Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition - Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition This expedition was from 1872-74 and discovered Franz-Josef Land. According to Julius von Payer, one of the leaders, the journey was to find the north-eastern passage. It actually explored the area northwest of Novaya Zemlya. According to the other leader, Karl Weyprecht, the north pole was a secondary target. The financing was an estimated total costs 175,000 florins from Austro-Hungarian nobles. The main ship was the "Tegetthoff," named from an Austrian Admiral under whon Weyprecht served, built by Teklenborg & Beurmann in Bremerhaven. It was a three-masted schooner of 220 tons, 38.34m long, with a 100 hp steam engine..
Julius von Payer - von Payer Julius von Payer an Austro-Hungarian arctic explorer, was born September 2, 1841, in Schönau near Teplice, Bohemia (now Czech Republic). He died on August 19, 1915, in Veldes, Oberkrain (now Bled in Slovenia). He attended k.k. cadet school in Lobzowa near Krakow (now Poland). From 1857-1859 he attended the Theresian Military Academy in Wiener Neustadt (near Vienna). In 1859 he served as a sub-lieutenant in Northern Italy. He participated in the 1859 Battle of Solferino. From 1860-1863 he served at the garrison in Verona, Italy. In 1862 he started exploratory tours of the South Tyrolian Alps and Hohen Tauern. From 1864-1868 he explored the Adamello-Presanella-Group and the Ortler-Alps. On June 24, 1866 he was heroic at the Battle of Custozza and was decorated. In 1868 he was invited by.
Franz Josef Land - Josef Land is an archipelago located in far north Russia. It is found in the Arctic Ocean northeast of Spitzbergen, and is administered by Arkhangelsk oblast. At latitude 80 to 82° north, it forms the most northerly group of islands in Asia. The archipelago is only 550 miles from the North Pole, closer than all land masses except for Canada's Ellesmere Island and Greenland. Franz Josef Land consists of 191 ice-covered islands and is largely uninhabited. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Characteristics 2 Weather 3 Wildlife 4 Places of significance 5 History Characteristics The archipelago is volcanic, composed of Tertiary and Jurassic basalts, and though covered mostly by ice it does have outcroppings covered with moss and lichens. The northeastern part of the archipelago is locked in pack ice year round,.
1872 - Boston, Massachusetts, a large fire begins to burn on Lincoln Street (the two day event destroyed about 65 acres of city, 776 buildings, much of the financial district and caused US$60 million in damage). November 26 - The San Francisco Evening Bulletin exposes one of the most notorious mining scandals in US history, The Great Diamond Hoax. November 29 - Indian Wars: The Modoc War begins with the Battle of Lost River. December 4 - The crewless American ship Mary Celeste is found by the British brig Dei Gratia (the ship was abandoned for 9 days but was only slightly damaged). December 21 - HMS Challenger sails from Portsmouth on the 4 year scientific expedition that would lay the foundation for the science of oceanography Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition Year in.
Karl Weyprecht - Michelstadt in Odenwald, Germany), and died March 3, 1881 in Michelstadt. He was an officer (Linienschiffsleutnant) in the Austro-Hungarian Navy. He is most famous as an arctic explorer, and an advocate of international cooperation for scientific polar exploration. In 1856 he joined the Austro-Hungarian Navy (Kriegsmarine) as a provisional sea cadet. He served in the 1859 war. From 1860 to 1862 he served on the frigate Radetzky under the command of Admiral Tagetthoff. From 1863-65 he was instructional officer on the training ship Hussar. On July 23, 1865 he became known to the German geographer August Petermann at a meeting of the "Geographic Society" in Frankfurt. He served in the July 20 1866 sea battle at Lissa aboard the battleship Drache. In 1868 he had to hand over the leadership of.
War of the Austrian Succession - field a levée en masse, or "insurrection", which furnished the regular army with an invaluable force of light troops. A fresh army was collected under Field Marshal Khevenhüller at Vienna, and the Austrians planned an offensive winter campaign against the Franco-Bavarian forces in Bohemia and the small Bavarian army that remained on the Danube to defend the electorate. The French in the meantime had stormed Prague on 26 November 1741, the grand-duke Francis, consort of Maria Theresa, who commanded the Austrians in Bohemia, moving too slowly to save the fortress. The elector of Bavaria, who now styled himself archduke of Austria, was crowned king of Bohemia (9 December 1741) and elected to the imperial throne as Charles VII (24 January 1742), but no active measures were undertaken. In Bohemia the month.
List of wars - First Anglo-Dutch War 1664 - 1667 Second Anglo-Dutch War including the capture of New Amsterdam, renamed New York City 1672 - 1674 Third Anglo-Dutch War 1672 - 1678 Franco-Dutch War 1680 - 1684 Fourth Anglo-Dutch War 1689 - 1698 War of the Grand Alliance 1700 - 1721 Great Northern War between a coalition of Denmark/Norway, Russia and Saxony/Poland on one side and Sweden on the other side 1710 - 1711 Russo-Turkish War, 1710-11, a part of the Great Northern War 1702 - 1713 Queen Anne's War The North American part of the War of Spanish Succession 1701 - 1714 War of Spanish Succession 1736 - 1739 Russo-Turkish War, 1736-39 1739 - 1742 War of Jenkins' Ear 1740 - 1742 1st Silesian War 1744 - 1748 King George's War The North American.
Carl Gustaf Mannerheim - part of the Russian Empress' bodyguard. His family arranged him to be married to Anastasie Arapova, daughter of a Russian general, for economic reasons. They got two daughters, Sophie and Anastasie. The marriage ended in an unofficial separation in 1902 and in a formal divorce in 1919. Mannerheim volunteered for the Russo-Japanese War in 1904 and was stationed at the 52th Njzhin hussar regiment in Manchuria with the rank of lieutenant colonel. He was promoted to colonel for the bravery in the battle of Mukden. He also led an expedition to China, travelling from Tashkent to Kashgar from July to October 1906, with the French scientist Paul Pelliot. Shortly thereafter, he led a separate expedition into China until the autumn of 1908. The expedition had strategic purposes, in addition to anthropological,.
Geographic North Pole - Geographic North Pole The Geographic North Pole, also known as true North, is the northern point at which the Earth's axis of rotation meets the surface. For other definitions of the North Pole, see North Pole. Geographic North has a known fixed position, at latitude 90° North. In whichever direction you travel from here, you are always heading south. The boundaries of Canada extend all the way to the Geographic North Pole. There is no land at this location, which is usually covered by sea ice. The first expedition to the pole is generally accepted to have been made by Navy engineer Robert Edwin Peary, his servant Matthew Henson, and four Inuit men, Ootah, Seegloo, Egingway, and Ooqueah, on April 9, 1909. However, some have estimated that.
Magnetic North - Magnetic North Magnetic North is one of several locations on the Earth's surface known as the "North Pole". Its definition, as the point where the geomagnetic field points vertically downwards, i.e. the dip is 90°, was proposed in 1600 by Sir William Gilbert, a courtier of Queen Elizabeth I, and is still used. It should not be confused with the less frequently used Geomagnetic North Pole. Magnetic North is the place to which all magnetic compasses point, although since the pole marked "N" on a bar magnet points north, and only opposite magnetic poles are attracted to each other, the Earth's magnetic north is actually a south magnetic pole. The first expedition to reach this pole was led by James Clark Ross, who found it at Cape.
List of Poles - Polish, Polish-speaking/writing people, and people born in Poland. See also North Pole, South Pole Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Science 2 Composers 3 Writers 4 Film 5 Actors 6 Royalty 7 Sport persons 8 Others 9 Bad guys Science Banach, Stefan, (1892-1945), mathematician Karol Borsuk (1905 - 1982), mathematician Nicolaus Copernicus, (1473-1543), astronomer Curie-Skłodowska, Maria, (1867-1934), scientist, Nobel Prize winner (twice), first female Nobel prize winner Samuel Dickstein (1851-1939), mathematician Domeyko, Ignacy, (1802-1889), geologist Samuel Eilenberg, (1913-1998), mathematician Gabriel Fahrenheit, (1686-1736), physicist Funk, Kazimierz (1884-1967), biochemist Gundlach, Rudolf, inventor of tank periscope Johannes Hevelius(Jan Heweliusz in Polish), (1611-1687), astronomer Hofman, Józef, (1876-1957), pianist, inventor of windscreen wipers and car springs Hurewicz, Witold, (1904-1956), mathematician Kac, Mark(1914-1984), mathematician. Korczak, Janusz, (1878-1942), pedagogist Kuperberg, Krystyna, (1944-), mathematician Kuratowski, Kazimierz, (1896-1980), mathematician Łukasiewicz, Ignacy.
Illyria - Thracians, another ancient people with adjoining lands on the east. In the south and along the Adriatic Sea coast, the Illyrians were heavily influenced by the Greeks, who founded trading colonies there. The present-day city of Durrës evolved from a Greek colony known as Epidamnos, which was founded at the end of the 7th century BC Another famous Greek colony, Apollonia, arose between Durrës and the port city of Vlorë. The Illyrians produced and traded cattle, horses, agricultural goods, and wares fashioned from locally mined copper and iron. Feuds and warfare were constant facts of life for the Illyrian tribes, and Illyrian pirates plagued shipping on the Adriatic Sea. Councils of elders chose the chieftains who headed each of the numerous Illyrian tribes. From time to time, local chieftains extended their.
History of Europe - Germany and Italy, further fragmented into a myriad of feudal principalities or small city states, whose subjection to the emperor was only formal. One of the largest catastrophes to have hit Europe was the bubonic plague, also known as the Black Death. There were numerous outbreaks, but the most severe was in the mid-1300s and is estimated to have killed a third of Europe's population. Since the Jews were disliked by many Europeans, it was popular to blame them for the epidemic. This led to increased persecution of the Jews and pogroms in some areas. Thousands of Jews fled to Poland which, ironically, was spared by the plague. Beginning in the 14th century, the Baltic Sea became one of the most important trade routes. The Hansa, an alliance of trading cities,.
History of Bratislava - was a vassal of Bavaria (Germany); Bräslav is probably the person who gave the town Bratislava its German name Brezalauspurc (see 907), later Pressburg, and maybe also its new Slovak name Bratislava - see under Bratislava - Names; on the other hand, some historians claim that Bratislava was ruled by Predslav, the 3rd son of the Great Moravian king Svätopluk,and that Brazalauspurc is a distortion of Preslavsburg (see 907) 907 part of Hungary and first written reference to Bratislava (Brezalauspurc) in connection with the battle of Bratislava (in the Salzburg Annals): the Bavarians are totally defeated by the Magyars; as a result, the Frankish East March ceases and is occupied by the Magyars (907-955); traditionally, this is considered the end of the state Great Moravia 992(?) – 1002(?): Bratislava and surroundings.
History of Czechoslovakia - Main Article: Czechoslovakia: Historical settings to 1918 The creation of Czechoslovakia in 1918 was the culmination of the long struggle of the Czechs against their Austrian rulers and of the Slovaks against Hungarisation and their Hungarian rulers. Although the Czechs and Slovaks have similar languages, they have a different mentality a different historical experiences. At the end of the 19th century, the situation of the Czechs and Slovaks was very different, due to the different stages of development of their overlords – the Austrians in Bohemia and the Hungarians in Slovakia – within Austria-Hungary. The only common feature was the fact that Bohemia was the most industrialized part of Austria and Slovakia that of Hungary – however at a different level:At the turn of the century, the idea of a "Czecho-Slovak".
First French Empire - was enslaved by the history and aggressive idealism of the National Convention, and of the republican propaganda under the Directory; they guided him quite as much as he guided them. Hence the immoderate extension given to French activity by his classical Latin spirit; hence also his conquests, leading on from one to another, and instead of being mutually helpful interfering with each other; hence, finally, his not entirely coherent policy, interrupted by hesitation and counter-attractions. This explains the retention of Italy, imposed on the Directory from 1796 onward, followed by his treatment of Venice, the foundation of the Cisalpine Republic - a foretaste of future annexations - the restoration of that republic after his return from Egypt, and in view of his as yet inchoate designs, the postponed solution of the.
December 2003 - Presidential Election Bloody Sunday Inquiry Search for Beagle 2 Kyoto Protocol Liberian Crisis Same-sex Marriage SCO v. IBM Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Road Map to Peace North Korean Crisis War on Terrorism Afghanistan timeline December 2003 Occupation of Iraq Iraq Timeline December 31, 2003 In Taiwan, President Chen Shui-bian signs a law that allows referendums to be held. The People's Republic of China condemns this. [1] Occupation of Iraq: A car bomb detonates outside an upmarket Baghdad restaurant much favoured by foreign journalists, killing five New Year revellers. [1] The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences mails nomination ballots in which it qualifies 254 films released in 2003 as eligible for Oscar consideration. [1] December 30, 2003 The European Union is investigating a series of parcel bombs targeting the European Central Bank.
2002 - for a special service marking the Queen's 50 years on the throne. In New York, the Empire State Building is lit in purpole for her honour. June 5 - Elizabeth Smart kidnapped from her Salt Lake City home. June 10 - Annular solar eclipse June 18 - Arizona experiences its worst forest fire ever when a local sets off the Rodeo-Chediski fire burning 462,606 acres near the Mogollon Rim. July 5 - Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq once again rejects new U.N. weapons inspections proposals July 10 - At a Sotheby's auction, Peter Paul Rubens' painting "The Massacre of the Innocents" is sold for £49.5million (US$76.2 million) to Lord Thomson. July 13 - A lighting strike sets off the Sour Biscuit Fire in Oregon and northern California, which is left to burn.
Austria-Hungary - (who were also Kings of Hungary) of the Habsburg dynasty. The full name of the federation was "The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Stephen's Crown" (Die im Reichsrat vertretenen Königreiche und Länder und die Länder der heiligen ungarischen Stephanskrone). The non-Hungarian ("Austrian") half is often referred to as Cisleithania because most of its territory lay west (or to "this" side, from an Austrian perspective) of the Leithe river (though Galicia to the north-east was also a part), but this region (consisting of more than simply Austria) strictly speaking had no collective name, and hence was referred to as the "Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council"; the Imperial Council (Reichsrat) was Cisleithania's parliament. Similarly, the Transleithanian ("Hungarian") half also consisted.
Second French Empire - congresses presided over by himself, and by universal exhibitions. In this way he would reconcile the revolutionary principle of the supremacy of the people with historical tradition, a thing which neither the Restoration nor the July monarchy nor the Republic of 1848 had been able to achieve. Universal suffrage, the organisation of Romanian, Italian and German nationality, and commercial liberty; this was to be the work of the Revolution. Foreign Affairs The Crimean War But the creation of great states side by side with France brought with it the necessity for looking for territorial compensation elsewhere, and consequently for violating the principle of nationality and abjuring his system of economic peace. Napoleon III's foreign policy was as contradictory as his policy in home affairs, L'Empire, c'est la paix, was his cry;.
