Hardware abstraction layer - Hardware abstraction layer An hardware abstraction layer is a layer between the physical hardware of a computer and the software that runs on that computer. The function is to hide differences in hardware and therefore provide a consistent platform to run applications on. The best example of an HAL can be found in the AS/400 architecture. The implementation of the LIC or Lincensed Internal Code, was so succesfull that software written on the predecessor, the S/38, runs without modifications on an AS/400. The underlying hardware has changed dramatically, at least 3 different types of processors have been in use. BSD, Linux and the Windows NT based operating systems, also have an HAL. These operating systems have different subsystems for particular functions e.g. sound and vision..
Abstraction - Abstraction Abstraction is the thought process wherein ideas are distanced from objects. Abstraction uses a strategy of simplification of detail, wherein formerly concrete details are left ambiguous, vague, or undefined; thus speaking of things in the abstract demands that the listener have an intuitive or common experience with the speaker, if the speaker expects to be understood. For example, lots of different things have the property of redness: lots of things are red. And we find the relation sitting-on everywhere: many things sit on other things. The property of redness and the relation sitting-on are therefore abstract. Problems begin to arise, however, when we try to define specific rules by which we can determine which things are abstract, and which concrete. Conceptual schemes for abstraction Instantiation.
Abstraction (computer science) - Abstraction (computer science) In computer science, abstraction is the process of combining multiple smaller operations into a single unit that can be referred to by name. It is a technique to factor out details and ease use of code and data. It is by analogy with abstraction in mathematics. The mathematical technique of abstraction begins with mathematical definitions; this has the fortunate effect of finessing some of the vexing philosophical issues of abstraction. Abstraction allows programmers to think simply about a problem, by deferring unimportant detail for later, while still allowing thought about more important goals, in stages of thinking, not all-at-once. For example, in both computing and in mathematics, numbers are concepts in the programming languages, as founded in mathematics. Implementation details depend on the.
Water abstraction - Water abstraction Water abstraction is the process of taking water from the environment for irrigation or treatment to produce drinking water. Depending on the environmental legislation in the relevant country, controls may be placed on abstraction to limit the amount of water that can be removed. Over abstraction can lead to rivers drying up or the level of groundwater aquifers reducing unacceptably. The science of hydrogeology is used to assess safe abstraction levels..
Lambda abstraction - Lambda abstraction A lambda abstraction is an abstract lambda expression. It is expressed in the language of lambda calculus. A lambda abstraction is to a functional programming language such as Scheme what pseudo-code is to an imperative programming language. More specifically, a lambda abstraction is a lambda expression with no free variables: each its variables is bound by some lambda. E.g. f (f (f x)) is a concrete lambda expression, whereas λf. λx. f (f (f x)) is an abstract lambda expression. For example, λ could stand for 'for each', 'for some', or 'there is'. In this case, the expression could stand for a 'logic proposition'..
Jacques Villon - a legal career, and for the next ten years he worked in graphic media, contributing cartoons and illustrations to Parisian papers as well as drawing color posters. In 1903 he helped organize the drawing section of the first Salon d'Automne in Paris. In 1904 - 05 he studied at the Académie Julian. He was at first influenced by Edgar Degas and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, but later he became part of the Fauvist movement, Cubism, and abstraction. By 1906, Montmartre was a bustling community and Jacques Villon moved to Puteaux in the quiet outskirts of Paris. There, he began to devote more of his time to working in drypoint -- a technique that created dark, velvety lines that stood out against the white of the paper. However, his isolation from the vibrant.
Jakarta Slide - e.g., a database or a directory tree. A Service is associated with each store and manages the connection to that store. A store contains one or more Scopes. Slide can be used with multiple data sources requiring only small abstraction layers to be written for each repository. Part of content management includes support for security, locking and versioning. The Slide engine is implemented as a JMX Managed Bean (MBean). WebDAV is implemented by the WebDAV servlet which can plugged into Jakarta Tomcat. It handles the WebDAV methods - propfind, proppatch, etc., and invokes the engine to act on them. Slide also provides a set of APIs to implement the WebDAV client, because of which Slide can also be seen as a Content Management Framework. The use of WebDAV, which is a.
Jean Arp - Dada movement in Zürich in 1916. In 1920, as Hans Arp, along with Max Ernst, and the social activist Alfred Grunwald, he set up the Cologne, Germany Dada group. However, in 1925 his work also appeared in the first exhibition of the Surrealist group at the Galerie Pierre in Paris. In 1926, Jean Arp moved to the Paris suburb of Meudon. In 1931, he broke with Surrealism to found Abstraction-Creation, working with the Paris-based group Abstraction-Création and the periodical, "Transition." Throughout the 1930s and until the end of his life, he continued to write and publish essays and poetry. In 1942, he fled from his home in Meudon to escape the German occupation and lived in Zürich until the war ended. Jean Arp visited New York City in 1949 for a.
Vincent van Gogh - after his death). (Properly the name rhymes with loch, but it is also pronounced 'goph', 'go' and 'goe'.) Van Gogh's influence on expressionism, fauvism and early abstraction was enormous, and can be seen in many other aspects of 20th-century art. The Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam is dedicated to Van Gogh's work and that of his contemporaries. The Kröller-Müller Museum in Otterlo (also in The Netherlands), has a considerable collection of Vincent van Gogh paintings as well. Several paintings by Van Gogh rank among the most expensive paintings in the world. On March 30, 1987 Van Gogh's painting Irises was sold for a record $53.9 million at Southeby's, New York. On May 15, 1990 his Portrait of Doctor Gachet was sold for $82.5 million at Christie's, thus establishing a new price.
Joni Mitchell - work to this day. Court & Spark was also notable for the first echoes of the influence of jazz on Mitchell's work and despite the commercial success of the more mainstream tracks, she would spend the rest of the decade producing largely jazz inflected music. The first such album, The Hissing Of Summer Lawns (1975) was also a lyrical departure, with the confessional style replaced by a series of vignettes of 1970s women, from nightclub dancers ("Edith and the Kingpin") to the bored wives of the wealthy ("The Hissing Of Summer Lawns" and "Harry's House"). Musically it was stylistically diverse, with complex vocal harmonies set alongside African drumming (the Warrior Drums of Burundi making up the foundation of "The Jungle Line"). Hejira (1976) continued the trend, with many of the tracks.
John Walker (painter) - Some of his early work was inspired by abstract expressionism and post-painterly abstraction, and often combined apparetly three-dimensional shapes with "flatter" elements. These pieces are usually rendered in acrylic paint. Around the early 1970s, Walker made a series of large Blackboard Pieces using chalk and the Juggernaut works which also use dry pigment. From the late 1970s his work makes allusions to earlier painters, such as Francisco Goya, Edouard Manet and Henri Matisse, either through the quoting of a pictorial motif, or the use of a partcular technique. From around this time he began to use oil paint more. After spending some time in Australia, Walker got a job at the Victoria College of the Arts in Melbourne. He produced the Oceania series around this time which incorporates elements of native.
Jook-sing - derogatory, though many do. An example of a jook-sing would be senk1 daw2 (升斗) "Banana" is an alternative to "jook-sing" with the same basic connotation. The metaphor is that the person is yellow on the outside but white on the inside. (Some describe the skin colour of the Chinese as yellow.) Values and cultures "Jook-sing" usually consider China as the mere cause of their appearance and an abstraction possessed by their parents or ancestors. They may know slightly more about traditional Chinese culture, especially the customs, than many non-Asians, but they still consider themselves to be more Western. Some praise the "jook-sing" for their great pride and patriotism of their birth country. However, some first-generations see them as denying themselves their identity and shamed by the traditions of their families. Oftentimes,.
Josef Albers - best remembered for his work as an abstract painter. He favored a very disciplined approach to composition, and published several widely-read books and articles on the theory of form and color. Most famous of all are the dozens of paintings from his series "Homage to the Square," begun in 1949, in which Albers explored chromatic variations on a theme of flat colored squares arranged concentrically on the canvas. Albers' theories on art and education were formative for the next generation of artists. His own paintings form the foundation of both hard-edge abstraction and Op art. After retiring from Yale, Albers continued to live and work in New Haven with his wife, textile artist Anni Albers, until his death on March 26, 1976..
IBM PC compatible - out by Hewlett-Packard in 2002. Manufacturers such as Xerox, Digital and Wang have been widely criticized for introducing PCs that were not hardware-compatible with IBM. It is not always appreciated just how fast the rise of the IBM clone was, and the degree to which it took the industry by surprise. Microsoft's intention, and the mindset of the industry circa 1980-1981, was that application writers would write to the API's in MS-DOS, and in some cases to the firmware BIOS, and that these components would form what would now be called a hardware abstraction layer. Each computer would have its own OEM version of MS-DOS, customized to its hardware. Any piece of software written for MS-DOS would run on any MS-DOS computer, regardless of variations in hardware design. MS-DOS provided adequate.
Idea - of some object or process of the external world.” In so doing, he includes not only ideas of memory and imagination, but also perceptual processes, whereas other psychologists confine the term to the first two groups. G. F. Stout and J. M. Baldwin, in the Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, define “idea“ as “the reproduction with a more or less adequate image, of an object not actually present to the senses.” They point out that an idea and a perception are by various authorities contrasted in various ways. “Difference in degree of intensity,” “comparative absence of bodily movement on the part of the subject,” “comparative dependence on mental activity,” are suggested by psychologists as characteristic of an idea as compared with a perception. It should be observed that an idea, in.
Victor Cousin - the French Revolution, the Empire and the Restoration (see Expose, p. 17). In the first two years of the reign of Louis Philippe more was done for the education of the people than had been either sought or accomplished in all the history of France. In defence of university studies he stood manfully forth in the chamber of peers in 1844, against the clerical party on the one hand and the levelling or Philistine party on the other. His speeches on this occasion were published in a tractate Defense de I'universite et de la philosophie (1844 and 1845). This period of official life from 1830 to 1848 was spent, so far as philosophical study was concerned, in revising his former lectures and writings, in maturing them for publication or reissue, and.
Visual arts of the United States - his Gallery 291 in New York City. In the years after World War II, a group of young New York artists formed the first native American movement to exert major influence on foreign artists: abstract expressionism. Among the movement's leaders were Jackson Pollock (1912-1956), Willem de Kooning (1904-1997), and Mark Rothko (1903-1970). The abstract expressionists abandoned formal composition and representation of real objects to concentrate on instinctual arrangements of space and color and to demonstrate the effects of the physical action of painting on the canvas. Members of the next artistic generation favored a different form of abstraction: works of mixed media. Among them were Robert Rauschenberg (1925- ) and Jasper Johns (1930- ), who used photos, newsprint, and discarded objects in their compositions. Pop artists, such as Andy Warhol (1930-1987),.
Interdisciplinarity - some of the most important interdisciplinary work has been done by people who have a definite "academic home" in one discipline. Here are a few of the most important concepts that are arguably interdisciplinary, thus finding applications in several different fields: Terms with a high degree of interdisciplinarity include: abstraction architecture analogy chaos theory complexity control culture cycle design discipline elegance energy entropy equilibrium evolution feedback generalization hierarchy invariance language learning logic methodology model mind negotiation ontology order pattern position purpose relation self-organization signal simplicity specialization strategy structure synthesis system transformation trust uniformity unity universe whole.
Intuitionism - be equivalent to its having been proved; what other criteria can there be for truth (an intuitionist would argue) if mathematical objects are merely mental constructions? This means that an intuitionist may not believe that a mathematical statement has the same meaning that a classical mathematician would. For example, to say A or B, to an intuitionist, is to claim that either A or B can be proved. In particular, the law of excluded middle, A or not A, is disallowed since one cannot assume that it is always possible to either prove the statement A or its negation. (See also intuitionistic logic.) Intuitionism also rejects the abstraction of actual infinity; i.e., it does not consider as given objects infinite entities such as the set of all natural numbers or an.
Interface - more processes, persons, or other physical entities. 4. A point of interconnection between user terminal equipment and commercial communications facilities. 5. To interconnect two or more entities at a common point or shared boundary. Source: from Federal Standard 1037C and from MIL-STD-188 Computer Science In computer science, an interface is a means for both abstraction and encapsulation through which method signatures and related constants are defined, but the details of implementation are intentionally left undefined. Examples of programming languages that provide interfaces: Java See also: network interface network card user interface.
