Digital to analog converter - Digital to analog converter In electronics, a digital to analog converter (abbreviated to DAC or D-to-A) is a device for converting a digital (usually binary) code to an analogue signal (usually a current or voltage). This is done with a network of resistors, usually a ladder of two sizes of resistors, one twice the other. An analog to digital converter performs the reverse operation. Applications Audio An analogue signal from a microphone or other sound source can be converted to digital form for storage in a computer, where it can be edited if necessary and then reconstructed for playback. In a personal computer, the conversion is usually done in a sound card, but there are some USB devices that do this conversion externally to improve the.
Analog to digital converter - Analog to digital converter In electronics, an analog to digital converter (abbreviated ADC, A/D, or A to D) is a device that converts continuous signals to discrete digital numbers. Typically, an ADC converts a voltage to a digital number. The digital to analog converter or DAC performs the reverse operation. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Resolution 2 Response type 3 Accuracy 4 Sampling rate 5 Aliasing 6 ADC structures 6..1 Commercial Analog to Digital converters 7 See also Resolution The resolution of the converter indicates the number of discrete values it can produce. It is usually expressed in bits. For example, an ADC that encodes an analog input to one of 256 discrete values has a resolution of eight bits, since 28 = 256. Response type.
Digital - Digital Digital refers to the property of dealing with the discrete values rather than a continuous spectrum of values: compare analog or analogue. The word comes from the same source as the word digit: the Latin word for finger (counting on the fingers) as these are used for discrete counting. The distinction digital versus analogue can refer to data storage and transfer, the internal working of an instrument, and the kind of display. The word "digital" is commonly used in computing. Digital vs Analogue Digital noise When data is transmitted using analogue methods, a certain amount of noise enters into the signal. This can have a myriad of different causes: data transmitted via radio may get a poor reception, have interference from other radio sources, or.
Analog - Analog For Analog Science Fiction and Science Fact publication, see Astounding Magazine An analog (or analogue, non-US spelling) signal is any continuously variable signal. It differs from a digital signal in that small fluctuations in the signal are meaningful. Analog is usually thought of in an electrical context, however mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic and other systems also use analog signals. An analog signal uses some property of the medium to convey the signal's information. For example an aneroid barometer uses rotary position as the signal to convey pressure information. Electrically, the property most commonly used is voltage followed closely by current and charge. Another method of conveying an analog signal is to use modulation. In this, some base signal (eg a sinusoidal carrier wave) has one of.
Analogue disc record - 1 Introduction 2 Early history 3 Post-War formats 4 The analogue record mastering and pressing process 4.1 Recording the disc 4.2 Mass producing records 5 The analogue record in the era of digital technology 6 See also Introduction It is an audio storage medium, most commonly used for preserving music. A gramophone record almost always consists of a disc engraved with a single concentric spiral groove on one side of the disc, in which a stylus or needle runs, from the outside edge towards the centre. (A small number of early phonograph systems and radio transcription discs started the groove from the inside rather than the edge of the disc, and a small number of novelty records were manufactured with multiple separate grooves.) The record spins at a certain speed, while.
High definition television - Television, or HDTV, is one of the formats used in digital television (DTV) broadcasting. The HDTV screen uses a 16:9 aspect ratio (the 4:3 aspect ratio is sometimes used). The high resolution images (1920 pixels × 1080 lines or 1280 pixels × 720 lines) allow much more detail to be shown. The images are expected to be at least 6 times as sharp as standard definition television or NTSC or PAL standard analog television. Like NTSC and PAL, most 1920x1080 broadcasts are to use interlacing to reduce bandwidth demands (giving the format the alternate name 1080i), a progressive-scan format is available, but reduces the number of frames per second to 24 (1080p24), in the future, MPEG-2 Or MPEG-? could create a 1080p with 30 to 60 frames per second (1080p30) to.
Glossary of coding terms - not all parts of the source document are in the public domain. adaptive predictive coding (APC) -- alphabetic code -- alphanumeric code -- analog decoding -- analog encoding -- analog-to-digital converter (ADC) -- balanced code -- bar code -- Baudot code -- BCH code -- B8ZS -- binary code -- binary-coded decimal (BCD) -- binary-coded decimal notation (BCD) -- binary element -- binary notation -- bipolar signal -- bit configuration -- bit pairing -- B6ZS -- B3ZS -- code -- codec -- code character -- coded character set -- code-division multiple access (CDMA) -- comma-free code -- data network identification code (DNIC) -- delay encoding -- dense binary code -- differential encoding -- differential Manchester encoding -- digital alphabet -- dipulse coding -- direct-sequence spread spectrum -- duobinary signal -- EBCDIC.
Fuzzy control system - 6 History & applications Fuzzy logic control systems Fuzzy logic is a way of interfacing inherently analog processes, that move through a continuous range of values, to a digital computer to perform tasks, based on abstracted values, as if they were well-defined discrete numeric values. "Fuzzy logic" has become a common buzzword in machine control. However, the term itself inspires a certain skepticism, sounding equivalent to "half-baked logic" or "bogus logic". Some other name might be preferable, such as dynamic logic. But still, fuzzy logic is actually very straightforward. Antilock brakes As a first example, consider an anti-lock braking system, directed by a microcontroller chip. The microcontroller has to make decisions based on brake temperature, speed, and other variables in the system. The variable "temperature" in this system can be subdivided.
Electronic filter - of sheet metal, and the capacitors consist of adjacent strips of metal. Other components can be added to LC filters to make them more precise. Filters are measured by their quality or "Q" factor. A filter is said to have a high Q if it selects or rejects a narrow range of frequencies compared with the absolute frequency at which it operates. Quality can be measured by the precision of a harmonic oscillator implemented with that type of device. Active Filters Filters can also be implemented using a combination of passive components and amplifiers to create active filters. These can have high Q, and achieve resonance without the use of inductors. However, their upper frequency limit is lower than that of a passive filter. Further detail is available in the digital.
ADC - ADC ADC is short for: analog to digital converter American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee.
Ammeter - into which the meter is inserted. A galvanometer can burn out if its tiny, delicate coil overheats. To measure larger currents, a resistor called a shunt is switched across the coil. With this solution, large currents can be measured with only a fraction of the current passing through the meter. More modern designs use an analog to digital converter to measure the voltage across a resistor. The ADC is read by a microcomputer that performs the calculations to display the current through the resistor. One problem with the use of an ammeter is the need for the meter to be inserted into the circuit and become part of it. In high voltage circuits an inductive coupling adapter converts the magnetic field around a conductor into a small current that can be.
Thermocouple - up to 1600°C. Low sensitivity (10uV/°C) and high cost makes them unsuitable for general purpose use. Type S (Platinum / Rhodium) Suited for high temperature measurements up to 1600°C. Low sensitivity (10uV/vC) and high cost makes them unsuitable for general purpose use. Due to its high stability type S is used as the standard of calibration for the melting point of gold (1064.43°C). When selecting thermocouple types, ensure that your measuring equipment does not limit the range of temperatures that can be measured. Listed below is the range of temperatures that the 8 channel Pico TC-08 can measure. Note that thermocouples with low sensitivity (B, R and S) have a correspondingly lower resolution. Precautions and Considerations for Using Thermocouples Most measurement problems and errors with thermocouples are due to a lack.
Seismograph - connection to a continental plate. Amateur and field instruments are mounted on small 30cm (1foot) buried concrete piers. A popular modern design uses strain-beam accelerometers constructed as integrated circuits. This makes it easier to construct a three-axis observatory in a small field or amateur unit. The classic recorder was once a drum, recording one week per sheet on special graph paper. Now, the most common recorder is a computer with an analog-to-digital converter, a disk drive and an internet connection. Many observatories now use personal computers. For amateurs, a PC with a recording sound card provides a computer with an inexpensive analog-to-digital converter. An algorithm often used to eliminate insignificant observations uses a short-term average and a long term average. When the short term average is statistically significant compared to the.
Sound card - program control. A typical sound card includes a sound chip usually featuring a digital to analog converter that converts recorded or generated digital waveforms of sound into an analog format. This signal is led to a (earphone-type) connector where a cable to an amplifier or similar sound destination can be plugged in. Also, a sound card has a "line in" connector where the sound signal from a cassette tape recorder or similar sound source can be connected to. The sound card can digitize this signal and store it (controlled by the corresponding computer software) on the computer's hard disk. The third external connector a typical sound card has, is used to connect a microphone directly. Its sound can be recorded to hard disk or otherwise processed (for example, by speech recognition.
Software-defined radio - software-defined radio typically consists of a superheterodyne RF front end which converts RF signals from and to analog IF signals, and analog to digital converter and digital to analog converters which are used to convert a digitised IF signal to and from analog form. One of the first software radios was a military project named SpeakEasy. The primary goal of the SpeakEasy project is to utilize programmable processing to emulate more than 10 existing military radios, operating in frequency bands between 2 and 200MHz. Further, another design goal was to be able to easily incorporate new coding and modulation standards can in the future, so that military communications can keep pace with advances in coding and modulation techniques. Software-defined radio can currently be used to implement simple radio modem technologies. In.
Software radio - signal processing in a general purpose computer, or a reconfigurable piece of digital electronics. The goal of this design is to produce a radio that can receive and transmit a new form of radio protocol just by running new software. Software radios have significant utility for the military and cell phone services, both of which must serve a wide variety of changing radio protocols in real time. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 How they work 1.1 Practical Receivers 1.2 Transmitter 1.3 Software issues 2 History 2.4 SPEAKeasy Phase 1, 1992-1995 2.5 SPEAKeasy Phase II 2.6 Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) 2.7 Software-Defined Radio (SDR) 2.8 Amateur software radios How they work The ideal scheme would be to attach an analog to digital converter to an antenna. A computer would read the.
System analysis - output), and similarly for a MIMO system. By far, the greatest amount of work in system analysis has been with SISO systems, although many parts inside SISO systems have multiple inputs (such as adders). Signals can be continuous or discrete in time, as well as continuous or discrete in the values they take at any given time: Signals that are continuous in time and continuous in value are known as analog signals. Signals that are discrete in time and discrete in value are known as digital signals. Signals that are discrete in time and continuous in value are called discrete-time signals. While important mathematically, systems that process discrete time signals are difficult to physically realize. The methods developed for analyzing discrete time signals and systems are usually applied to digital signals.
RAMDAC - RAMDAC Random Access Memory Digital-to-Analog Converter is a combination of three fast DACs with a small SRAM used in graphics display adapters to store the color palette and to generate the analog signals to drive a colour monitor. The logical colour number from the display memory is fed into the address inputs of the SRAM to select a palette entry to appear on the output of the SRAM. This entry is composed of three separate values corresponding to the three components (red, green, and blue) of the desired physical colour. Each component value is fed to a separate DAC, whose analog output goes to the monitor, and ultimately to one of its three electron guns (or equivalent in non-CRT displays). DAC word lengths range usually from 6 to 10 bits..
Pulse-code modulation - (PCM) is a modulation technique. It is a digital representation of an analog signal where the magnitude of the signal is sampled regularly at uniform intervals of duration . Every sample is quantized to a series of symbols in a digital code, which is usually a binary code. Nyquist's theorem states that frequencies higher than half the sample frequency () cannot be reconstructed. PCM is used in digital telephone systems and for digital audio recording on compact discs. In telephony, several PCM streams may be multiplexed into a larger aggregate data stream. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Digitization as part of the PCM process 2 Encoding the bitstream as a signal 3 History of PCM 4 See also Digitization as part of the PCM process In conventional PCM, before being digitized,.
Oscilloscope - screen from left to right. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Features and Uses 1.1 Example Usage 1.2 Description 1.3 Tips for use 1.4 Selection 2 How It Works 2.5 Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) 2.6 Analogue Storage Oscilloscope 2.7 Digital Storage Oscilloscope 3 Alternatives to the Oscilloscope 4 See also Features and Uses Example Usage The classic use of a scope is to diagnose a failing piece of electronic equipment. In a radio, for example, one looks at the schematic and tries to locate the connections between stages (e.g. electronic mixers, electronic oscillators, amplifiers). Then one puts the scope's ground on the circuit's ground, and the probe of the scope on a connection between two of the stages in the middle of the train of stages. When the expected signal is absent, one.
