg, Without a City Wall 1970 - Angus Calder, The People's War 1971 - Shiva Naipaul, Fireflies 1972 - Susan Hill, The Albatross 1973 - Peter Smalley, A Warm Gun 1974 - Hugh Fleetwood, The Girl Who Passed for Normal 1975 - David Hare, Knuckle and Tim Jeal, Cushing's Crusade 1976 - No Award 1977 - Richard Cork, Vorticism & Abstract Art in the First Machine Age 1978 - A. N. Wilson, The Sweets of Pimlico 1979 - Peter Boardman,.
Idea - an “impression.” Wundt widens the term to include “conscious representation of some object or process of the external world.” In so doing, he includes not only ideas of memory and imagination, but also perceptual processes, whereas other psychologists confine the term to the first two groups. G. F. Stout and J. M. Baldwin, in the Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, define “idea“ as “the reproduction with a more or less adequate image, of an object not actually present to the senses.” They point out that an idea and a perception are by various authorities contrasted in various ways. “Difference in degree of intensity,” “comparative absence of bodily movement on the part of the subject,” “comparative dependence on mental activity,” are suggested by psychologists as characteristic of an idea as compared with.
Interlingua - article. Also Giuseppe Peano's Latino sine Flexione was originally called Interlingua but this denomination fell into disuse after the publication of IALA's Interlingua. The word interlingua can also be a synonym for international auxiliary language. See also interlinguistics. Finally, an interlingua can be an abstract intermediary language used in the machine translation of human languages. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Rationale 2 Vocabulary 3 Grammar 4 Community 5 Sample 6 See also 7.
Internet protocol suite - layers of a protocol stack, not all of which correspond well with Internet practice. In a protocol stack, each layer solves a set of problems involving the transmission of data, and provides a well-defined service to the higher layers. Higher layers are logically closer to the user and deal with more abstract data, relying on lower layers to translate data into forms that can eventually be physically manipulated. The Internet model was produced as the solution to a practical engineering problem. The OSI model, on the other hand, was a more theoretical approach, and was also produced at an earlier stage in the evolution of networks. Therefore, the OSI model is easier to understand, but the TCP/IP model is the one in actual use. It is helpful to have an understanding.
Interpreter (computing) - compiler which does not execute its input program (the source code) but translates it into executable machine code (also called object code) which is output to a file for later execution. It may be possible to execute the same source code either directly by an interpreter or by compiling it and then executing the machine code produced. It takes longer to run a program under an interpreter than to run the compiled code but it can take less time to interpret it than the total required to compile and run it. This is especially important when prototyping and testing code when an edit-interpret-debug cycle can often be much shorter than an edit-compile-run-debug cycle. Interpreting code is slower than running the compiled code because the interpreter must analyse each statement in the.
History of philosophy - Academy. Aristotle (384-322 BC), pupil of Plato, founder of the Lyceum and the Peripatetic tradition. Arete of Cyrene (fl. 4th cent. BC), daughter of Aristippus and his sucessor as head of the Cyrenaic school. Stilpo (380-300 BC), Megarian philosopher, influenced by Cynicism and an influence on Stoicism. Theophrastus (370-288 BC), pupil of Aristotle and his successor as head of the Lyceum. Pyrrho (365-275 BC), founder of the scepticial philosophy named after him. Epicurus (341-270 BC), atomist and hedonist philospher, founder of school named after him. Zeno of Citium (335-263 BC), founder of the Stoic school. Cleanthes (331-232 BC), second head of the Stoic school. Aristo (fl. 3rd cent. BC), Stoic philosopher, a pupil of Zeno, focused primarily on ethics. Timon (320-230 BC), sceptical philosopher, pupil of Pyrrho. Arcesilaus (316-242 BC), head.
History of baseball - win three titles themselves in nine years, the last with a group of players known as the "Gashouse Gang". 1933 also saw the introduction of the All-Star game, a mid-season break in which the greatest players in each league play against one another in a hard fought, but essentially meaningless demonstration game. In 1936 the Baseball Hall of Fame was instituted and five players elected: Ty Cobb, Walter Johnson, Christy Mathewson, Babe Ruth and Honus Wagner. The War Years The beginning of US involvement in World War II robbed the game of many players who joined the armed forces, but the major leagues continued play throughout. In 1941, a year which saw the premature death of Lou Gehrig, Boston's great left fielder, Ted Williams, had a batting average over .400, the.
High-level programming language - is more user-friendly, to some extent platform-independent, and abstract from low-level computer processor operations such as memory accesses. See programming language for a detailed discussion. The word "high" does not imply that the language is superior to low-level languages but rather refers to the higher level of abstraction from machine language. For example, the difference between the programming language Java and assembler language is that Java abstracts programming functionality that assembler does not, for example, strings..
Genetic algorithm - to produce offspring. Genetic algorithms are a particular class of evolutionary algorithms. Genetic algorithms are typically implemented as a computer simulation in which a population of abstract representations of candidate solutions to an optimization problem are stochastically selected, recombined, mutated, and then either eliminated or retained, based on their relative fitnesses. John Holland was the pioneering founder of much of today's work in genetic algorithms, which has moved on from a purely theoretical subject (though based on computer modelling), to provide methods which can be used to solve some difficult problems today. Problems which appear to be particularly appropriate for solution by genetic algorithms include timetabling and scheduling problems, and many scheduling software packages are based on GAs. The problem to be solved is represented by a list of parameters which.
