Ancient Mesoamerican agriculture - Ancient Mesoamerican agriculture Ancient Mesoamerican Agriculture The origins of agriculture in Mesoamerica date to the Archaic period of Mesoamerican chronology, 8000-2000 BC. During this period many of the hunter gatherer micro-bands in the region began to cultivate wild plants. The cultivation of these plants probably started out as creating known areas of fall back, or starvation foods, near seasonal camps that the band could rely on when hunting was bad, or when there was a drought. The plants could have been brought purposely or by accident. The former could have been done by bringing a wild plant food closer to a camp site or to a frequented area so it was easier to get to or collect. The latter could have happened as certain plant seeds.
Mesoamerican chronology - Mesoamerican chronology Mesoamerican chronology The chronology of Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica is usually divided into the following eras: Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Paleo-Indian Period 2 Archaic Era 3 Pre-Classic Era 4 Classic Era 5 Post-Classic Era Paleo-Indian Period c. 20,000 BC - 8,000 BC A period of hunterss and gatherers. Archaic Era c. 8,000 BC - 20th century BC The development of agriculture in the region. Permanent villages established. Late in this era, use of pottery and loom weaving becomes common. Pre-Classic Era c. 20th century BC - 2nd century AD The start of nation-states. The first large scale ceremonial architecture, development of cities. The development and flourishing of the Olmec civilization. Early Zapotec and Maya civilization. Classic Era c. mid 2nd century - early 10th century.
Archaeology and the Book of Mormon - in the same lands at the same time (though the book concerns itself exclusively with the peoples of the narrative), possibly large populations and many different cultures. This would make it impossible to distinguish which archeological discoveries relate to the culture(s) in the narrative. Anthropological issues are further complicated due to the uncertainty on the location of Book of Mormon events. The Book of Mormon narrative has been placed everywhere from South and Central America to the Finger Lakes region in New York (possibly relating the people in the story to the Mound Builders). Based on extensive textual analysis and current archaeological data, most LDS scholars agree that the Book of Mormon geography was centered in Mesoamerica, in the area of current day Guatemala and the southern Mexico States of Tabasco,.
Aztec calendar - The Aztec calendar is perhaps the best known Mesoamerican calendar today due to the famous Aztec monument in Mexico, the Piedra del Sol which means the Stone of the Sun. The text under Aztec calendar offers a new solution to it, including its starting point (October 23, 4004 BCE). The Aztec calendar This below was taken from Z.A. Simon (1984: 9-31) by permission, in a condensed form. Some of it is disputed by mainstream scholars of ancient Mesoamerica. 1) Proof of the nonexistence of intercalary days in the Aztec calendar, verifying Professor Michael Coe's theory. 2) Establishment of an exact starting date of the calendar (day, month, and year), which was unknown until 1984. 3) Solution of the contradictory interpretations of the ancient chroniclers: Sahagún and Diego Durán. 4) Mathematical proven.
Chac - "Chaac,") was the god of rain and thunder, and important as a fertility and agriculture god. Like some other Maya gods, Chac was sometimes thought of as one god, and other times as 4 separate gods based in the four cardinal directions: "Chac Xib Chac", Red Chac of the East; "Sac Xib Chac", White North Chac; "Ek Xib Chac" Black West Chac", and "Kan Xib Chac", Yellow East Chac. In art, he was sometimes depicted as an old man with some reptilian or amphibian features, with fangs and a long nose, sometimes tears coming from his eyes (symbolizing rain) and carrying an axe (which caused thunder). He was associated with the frog. Other Maya terms used to refer to Chac include Ah Tzenul, ("he who gives food away to other people"),.
Mesoamerica - set of culturally related civilizations before the discovery of the New World by Columbus. Mesoamerican is a general adjective to refer to that group of Pre-Columbian cultures. Some common shared Mesoamerican traits include intensive agriculture based heavily on maize corn; worship of a set of deities including a rain god, a sun god, a feathered-serpent god (Quetzalcoatl); a Vigesimal numbering system; the use of a 260 day ritual calendar in addition to the solar year calendar; the construction of temples elevated atop stepped pyramids; a ritual ball-game; and various other artistic and cultural conventions. Mesoamerican civilizations included the Olmec, Maya, Mixtec, Zapotec, Huastec, Tarascan, Teotihuacan, Totonac, Toltec, and the Aztec. In some writings from the 1920s and 1930s the alternative term Middle America has been used to refer to Mesoamerica, but.
History of Ancient Egypt - History of Ancient Egypt This article is part of the History of Egypt series. Ancient Egypt Greek and Roman Egypt Early Arab Egypt Ottoman Egypt Modern Egypt List of Egyptians Ancient Egypt appeared as a unified state sometime around 3300 BC. It survived as an independent state until about 1300 BC. Archeological evidence indicates that a developed Egyptian society has existed for much longer. Archeological findings show that primitive tribes lived along the Nile long before the dynastic history of the pharaohs began. By 6000 B.C., organized agriculture had appeared. In about 3100 B.C., Egypt was united under a ruler known as Mena, or Menes, who inaugurated the 30 pharaonic dynasties into which Egypt's ancient history is divided--the Old and the Middle Kingdoms and the New Empire..
Arts of the ancient world - Arts of the ancient world This is article is part of the Art history series. Pre-historic art Arts of the ancient world European art history Islamic art history Arts of the Far East Contemporary art Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Arts of Ancient Mesopotamia 1.1 Sumeria 1.2 Babylon 1.3 Assyria 2 Ancient Egyptian Art 3 Arts of the Ancient Aegean 3.4 The Minoan Civilization 3.5 The Mycenaen Civilization 3.6 Hellenic Greece 3.7 Hellenistic Greece Arts of Ancient Mesopotamia Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq), is often considered the "cradle of civilization." Within its boundaries, the most ancient civilizations known to man first developed writing and agriculture. Many civilizations flourished there, leaving behind a rich legacy of ancient art. Sumeria Sumeria is considered by many to be the first civilization.
Mesoamerican ballgame - Mesoamerican ballgame The Mesoamerican ballgame was a sport with ritual associations played for over 3000 years by the peoples of Mesoamerica in Pre-Columbian times, and in a few places continues to be played by descendants of the area Amerind inhabitants. The Great Ball Court at Chichén Itzá The Ball Court. A Ball Court Goal. As might be expected with a game played over so long a timespan in several different nations, details of the games varied over time and place, so the Mesoamerican ballgame might be more accurately seen as a family of related games. Some versions were played between two individuals, others between 2 teams of players. The games shared the characteristics of being played with a hard rubber ball in a court shaped like.
Kaneohe, Hawaii - on the windward side of O'ahu (the other is Kailua). The commercial center of the town is spread mostly along Kamehameha Highway. In the Hawaiian language, kāne 'ohe means "bamboo husband" (from an ancient story). From ancient times, Kāne'ohe was important as an agricultural area, owing to an abundance of rainfall. Today, Kāne'ohe is mostly a residential community, with very little agriculture in evidence. The only commercial crop of any consequence in the area is banana. Features of note are Ho'omaluhia Botanical Garden and the new Hawai'i National Veterans Cemetery. Access to Kāne'ohe Bay is mainly from the public pier and boat ramp located at nearby He'eia Kea. Access to Coconut Island (restricted) is from the state pier off Lilipuna Drive. Marine Corps Base Hawaii lies across the south end of.
Veneto - Padua and Vicenza. This region is very rich in artistic and cultural treasures. Its archictectural heritage includes the unique buildings and bridges of Venice, and many of Palladio's villas. Verona's arena is an ancient Roman amphitheatre, traditionally reserved for opera. The thermal baths at Abano Bagni are also an attraction. The regional economy, which used to depend entirely on agriculture , is now highly oriented towards high-tech industry and fashion (Benetton is a major employer), together with cultural tourism..
Kefallinia - as Kefalonia or Cefalonia (Ancient Greek: Κεφαλλήνια ; Modern Greek: Κεφαλλονιά), is the largest of the Ionian Islands in western Greece. Location: 20,5 E or 20' 30 E, and 38.2 and 38.3 or 38' 12 and 38'18 N. The Island is named after Cephalus, some think its an island with a head, because the island's name and Cephalus comes from the Greek word for "head". Geography Its capital of the prefecture is Argostoli. The population has almost reached 45,000. It used to be the fastest growing part of Greece with a growth rate of 35% to 40% in 10 years, reaching 30,000 in the 1990s. The size of the island is around 800 km² (300 sq miles), and the present population density is 55 people per km² (140 per sq mile)..
Kirkcudbrightshire - this county; they are thrown into oft-repeated folds with their axes lying in a N.E.-S.W. direction. The Ordovician rocks are graptolitic black shales and grits of Llandeilo and Caradoc age. They occupy all the northern part of the county north-west of a line which runs some 3 m. N. of New Galloway and just S. of the Rinns of Kells. South-east of this line graptolitic Silurian shales of Llandovery age prevail; they are found around Dalry, Creetown, New Galloway, Castle Douglas and Kirkcudbright. Overlying the Llandovery beds on the south coast are strips of Wenlock rocks; they extend from Bridgehouse Bay to Auchinleck and are well exposed in Kirkcudbright Bay, and they can be traced farther round the coast between the granite and the younger rocks. Carboniferous rocks appear in small.
Kokopelli - Native American tribes in the Southwestern United States. Like most fertility deities, Kokopelli presides over both childbirth and agriculture. He is also a trickster god. Because of his influence over human sexuality, Kokopelli is often depicted with an inhumanly large phallus. Among the Winnebago, this penis is detachable, and he sometimes leaves it in a river in order to have sex with girls who bathe there. Among the Hopi, Kokopelli carries unborn children on his back and distributes them to women (for this reason, young girls are often deathly afraid of him). He often takes part in rituals relating to marriage, and Kokopelli himself is sometimes depicted with a consort, a woman called Kokopelli-mana by the Hohokam and Hopi. Kokopelli also presides over the reproduction of game animals, and for this.
Korean Shamanism - are kept alive. In the past such shamanistic rites have doubled as agricultural rites, such as prayers for abundant harvest. With a shift away from agriculture in modern Korea this has been completely lost. The rites themselves underwent a number of changes through the Silla and Goryeo periods. Even during the Joseon Dynasty which was Confucian in every way, shamanistic rites were allowed to continue. Korean shamanism is distinguished by its seeking to solve human problems through a meeting of humanity and the spirits. This meeting is mediated by a shaman. This can be seen clearly in the various types of gut that are still widely observed. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Gut 1.1 Naerim-gut 1.2 Dodang-gut 1.3 Ssitgim-gut 2 Regional Shaman Rites Gut The gut is a shamanistic rite where.
Kyllini (Elia), Greece - years ago, the population hasn't changed as much until the mid-20th century. The population has been at 100 or 200 during ancient times, and surpassed over 500 or 600 in the mid-20th century. The location is around 20.05 E or 20' 03 E and 37.9 or 37' 54 N. Its length of coastline is about 11 km with beaches, rocks, and coast. Much of its creeks and streams are very dry, and run or flow only after rainy weather. Geography and Information Founded in front of the Ionian coastline, this town has plenty of hotels and villas like the Avocado. and a spring S of Kyllini has the same name. The westernmost point of the Peloponnese is one of the most touristic destinations in Elia. Most of the hill is covered.
Jericho - es-Sultan The earliest settlement was located at the present-day Tell es-Sultan (or Tell Sultan), a couple of kilometers from the current city. Arabic tell means "mound" -- consecutive layers of habitation built up a mound over time, as is common for ancient settlements in the Middle East and Anatolia. The Neolithic settlements were contemporary with Catalhoyuk and had a similar technology level. The habitation has been classed into several phases: Proto-Neolithic -- construction at the site apparently began before the invention of agriculture, with construction of stone Natufian culture structures beginning earlier than 9000 BC. Pre-Pottery Neolithic A, 8350 BC to 7370 BC. A four hectare settlement surrounded by a stone wall, with a stone tower in the centre of one wall. Round mud-brick houses. Use of domesticated emmer wheat, barley.
Jean-Frédéric Waldeck - France and studied art as a student of Jacques Louis David. He said he had traveled to Egypt with Napoleon's expedition. None of this has been independently verified; indeed most of Waldeck's autobiography before about 1820 (including his given birthdate) is undocumented and his name is absent from records of various early expeditions he claimed to have been on. Waldeck's first contact with the art of ancient Mesoamerica seems to have been when he was hired by Lord Kingsborough to make engravings based on drawings of the city of Palenque. Waldeck's engravings were much more beautiful and artistic than the original drawings he worked from, and gave the monuments a decidedly Egyptian look, in line with his patron's views that the ancient Mesoamerican Native Americans were the Lost Tribes of Israel..
Victor Davis Hanson - a classicist and grape farmer known both as a scholar of ancient warfare, a commentator on modern warfare, and a critic of social trends related to farming and agrarianism. He received his B.A. from the University of California-Santa Cruz (1975) and his Ph.D. from Stanford University (1980), and is currently professor at the California State University-Fresno. works: Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece, Alfred A. Knopf Publishing: 1989. editor, Hoplites: The Classical Greek Battle Experience, Routledge Publishing: 1993. The Other Greeks: The Family Farm and the Agrarian Roots of Western Civilization, Free Press: 1995. Fields Without Dreams: Defending the Agrarian Ideal, Free Press: 1997. Warfare and Agriculture in Classical Greece, University of California Press: 1998. (with John Heath)Who Killed Homer?: The Demise of Classical Education and the Recovery.
Jomon - Japan, members of the heterogeneous Jomon culture (ca. 10,000-300 B.C.) left the clearest archaeological record. By 3,000 BC, the Jomon people were making clay figures and vessels decorated with patterns made by impressing the wet clay with braided or unbraided cord and sticks with a growing sophistication. These people also used chipped stone tools, traps, and bows and were hunters, gatherers, and skillful coastal and deep-water fishermen. They practised a rudimentary form of agriculture and lived in caves and later in groups of either temporary shallow pit dwellings or above-ground houses, leaving rich kitchen middens for modern anthropological study. By the late Jomon period, a dramatic shift had taken place according to archaeological studies. Incipient cultivation had evolved into sophisticated rice-paddy farming and government control. Many other elements of Japanese culture.
