Aviation noise - Aviation noise Aviation noise is one of the most well-publicised forms of environmental noise. Starts, approach and landing of aircraft cause very serious dangers for health. A starting aircraft may lead to a noise of more than 100 dB(A) at the ground. Modern aircraft are less noisy during start. Even more problematic is the landing approach. Since aircraft landing in inner-city airports are often lower than 200 ft (60 m) above the roof level, they cause a noise of more than 95 dB(A). Aviation noise is a serious health problem. It causes heart diseases, immune deficiencies, neurodermitis, asthma and other stress related diseases. It is an economic problem as well. Some calculations purport to show that the economic costs of health dangers exceed the economic benefit.
Aviation - Aviation Aviation or Air transport refers to the activities surrounding mechanical flight and the aircraft industry. Aircraft, include fixed wing (airplane) and rotary wing (helicopter) types, as well as lighter than air craft such as dirigibles. Aviation can be broadly divided into three areas: Commercial Aviation General Aviation Military Aviation Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Commercial Aviation 2 General Aviation 3 Military Aviation 4 See also Commercial Aviation Commercial air transport is offered by airlines, companies such as American Airlines, British Airways, Singapore Airlines or Cargolux, operating passenger or cargo flights. General Aviation General Aviation is a term comprising all of aviation other than government and scheduled air transport (airlines), and includes privately owned aircraft, charter services, business owned aircraft, such as "bizjets," and many more.
Sud Aviation - Sud Aviation Sud Aviation was a French aircraft manufacturer, originating from the merger of SNCASE (Société Nationale de Constructions Aéronautiques du Sud Est) and SNCASO (Société Nationale de Constructions Aéronautiques du Sud Ouest) on March 1, 1957. Both companies had, in turn, been formed from smaller privately owned corporations that had been nationalized into six regional design and manufacturing pools just prior to World War II. SNCASE was building a line of aircraft including the Languedoc airliner and two fighters, the Vampire and Mistral. The Vampire was British design from De Haviland, being built under license; the Mistral used a British jet engine, the Rolls-Royce Nene. Looking to break out of their limited licencing-based market, in 1951 SNCASE started the design of a new jet powered airliner,.
Sud Aviation Caravelle - Sud Aviation Caravelle The SE 210 Caravelle was the first short/medium-range jet airliner, produced by the French Sud Aviation firm starting in 1955 (when it was still known as SNECMA). It is generally considered to be the first truely successful design, as the earlier De Havilland Comet had suffered a series of in-flight breakups that led to it being withdrawn from service, and the Avro Jetliner was cancelled due to overcommitment. The Caravelle would go on to be one of the most successful jetliners for a number of years, sold throughout Europe and even a run of 20 in the United States. On October 12, 1951 the Comité du Matériel Civil (commercial aircraft authority) published a specification for a medium range aircraft, which was later sent to.
Noise (environmental) - Noise (environmental) Noise is unwanted sound. This is however subjective: some sounds are considered noise by some but not by others, e.g. certain music, church bells, calls to prayers from a minaret, sounds of playing children, birds, wind, sea, etc. It is one of the most underestimated causes of health damage. There are several kinds of noise by source, including aviation noise, car noise, train noise and industrial noise. See also: Antinoise.
Jet engine - compressor can be run at higher ratios. German engines had serious problems in this regard. Their early engines averaged only 10 hours of operation before failing--often with chunks of metal flying out the back of the engine when the turbine overheated. British engines tended to fair much better due to better metals. For a time some US jet engines included the ability to inject water onto the engine to cool the exhaust in these cases. This was particularly notable because of the huge amounts of smoke that would pour out of the engine when it was turned on (typically for takeoff). Today this problem is no longer a concern. Better materials have increased the critical temperature, and automatic throttle controls have made it basically impossible to overheat the engine. However the.
Hong Kong International Airport - the newly developed city of Tung Chung. Chek Lap Kok is the replacement for Kai Tak International Airport, which had a spectacular urban approach, causing noise pollution for nearby residents. After complaints from residents and pilots flying to Hong Kong, Kai Tak was retired after operations were moved to Chek Lap Kok. Many aviation enthusiasts were upset with the death of Kai Tak, because of the unique approach. Pilots had to use a checkerboard on a hill to safely land at Kai Tak. Chep Lap Kok's landing is an ordinary landing. HKIA is is the hub of Cathay Pacific, the Hong Kong flag carrier. Its IATA Airport Code is HKG, which is the same as what Kai Tak once had. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 History 2 Transportation 3 Check-in Aisles.
Douglas DC-8 - jet tanker promptly, the flying boom air-to-air refueling system - as first fitted to the KC-97 - was also a Boeing product: developing the KC-135 had been a very safe bet. Just four months after issuing the tanker requirement, the USAF ordered 29 KC-135s from Boeing. Donald Douglas was shocked by the rapidity of the decision which, he said, had been taken before the competing companies had been given time to complete their bids, and protested to Washington, but without success. The US Air Force would buy more than 800 strategic tankers over the next ten years, and every one of them from Boeing. In financial terms, the 707 would have an armchair ride, while Douglas would be short of cash from that time on. Having started on the DC-8 project,.
Aircraft spotting - east corner of London (Heathrow) Airport (UK). When spotting planes, observers notice the key attributes of an aircraft. They may notice a distinctive noise from its engine(s) or the number of vapour trails it is leaving against a blue sky. After that, they will assess the size of the plane and the quantity, type and position of its engines. Another clue is the position of wings relative to the fuselage and the degree to which they are swept rearwards. Are those wings above the fuselage, below it, or fixed at midpoint? Perhaps it is a biplane or triplane. The position of the tailplane relative to the fin(s) and the shape of the fin are also conspicuous clues to its type. If it is an antique or light aircraft it might have.
Airport - from an airfield and require a more conspicuous level of physical security. Airports are uniquely represented by their IATA airport code and ICAO airport code. In the USA, and in certain other countries, they are often named after a prominent local celebrity, commonly a politician. The traffic generated by airports both in the air and on the surface can be a major source of aviation noise and air pollution which may, in extreme cases, be harmful to health or interrupt sleep. The construction of new airports, or additional runways to existing airports, is often resisted by local residents because of the destruction it causes to the countryside, historical sites, local flora and fauna etc. An aircraft carrier is a naval ship that serves as mobile seaborne military airfield. See list of.
BAC 1-11 - the British Aircraft Corporation (BAC) after Hunting was merged with several other British aviation firms in 1960. BAC 1-11 of now defunct UK airline Court Line The 1-11 was designed to replace the already wildly successful Vickers Viscount on its existing routes with British European Airways (BEA), and was also very successful with the many other operators of the 400+ Viscount fleet. The 1-11 was the second short-haul jet airliner to enter service, the first being the famous Sud Caravelle, but due to the later entry date the 1-11 was able to take advantage of greatly improved engine fuel economy and was less expensive to operate. This made it very popular, with a huge launch-customer list including over half of the sales to the United States, with an eventual production run.
Boeing 2707 - the swing-wing TXF project (which led to the purchase of the General Dynamics F-111 instead of the Boeing offering). In 1960 an internal "competition" was run on a baseline 150-seat aircraft for trans Atlantic routes, and the swing-wing version proved to be considerably better. By the middle of 1962 it was becoming clear that the tentative talks earlier that year between the Bristol Aeroplane Company and Sud Aviation on a merger of their SST projects was more serious than originally thought, and it appeared there was a very real chance they would be offering a design shortly. In November they annouced that the Concorde would be built by a consortium effort. This set off something of a wave of panic in other countries, as it was widely believed that almost all.
Cessna Citation X - ft2 Tailplane Span 26 ft Dihedral 2 degrees Wing Sweep 37 degrees The aircraft incorporates a number of innovative design features. One attribute that is often first noticed is the large diameter of the engine intakes. This feature, related to the high bypass ratio turbofan, reduces the noise from the engines and improves fuel efficiency. Another obvious characteristic is the highly swept wing, in order to increase the critical Mach number and therefore the top speed. The Citation X has 37 degrees of sweepback at the quarter chord, more than any other business jet and, among civil aircraft, second only to the Boeing 747's 37.5 degrees. The horizontal and vertical stabilizers are also highly swept and are arranged in a T-tail configuration. Airframe A significant amount of effort throughout the design.
Circuit (airfield) - landing, as opposed to a practice of so-called "straight in approaches" and "direct climb outs". It is usually employed at small general aviation (GA) airfields, though it is also used at military airfields. Most large airports don't use this system as such, unless they have GA activity as well as commercial flights. However, a circuit of sorts is used at airports in some cases, such as when an aircraft is required to go around. An aircraft taking off will usually be expected to follow the circuit in use, and one arriving at the field to land will be expected to join the circuit in an orderly fashion before landing. This is often accomplished using an overhead join, or by entering on any of the circuit legs, traffic permitting. Aircraft are expected.
Schönefeld International Airport - of East Germany. Schönefeld International Aiport It is further from the city than Tegel International Airport and Tempelhof International Airport are, therefore, it is not a source of noise pollution. Schönefeld is slated to become Berlin Brandenburg International Airport. Once the new expansion of the terminal starts construction, Templehof will close. Six months after the airport is renamed and the new section opened, Tegel is to close. The following airlines fly to Schönefeld International Airport: Aero Lloyd Aeroflot Air Algerie Balkan Bulgarian Belavia Airlines Condor Berlin Condor Flugndeist Egypt Air El Al Germania Airlines InterAirlines Jat Airways LTU International Onur Air Pulkovo Aviation Ryanair Syrian Arab Airlines TAROM Tunisair Turkish Airlines Ukraine International Airlines External Links Schönefeld International Airport Homepage.
Radio - the early 1990s, amateur radio experimenters began to use personal computers with audio cards to process radio signals. In 1994, the U.S. Army and DARPA launched an aggressive, successful project to construct a software radio that could become a different radio on the fly by changing software. See also history of radio. Uses of radio Many of its early uses were naval, for sending Morse code messages between ships and land. Today, radio takes many forms, including wireless networks, mobile communications of all types, as well as radio broadcasting. Read more about radio's history. Before the advent of television, commercial radio broadcasts included not only news and music, but dramas, comedies, variety shows, and many other forms of entertainment. Radio was unique among dramatic presentation that it used only sound. For.
Reel-to-reel audio tape recording - use of other types of media (such as DAT cassettes and hard disks). The earliest reel-to-reel systems used metal wire as a medium, which is robust, but suffers from a number of problems - it takes up a lot of room on the spools, so recording time is limited; it requires a strong current to imprint the signal onto the wire; it is hard to physically cut and splice to effect an edit; the wire was easily kinked, causing dropouts. The invention of a plastic tape coated in a ferromagnetic material (initially iron oxide) solved these problems, opening up the use of tape recorders in studios. Wire is still used as a medium in black box aviation recorders, since the recorded information is more robust, and can even withstand fire to.
New Tokyo International Airport - of the airport and have gone so far as to hire people to storm into the airport control tower. Arguments over slots and landing fees have plagued the busy airport. The airport is expensive to access because so many airlines want to use it, therefore the Japanese aviation authorities have limited the number of flights each airline can operate from this airport. Recently, a new runway was added to the eastern edge of the airport to accommodate the increased visitors due to the Football World Cup 2002 events shared between Japan and South Korea. Residents in surrounding regions were compensated for the increased noise-pollution with home upgrades/soundproofing by the Japanese government. Recently, Tokyo International Airport (also known as Haneda airport) was allowed to have other international flights within Asia, as well.
London Heathrow Airport - little of London's commercial traffic was handled by Heathrow. In 1944 Heathrow came under control of the Ministry of Air. Harold Balfour (then Under-Secretary of State for Air 1938-1944 and later Lord Balfour) wrote, in his 1973 autobiography Wings over Westminster, that he deliberately deceived the government committee that a requisition was necessary in order that Heathrow could be used as a bomber base. In fact, Balfour wrote, that he always intended the site to be used for civil aviation and used a wartime emergency requisition order to avoid a lengthy and costly public inquiry. Certainly the Royal Air Force never made use of the airport and its control was transferred to the Ministry of Civil Aviation on January 1 1946. The airport opened fully for civilian use on May 31,.
Lockheed L-2000 - anger over sonic booms. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy committed the government to subsidizing the development of a commercial airliner to compete with the Concorde. The director of the Federal Aviation Administration, Najeeb Halaby, decided that the Concorde was too far ahead in development to bother building a direct competitor, and instead selected a much more advanced standard as their baseline. The SST was intended to carry 250 passengers (a large number at the time), fly at Mach 2.7-3.0, and have a range of 4,000 miles. The program was launched on June 5, 1963, and the FAA estimated that by 1990 there would be a market for 500 SST's. Boeing, Lockheed, Douglas, Republic and North American officially responded, and eventually the Boeing and Lockheed designs were selected for further study..
