Albertus Magnus - Albertus Magnus Albertus Magnus, also known as Saint Albert the Great and Albert of Cologne, was a Dominican friar who became famous for his universal knowledge and his advocacy for the peaceful coexistence of science and religion. He is considered to be the greatest German philosopher and theologian of the Middle Ages. He was born of the noble family of Bollstadt in Lauringen, Bavaria, Germany between 1193 and 1206. He died on November 15, 1280, in Cologne, Germany He was educated principally at Padua, where he received instruction in Aristotle's writings. In 1223 (or 1221) he became a member of the Dominican order, and studied theology under its rules at Bologna and elsewhere. Selected to fill the position of lecturer at Cologne, where the order had.
Jewish philosophy - Being between God and the world, between species and individual. Aristotle had already formulated the objection to the Platonic theory of ideas, that it lacked an intermediary or third being between God and the universe, between form and matter. This "third man," this link between incorporeal substances (ideas) and idealess bodies (matter), is, with Philo, the "Logos"; with Gabirol it is the divine will. Philo gives the problem an intellectual aspect; while Gabirol conceives it as a matter of volition, approximating thus to such modern thinkers as Schopenhauer and Wundt. Gabirol's philosophy made little impression on Judaism. Among Jews he is esteemed as a poet; while Christian scholasticism, in the persons of its two chief representatives, Albertus Magnus and his pupil, Thomas Aquinas, defers to him quite as frequently and gratefully..
John George Hohman - published, or at least had attributed to him, a number of further books in German, including Unsers Herran Jesu Christi Kinderbuch, oder, Merkwurdige Historische Beschreibung Von Joachim Und Anna (Our Lord Jesus Christ's Childhood-Book, or, The Strange Historical Description of Joachim and Anna), and Albertus Magnus, oder, Der Lange Verborgene und Getreuer und Christlicher Unterricht fur Jedermann (Albertus Magnus, or, Long Lost and True and Christian Instructions for Everyone). The last book attributed to Hohman was published in 1857..
Incarnation of the demons - big one. Some confessions described a normal penis in the appropriate place, others a normal one in the behind, others two phalluses, one in its place and the other in the behind, and others a bifid one, like the tongue of a snake. Confessions that described two phalluses or a bifid one often added the particularity that the demon practised vaginal and anal coitus at the same time; Sylvester Prieras was a supporter of this idea. Even some confessions described three penises. Concerning the material of which it were made, there were confessions affirming that it was normal and flesh-made, others saying that it was iron or horn-made, others telling that it was half flesh and half iron, and others saying that it had scales and, being scaly, the sexual act.
Herman of Carinthia - to be the only trace of an original Ptolemy's work. Later another preserved Arabic translation was found in Istanbul. Herman also translated Ptolemy's work The canons. For long many thought that Ptolemy was translated by German Herman Contractus and not by Herman of Carinthia. His original philosophical work, which became known to us, was De essentiis (On essences). In this work Herman deals with five Aristotelian categories (causa, motus, spatium, tempus, habitudo). He started to write this treatise in 1143 in Toulouse and he completed it the same year in Beziers. In 1982 this book was reprinted in Germany. Some other works are believed to be Herman's: a meteorological Liber imbrium (A book about precipitations) (1140 to 1141), astrological De indagatione cordis (About heart researches) (after 1140) , mathematical and astronomical.
History of zoology (before Darwin) - theory of evolution Pre-scientific zoology Humans have been fascinated by the other members of the animal kingdom throughout history. In early Europe, they gathered up and treasured stories of strange animals from distant lands or deep seas, such as are recorded in the Physiologus, in the works of Albertus Magnus (On Animals, and others. These accounts were often apocryphal and creatures were often described as "legendary". This period was succeeded by the age of collectors and travellers, when many of the stories were actually demonstrated as true when the living or preserved specimens were brought to Europe. The rise of the naturalist Verification by collecting of things, instead of the accumulation of anecdotes, then became more common, and scholars developed a new faculty of careful observation. The early collectors of natural.
University of Cologne - grant from Pope Urban VI) to 1789 (dissolved by the French Government) and was re-established in 1919 by means of a treaty with the Prussian Government. Contact University of Cologne Albertus-Magnus-Platz 50923 Cologne tel: (02 21) 4 70-0 fax: (02 21) 4 70-51 53 Homepage: http://www.uni-koeln.de/index.e.html.
Dominican Order - the religious problems of the burgeoning population of cities, but with more organizational flexibility than either monastic orders or the secular clergy. His new order was to be a preaching order, trained to preach in the vernacular languages but with a sound background in academic theology. The organization of the Order of Preachers was approved in 1216 by Pope Honorius III. The Dominicans were a major force in the development and maintenance of the Inquisition. Important Dominicans include: Dominic Albertus Magnus Thomas Aquinas Catherine of Siena Tomas de Torquemada Giordano Bruno To be integrated in the article: Albigensians nuns tertiaries.
Doctor of the Church - 1754 St. Peter Damian - 1828 St. Bernard - 1830 St. Hilary of Poitiers - 1851 St. Alphonsus Liguori - 1871 St. Francis de Sales - 1877 St. Cyril of Alexandria - 1883 (Eastern Orthodox) St. Cyril of Jerusalem - 1883 (Eastern Orthodox) St. John Damascene - 1883 (Eastern Orthodox) The Venerable Bede - 1899 St. Ephraem - 1920 (Eastern Orthodox) St. Peter Canisius - 1925 St. John of the Cross - 1926 St. Robert Bellarmine - 1931 St. Albertus Magnus - 1931 St. Anthony of Padua - 1946 St. Lawrence of Brindisi - 1959 St. Teresa of Avila - 1970 St. Catherine of Siena - 1970 St. Therese of Lisieux - 1997.
1280 - 1283 1284 1285 Events Eric II crowned king of Norway Births Deaths Albertus Magnus, German philosopher\n.
13th century - in Arabic translation. The Thai Kingdom of Sukothai is established, with Theravada Buddhism as the state religion. Later in the century it vassalises significant parts of modern Thailand, Laos, Burma, and Malaysia. Significant people Alexander of Hales, philosopher and theologian Albertus Magnus, German philosopher and theologian Thomas Aquinas, theologian Francis of Assisi, founder of the Franciscan order Roger Bacon, Franciscan, philosopher, and scientist Bonaventure, Franciscan theologian Petrus Peregrinus, scientist Robert Grosseteste, English statesman and theologian Louis IX of France, St. Louis, French king and crusader Frederick II, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire Dante, Italian writer Ramon Llull, Majorcan philosopher Inventions, Discoveries, Introductions Decades and Years 1190s 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200s 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210s 1210 1211.
1622 - - In the Jamestown massacre, Algonquian Indians kill 347 English settlers around Jamestown, Virginia (1/3 of the colony's population). Étienne Brûlé is the first European to see Lake Superior. Portugal loses control of the island of Ormuz, after 107 years. Albertus Magnus is beatified by the Roman Catholic Church. Births January 15 - Molière, French playwright November 18 - King Charles X of Sweden Deaths January 23 - William Baffin, explorer February 11 - Alfonso Fontanelli, composer May 20 - Osman II, sultan of Turkey Melchior Adam - German divine and biographer.\n.
Alchemy - the amorphous and purely quantitative substance of all bodies first reveals itself in differentiated form." (Hitchcock, p. 66) Platonic and neo-Platonic theories about universals and the omnipotence of God were also absorbed. Of the many Arab hermetic philosophers, Jabir ibn-Hayyn (Arabic جابر إبن حيان , Medieval Latin Geberus; usually rendered in English as Geber) of the eighth century was the most noteworthy. To Aristotelian physics he added the four properties of hotness, coldness, dryness, and moistness. (Burkhardt, p. 29) Each element was characterized by these qualities: Fire was both hot and dry, earth cold and dry, water cold and moist, and air hot and moist. In metals two of these qualities were interior and two were exterior. For example, lead was cold and dry and gold was hot and moist. Thus,.
Ammonia - but is probably partially dissociated in solution. The hydrosulfide NH4.HS can be obtained as a white solid, by mixing well-cooled ammonia with a slight excess of sulfuretted hydrogen. According to W. P. Bloxam (Jour. of Chem. Soc., 1895, lxvii. p. 283), if sulfuretted hydrogen is passed into strong aqueous ammonia at ordinary temperature, the compound (NH4)2S.2NH4HS is obtained, which, on cooling to 0°C and passing more sulfuretted hydrogen, forms the compound (NH4)2S.12NH4HS. An ice-cold solution of this substance kept at 0°C and having sulfuretted hydrogen continually passed through it gives the hydrosulfide. Several complex polysulfides of ammonium have been isolated, for details of which see Bloxam's paper quoted above. Compounds are known which may be looked upon as derived from ammonia by the replacement of its hydrogen by the sulfo-group (HSO3);.
Arsenic - an important semiconductor material, used in integrated circuits. Circuits made using the compound are much faster (but also much more expensive) than those made in silicon. Unlike silicon it is direct bandgap, and so can be used in is used in laser diodes and LEDs to directly convert electricity into light. Arsenic trioxide has been used in hematology to treat patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia that are resistant to ATRA treatment Also used in; bronzing, pyrotechny History Arsenic (Greek arsenikon, meaning "yellow orpiment") has been known and used since ancient times. It has been frequently used for murder, the symptoms of arsenic poisoning being somewhat ill-defined, until the advent of the Marsh test, a sensitive chemical test for its presence. Albertus Magnus is believed to have been the first to isolate.
Thomas Aquinas - of Naples, Thomas joined the Dominican order, which along with the Franciscan order represented a revolutionary challenge to the well-established clerical systems of early medieval Europe. This change of heart did not please the family; on the way to Rome Thomas was seized by his brothers and brought back to his parents at the castle of San Giovanni, where he was held a captive for a year or two to make him relinquish his purpose. According to his earliest biographers, the family even brought a prostitute to tempt him, but he drove her away. Finally the family yielded and the Dominicans sent Thomas to Cologne to study under Albertus Magnus; he arrived probably in late 1244. He accompanied Albertus to the University of Paris in 1245, remained there with his teacher.
Bonaventure - divine in. the world; the reason, which examines the soul itself, the image of the divine Being; and lastly, pure intellect (intelligentia), which, in a transcendent act, grasps the Being of the divine cause. To these three correspond the three kinds of theology-theologia symbolica, theologia propria and theologia mystica. Each stage is subdivided, for in contemplating the outer world we may use the senses or the imagination; we may rise to a knowledge of God per vestigia or in vestigiis. In the first case the three great properties of physical bodies—weight, number, measure,--in the second the division of created things into the classes of those that have merely physical existence, those that have life, and those that have thought, irresistibly lead us to conclude the power, wisdom and goodness of the.
Timeline of chemical element isolation - between 1730 and 1737 - George Brandt: cobalt c1250 - Albertus Magnus: arsenic c1450 - Basil Valentine: antimony 1766 - Henry Cavendish: hydrogen 1770 - Joseph Priestley: oxygen 1772 - Daniel Rutherford: nitrogen, first publication of discovery; also Joseph Priestley, Henry Cavendish and Carl Wilhelm Scheele; first recognition as an element Antoine Lavoisier 1774 - Carl Wilhelm Scheele: chlorine 1789 - Martin Heinrich Klaproth: uranium 1807 - Sir Humphry Davy: isolated sodium and potassium 1817 - Johann Arfvedson: lithium 1932 - Harold Clayton Urey, Ferdinand G. Brickwedde, and G. M. Murphy: deuterium 1935 - Ernest Rutherford, L. E. Oliphant, and Paul Harteck: synthesized tritium.
Timeline of ornithology - on feet characteristics 2nd century - Aelian mentions a number of birds in his work on animals. Birds are listed alphabetically 1478 - De Avibus by Albertus Magnus is printed, which mentions many bird names for the first time 1485 - First dated copy of Ortus sanitatis by Johannes de Cuba 1544 - William Turner prints a commentary of the birds mentioned by Aristotle and Pliny 1555 - Conrad Gesner's Historic Animalium qui est de Auium natura and Pierre Belon's (Bellonius) Histoire de la nature des Oyseaux. Belon lists birds according to a definite system 1573 - Volcher Coiter publishes his first treatise on bird anatomy 1676 - Publication of Francis Willughby's Ornithologia by his collaborator John Ray. This is considered the beginning of scientific ornithology in Europe, revolutionizing ornithological taxonomy.
Scholasticism - a rigid, formalistic, aged and unproper way of doing philosophy. During the catholic scholastic revival in the late 1800s and early 1900s the scholastics were repopularized, but with a kind of narrow focus on certain scholastics and their respective schools of thought, notably Thomas Aquinas. In this context, scholasticism is often used in theology or metaphysics, but not many other areas of inquiry. The following authors were commonly used as auctors: Aristotle Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius Plato (specifically Timaios) Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Known Scholastics 2 Key Anti-Scholastics 3 See Also Known Scholastics Early scholastics (1100 - 1250): Pierre Abélard Gilbert de la Porrée High scholastics (1250 - 1350): Robert Grosseteste Roger Bacon Albertus Magnus Thomas Aquinas Boëthius de Dacia Duns Scotus Radulphus Brito William of Ockham Jean Buridan Late.
