Algerian War of Independence - Algerian War of Independence This article is part of the History of Algeria series. Prehistory of Central North Africa North Africa during the Classical Period Rise of Islam in Algeria French rule in Algeria Nationalism and resistance in Algeria Algerian War of Independence History of Algeria since 1962 Algerian War of Independence (1954 - 1962) was a period of guerilla strikes, terrorism, counter-terrorism and riots between the French army and colonists in Algeria and the FLN and other pro-independence Algerians. The main instigator of the struggle was the Front de Libération Nationale (or FLN), who had headquarters in Cairo, Egypt. By 1954, when the FLN became active in Algeria, France had already lost the colonies of Tunisia and Morocco. The FLN's main rival – with the.
War film - War film A war film is any film dealing with war, usually focusing on naval, air, or land battle, but sometimes focusing instead on prisoners of war, covert operations, training, or other related subjects. Many of the dramatic war films in the early 1940s in the United States were designed to create consensus at the expense of "the enemy." In fact, one of the conventions of the genre that developed during the period was that of a cross-section of the United States which comes together as a crack unit for the good of the country. War films produced during the Vietnam War era tended to reflect the disillusionment of the American public towards the war. Examples include Catch-22 and M*A*S*H. War films (like films in any.
Jacques Mesrine - expelled from two schools due to aggressive behavior. He was briefly married 1955-1956 and served in French troops during Algerian War of Independence. 1959 he returned to France. Mesrine was arrested for the first time in 1962 with three accomplices before an attempt to rob a bank. He had been a professional criminal for years at that time. He was sentenced for 18 months in prison and was released 1963. He got a job in an architectural design company but was fired in the next downsizing in 1964. He went back to his old tricks. December 1965 Mesrine was arrested from a villa in Palma de Majorca. He got only 6 months and claimed later that Spanish authorities believed he was working for French intelligence. 1966 Mesrine opened a restaurant in.
Jean-Luc Godard - and a real pleasure in film-making. His next success was Vivre sa vie (1962). The following year he made the marvellous failure Les Carabiniers, a homage to Vigo. In 1964, Godard and his wife Anna Karina (married in 1961) formed a production company, Anouchka Films. In 1965, Godard directed Alphaville, une étrange aventure de Lemmy Caution and Pierrot le Fou. At the end of that year he and Anna Karina divorced. Godard and Politics Politics has never been far from the surface in Godard's films. One of his earliest features, Le Petit Soldat, dealt with the Algerian war of independence, and was notable for its attempt to present the complexity of the dispute rather than pursue any specific ideological agenda. Godard's early career is characterised by the interspersing of such films.
Islamism - modern custom and usage. It is probably the most prominent of several competing trends in modern Islamic philosophy. Some militant Islamist forces have been implicated in terrorism and have become targets in the War on Terrorism. It also sometimes called Islamofascism, see List of pejorative political slogans) Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 History of Islamism 1.1 The Deobandi Movement 1.2 Sayed Abul ala Mawdudi 1.3 The Muslim Brotherhood 1.4 Islamic Jihad movements 1.5 Wahhabism 2 Modern Islamism 3 Islamist movements 4 External Links 5 Further reading History of Islamism Islamist movements developed during the twentieth century in reaction to several forces. Following World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, and the subsequent dissolution of the Caliphate by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (founder of Turkey), some Muslims perceived their religion.
Islam as a political movement - with in another article on that topic. Modern Islamic philosophy is also covered separately. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The term 'Islamist' 2 Islam is inherently political 2.1 The Islamic State 2.2 Islam is sometimes militant 3 History of Islam as a political movement 4 Modern debates 4.3 Perception of persecution 4.4 Reactive Islam 5 The many strains of 'Islamism' 5.5 Cold War exploitation 5.6 Role in terrorism 5.7 Movements described as 'Islamist' 5.8 Globalization 6 Sources 7 External Links The term 'Islamist' Islamic parties exist in every democracy with a Muslim majority. These often call themselves Islamist, meaning an advocate of Islam itself as a political movement (not "Islamism as a political movement" nor "Islamic fundamentalism as a political movement". This term has many different meanings which this article will.
History of Algeria - Africa during the Classical Period Rise of Islam in Algeria French rule in Algeria Nationalism and resistance in Algeria Algerian War of Independence History of Algeria since 1962 This article is an overview of the History of Algeria. Please refer to the individual sections of the series for more complete commentary. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Historical setting 2 Chapters of the series 3 Related articles 4 References Historical setting In geography, the fertile coastal plain of North Africa, especially west of Tunis, is oftem termed the Maghrib. Modern Algeria is inhabited predominantly by Muslim Arabs but it has a large indigenous Berber minority who survive from Neolithic times. The most significant forces in the country's history have been the spread of Islam, arabization, Ottoman and French colonization, and the struggle.
History of the Jews in the United States (Colonial Era-1906) - the considerable loss sustained by the Jews in the taking of Brazil, and also because of the large amount of capital which they have invested in the shares of the company." They directed that "they [the Jews] shall have permission to sail to and trade in New Netherlands and to live and remain there." Stuyvesant carried out his instructions with no good grace, evaded them whenever possible, and put many obstacles in the way of these early settlers. Further appeals to the directors of the company followed, resulting in the issuance of a reproof to Stuyvesant in March, 1656; the instructions to him directed that the Jews should be permitted to enjoy all the civil and political rights in New Netherlands that were accorded them in Amsterdam, and they were to.
History of Algeria since 1962 - during the Classical Period Rise of Islam in Algeria French rule in Algeria Nationalism and resistance in Algeria Algerian War of Independence History of Algeria since 1962 Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 History of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, 1962-present 2 Aftermath of the War 3 Ben Bella and the FLN 4 Boumediene Regime 5 Chadli Bendjedid 6 Recent developments 7 Reference History of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, 1962-present In preparation for independence, the CNRA had met in Tripoli in May 1962 to work out a plan for the FLN's transition from a liberation movement to a political party. The Tripoli Program called for land reform, the large-scale nationalization of industry and services, and a strong commitment to nonalignment and anticolonialism in foreign relations. The platform also envisioned.
Ulema - of Ali, and the hierarchy of mullahs. In most countries they are merely local power figures. The Afghanistan Taliban were mostly village ulema who rose to power in the chaos after the Soviet-Afghan War. The most famous was Mullah Omar, who went directly from ruling a small village to running the entire country of Afghanistan as a dictatorship. As this example demonstrates, the ulema are in most Muslim nations a conservative force, and stand in particular as the bulwark of orthodox thought against ijtihad, or 'independent thought' on religious law (the sharia). The second half of the 20th century is marked by a considerable loss of authority and influence of the Ulema in most Islamic states except Saudi Arabia and Iran. Many secular Arab governments attempted to break the influence of.
Georges Bidault - and the left-wing anti-fascist newspaper l'Aube. He had a column in the paper and, among other things, protested against the Munich Agreement in 1938. After the outbreak of World War Two he joined the French army and was captured during the Fall of France and was briefly imprisoned. After his release in July 1941 he joined the Liberte group of French Resistance that eventually merged with Combat. Jean Moulin recruited him to organize an underground press and the Combat underground newspaper. Bidault participated in the forming of the Conseil de National de la Resistance and after Gestapo captured Moulin, he became its new chairman. In 1944 he formed a Resistance Charter that recommended an extensive post-war reform program. After the liberation of Paris he represented the Resistance in the victory parade..
Guy Mollet - Eden, the British Prime Minister, feared that Nasser intended to cut off oil supplies to Europe. In October 1956 Mollet, Eden and the Israeli Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion, met in secret and agreed to make a joint attack on Egypt. The Israelis invaded Egypt, and British and French troops occupied the Suez Canal area. But the invasion met with unexpected opposition from the United States, and Britain and France were forced into a humiliating backdown. Eden resigned, but Mollet survived the crisis, despite fierce criticism from the left. Like the rest of the French left, Mollet opposed French colonialism in Africa, and had supported Mendès-France's efforts in office to withdraw from Tunisia and Morocco. Mollet's government was left with the issue of Algeria, where the presence of a million French settlers.
Foreign relations of France - influence of the EU and its role in common European defense. It views Franco-German cooperation and the development of a European Security and Defense Identity (ESDI) as the foundation of efforts to enhance European security. Middle East The neutrality of this article is disputed. France's relations with Middle East have a long history. Since the days of the Thirty Years War France had been a friend and ally of the Ottoman Empire supplying weaponry and training and on occasion cooperating against the Holy Roman Empire. One advisor that was about to be sent to Constantinople in 1795 was a young artillery commander named Napoleon Bonaparte, but a few days before he was to leave the famous "whiff of grapeshot" occurred and it was decided he should stay in France. Throughout the.
François Mauriac - in 1909 and although it gained some attention in the literary community, it was more than ten years before he came into any public prominence. His writing career was interrupted by WW I when he served in the Balkans as a Red Cross hospital orderly. A few years after the War, in 1922, he published Le Baiser aux lepreux (A Kiss for the Leper) that received wide acclaim. In 1933, he was elected to the Académie française. During the Second World War he continued to write, publishing Le Cahier noir (The Black Notebook) under the pseudonym "Forez." Besides his more than 30 novels, Mauriac published several plays which were produced by the Comédie Française. He was also a distinguished journalist, working as an editorial writer for the major French newspaper, Le.
French colonial empire - island had to be shared with the English until the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, when it was ceded outright). The Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique founded colonies in Guadeloupe and Martinique in 1635, and a colony was later founded on Saint Lucia (1650). The most important colonial possession, though, did not come until 1664, when the colony of Saint-Domingue (today's Haiti) was founded on the western half of the Spanish island of Hispaniola. In the 18th century, Saint-Domingue grew to be the richest sugar colony in the Caribbean. French colonial expansion was not limited to the New World, however. In Senegal in West Africa, the French began to establish trading posts along the coast in 1624. In 1664 the French East India Company was established to compete for trade in.
French rule in Algeria - during the Classical Period Rise of Islam in Algeria French rule in Algeria Nationalism and resistance in Algeria Algerian War of Independence History of Algeria since 1962 Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 French rule in Algeria, 1830-1962 2 Invasion of Algiers 3 The Land and Colonizers 4 Opposition to the Occupation 5 Abd al Qadir 6 Colonization and Military Control 7 Hegemony of the Colons 8 Related article 9 Reference French rule in Algeria, 1830-1962 Most of France's actions in Algeria, not least the invasion of Algiers, were propelled by contradictory impulses. In the period between Napoleon's downfall in 1815 and the revolution of 1830, the restored French monarchy was in crisis, and the dey was weak politically, economically, and militarily. The French monarch sought to reverse his domestic unpopularity. As.
Front de Libération Nationale - members of parliament. The party is led by General Secretary Ali Benflis. It set up on November 1, 1954 as a merger of other smaller groups, to obtain independence for Algeria from France. See also: Algerian War of Independence, List of political parties in Algeria, Politics of Algeria.
Enrico Mattei - the company and to make it become one of the most important economical groups of the nation. In 1949 Mattei gave an astonishing public announcement: the soil of Northern Italy "was" rich of oil and methane, Italy would have solved all its energy needs by its own resources. Helped by Italian press, he then encouraged the idea that the nation (still suffering from the consequences of the lost war), would soon become rich. Agip's financial value immediately grew at Stock Exchange markets, and the company (owned by the State, but operating as a private company) became at once solid and important. The reality, indeed, was a little more "dry" than proclaimed: in the territory of Cortemaggiore, in the Valley of Po, just a certain amount of methane had been found, with.
Deaths in 2003 - Honeymooners actor (85 years) 9 Buddy Arnold, jazz saxophonist 8 Hava Rexha, oldest woman in Albania, maybe in the world (123 years?) 8 C. Z. Guest, socialite (83 years) 6 Eduardo Palomo, Mexican actor (41 years) 6 Crash Holly, professional wrestler (32 years) 6 Rie Mastenbroek, Dutch swimmer, triple Olympic champion (84 years) 5 Bobby Hatfield, half of the singing duet, the Righteous Brothers (63 years) 5 Dernell Stenson, Cincinnati Reds baseball player 4 Angel Chingre, Ecuadorian campesino leader, human rights activist 4 Mitch Rosario, Puerto Rican hair stylist who worked with Ricky Martin, Paulina Rubio among others. 4 Ken Gampu, South African actor 4 Richard Wollheim, British philosopher (80 years) 3 Rasul Gamzatov, Avarian/Soviet/Russian poet, called the "People's poet of Dagestan" (80 years) 2 Frederic Vester, German cybernetician (77 years).
1962 - of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Events 2 Year in topic 3 Births 4 Deaths 5 Nobel Prizes 6 Heads of state in 1962 Events Sino-Indian War border dispute involving two of the world's largest nations (between India and the People's Republic of China). January 1 - Western Samoa becomes independent from New Zealand. January 3 - Pope John XXIII excommunicates Fidel Castro. January 4 - New York City introduces a train that operates without a crew on-board. January 8 - Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa is exhibited in the United States for the first time (National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC). January 9 - Trade pact between Cuba and the Soviet Union January 10 - Avalanche on Nevado Huascarán in Peru; 4000 deaths. January 22 - The Organization of American States.
