Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany - Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany The Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany (in German: Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is the current constitution of Germany. Originally put into effect in 1949 as the constitution of West Germany, it was intentionally not named "constitution" (which would have been Verfassung in German) to make a point that West Germany was considered only a temporary solution until German reunification was achieved. The belief at the time was that this would not take long; however, the Cold War that emerged caused the separation to last more than 40 years, and since the reunification of the two Germanys in 1990 was technically executed as East Germany joining the west, the Grundgesetz is still in effect today..
Basic Law - Basic Law A list of articles about the basic constitutional laws known as Basic Laws of various jurisdictions. Often, the use of the term Basic Law rather than constitution is intentional to imply that the Law is seen as a temporary measure in place of a more permanent constitution as was the case of Germany. In the context of the Special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau, the term constitution would strictly speaking refer to that of the People's Republic of China, but under the One country two systems principle, "mini-constitutions" have been adopted for the respective regions, and are called "Basic Law". See: Law topics overview and List of legal topics for other lists dealing with the law of various jurisdictions. Basic Law of.
History of Germany since 1945 - History of Germany since 1945 This article is part of the History of Germany series. Franks Holy Roman Empire German Confederation German Empire Weimar Republic Nazi Germany Germany since 1945 After the beginning of the Cold War, following Germany's defeat in World War II, Germany was split for about 40 years, representing the focus of the two global blocks in the east and west. Only in 1990 would Germany be reunited. History of East Germany History of West Germany Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Germany from 1945-1949 2 Political Developments in West Germany 3 Political Developments in East Germany 4 Inter-German Relations 5 German Unification 6 Four Power Control Ends Germany from 1945-1949 At the Potsdam Conference in August 1945, after Germany's unconditional surrender on May 8,.
Education in Germany - Education in Germany Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 History 2 Present situation 3 Life at a German school 4 The school year 5 Gymnasium timetables 6 Recent Developments 7 College and University 8 Weblinks History The education system in Germany has a long tradition of compulsory state schools. Under the influence of Lutheranan thinking, the Kingdom of Prussia was one of the first states in the world to install free universal school in the 18th century. This was an 8-year course of Volksschule and it provided what was needed in the early period of the industrialized world: reading, writing, arithmetics, but also strict morals and sense of duty, discipline and obedience. The children of the upper class and the affluent went to private schools with preparatory character.
Politics of Germany - Politics of Germany The Federal Republic of Germany (in German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is a federal representative democracy. Its political system is laid out in the 1949 constitution, the Grundgesetz (Basic Law), which remained in effect with minor amendments after 1990's German Reunification. The constitution emphasizes the protection of individual liberty in an extensive catalogue of human rights and also divides powers both between the federal and state levels and between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, respectively. In many ways, the 1949 Grundgesetz is a strong response to the perceived flaws of the failed 1919 Weimar Republic, which obviously collapsed in favor of the dictatorship of the so-called Third Reich. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Federalism 2 Federal institutions 3 Political Parties 4 Recent Election Issues 5.
President of Germany - President of Germany The President of Germany (German: Bundespräsident) is the head of state of the Federal Republic of Germany. The office today is largely ceremonial, and to prevent the problems that occurred with the Weimar Republic, the Basic Law carefully limits the President's power. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Description 2 History 3 Office holders 3.1 Weimar Republic 3.2 Nazi Era 3.3 Federal Republic of Germany Description In international relations, the president's duties include signing treaties, representing Germany abroad, and receiving foreign dignitaries. In the domestic sphere, the president has largely ceremonial functions. Although this official signs legislation into law, grants pardons, and appoints federal judges, federal civil servants, and military officers, each of these actions requires the countersignature of the chancellor or the relevant cabinet.
List of Germany-related topics - List of Germany-related topics This is a list of Germany-related articles: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A Adolf Hitler, Alb-Donau B Baden-Baden, Baden-Württemberg, Basic Law, Bavaria, Berlin, Berlin Airlift, Berlin wall, Biberach (district), Bodenseekreis, Böblingen (district), Bonn, Brandenburg, Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald, Bremen, Bundesrat, Bundestag, Bundeswehr C Calw, Chancellor of Germany, Christian Democratic Union of Germany, Christian Social Union in Bavaria, Cologne, Constance, Count Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk D Danube, Das Lied der Deutschen, Demographics of Germany, Deputy Chancellor of Germany, Deutschmark, Dresden, Düsseldorf E East Germany, Economy of Germany, Elbe, Emmendingen (district), Enabling Act, Enzkreis, Erich Honecker, Esslingen, Ethnic German F Federal Constitutional Court of Germany, Frankfurt am.
Kurt Schumacher - August 1952), was the leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany in the early years of the German Federal Republic. Early career Kurt Schumacher was born in Kulm in West Prussia (now Chelmno in Poland), the son of a small businessman. He was a brilliant student, but when the First World War broke out in 1914 he immediately abandoned his studies and joined the German Army. In December, near Lodz, he was so badly wounded that his right arm had to be amputated and he was severely disabled for life. He returned to his studies in Berlin, graduating in law and politics, and became a dedicated socialist. In 1918 Schumacher joined the Social Democratic Party (SPD), and led militant ex-servicemen in forming Workers and Soldiers Councils in Berlin during the.
Head of State - he envisaged for the French president when he wrote the modern French constitution, a head of state should embody "the spirit of the nation" to the nation itself and to the world: une certaine idée de la France. In a monarchy, the monarch is the head of state. In a republic, the head of state is usually called president, though some leaders have assumed other titles (some used "Head of State" as their only formal title). Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Roles of a Head of State 2 The Head of State and the Government 3 Symbolic role 4 Selection of Heads of State 4..1 Governors-General 4.1 Statistics 5 Other Information Roles of a Head of State Patrice MacMahon, duc de Magenta President of the Third French Republic (1875-1879) controversially dissolved.
History of the United States (1918-1945) - United States (1980-present) Demographic history of the United States Military history of the United States Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Aftermath of World War I 2 The Roaring 20s 2.1 Prohibition 2.2 The Federal Government in the 1920s 2.3 The Coolidge Years 3 Causes of the Great Depression 3.4 Introduction 3.5 A maldistribution of purchasing power 3.6 A lack of diversification 3.7 The credit structure 3.8 The breakdown of international trade 4 The Roosevelt administration 4.9 The Great Depression and the elections of 1932 5 The First Hundred Days 5.10 The "bank holiday" and the Emergency Banking Act 5.11 The Economy Act 5.12 The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) 5.13 Other initiatives 5.14 The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) 6 Setbacks of Roosevelt's second term 7 The New Deal and the "broker.
History of Brazil (1930-1964) - of the communist movement 2.8 Class conflict, corporatism, and economic development 2.9 The Estado Novo (New State) 2.10 The Estado Novo and industrialization 2.11 Vargas, the Axis Powers, and the liberalization of the Estado Novo 2.12 Second presidency 2.13 Changing economic structures 2.14 The Kubitschek era 2.15 Goulart and the fall of the Second Republic 3 Related Topics Depression, coffee oligarchs, and the Revolution of 1930 Global depression and the monocultural economy If the Great War and the tenente rebellion did not mark the revolutionary breakthrough of Brazil's bourgeois social reformers, the Great Depression did. The near collapse of the coffee industry in 1929-30, linked to the near-breakdown of the world-capitalist system, had serious political and economic consequences, especially for the country's exporters of primary products. The country's vulnerability to the.
December 2003 - September - October - November - December A timeline of events in the news for December, 2003. See also: 2004 Canadian Federal Election 2004 Taiwan Presidential Election 2004 U.S. Presidential Election Bloody Sunday Inquiry Search for Beagle 2 Kyoto Protocol Liberian Crisis Same-sex Marriage SCO v. IBM Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Road Map to Peace North Korean Crisis War on Terrorism Afghanistan timeline December 2003 Occupation of Iraq Iraq Timeline December 31, 2003 In Taiwan, President Chen Shui-bian signs a law that allows referendums to be held. The People's Republic of China condemns this. [1] Occupation of Iraq: A car bomb detonates outside an upmarket Baghdad restaurant much favoured by foreign journalists, killing five New Year revellers. [1] The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences mails nomination ballots in which it qualifies.
1964 - 16 - John Glenn, the first American to orbit the earth, resigns from the space program and announces the next day that he will seek the Democratic nomination for U.S. Senator from Ohio. January 18 - Esther Armstrong Scottish Landscape Artist born in Dingwall,Scotland.Plans to build the World Trade Center announced. January 20 - Meet the Beatles, the first Beatles album in the United States, is released January 23 - Thirteen years after its proposal and nearly two years after the measure had been passed by the United States Senate 77-16, the 24th Amendment to the United States Constitution, prohibiting the use of poll taxes in national elections, is ratified. January 23 - Arthur Miller's After the Fall opens on Broadway. A semi-autobiographical work, it will arouse controversy over his potrayal.
August 2003 - in the news for August, 2003. See also: Afghanistan timeline August 2003 California recall Dodgy Dossier Columbia investigation EU enlargement Hong Kong Basic Law Hutton Inquiry Liberian crisis North Korea crisis Occupation of Iraq: Timeline Road map for peace Same-sex marriage SARS: Timeline SCO v. IBM Linux lawsuit US v. EU on GM food US-Canada blackout War on Terrorism August 31, 2003 Tens of thousands of people turn out in Baghdad for the funeral procession of the murdered Shia Muslim leader Ayatollah Sayed Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim. [1] The Iraqi police handling the investigation say they have arrested 19 men in connection with the blast, many of them foreigners and all with admitted links to al-Qaeda. [1] The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency declassifies carbon dioxide as a pollutant, a move seen as.
Bundeswehr - Bundeswehr The Bundeswehr, is the armed forces of Germany. The Bundeswehr is a federal defense force with Army (Heer), Navy (Marine) and Air Force (Luftwaffe) branches. It employs some 290,000 soldiers, 75,300 of whom are 18-30-year-old men doing their duty in the military services for currently at least 9 months. In peacetime, the Bundeswehr is led by the minister of defense, currently Peter Struck (2003). If Germany is attacked, the chancellor becomes chief commander of the Bundeswehr. Bundeswehr Military manpower Military age 18 years of age Availability males age 15-49: 20,863,020 (2000 est.) Fit for military service males age 15-49: 17,800,862 (2000 est.) Reaching military age annually males: 485,422 (2000 est.) Military expenditures Dollar figure $21.01 billion (FY01) Percent of GDP 1.5% (FY98) History The Bundeswehr was founded in 1954.
Constructive Vote of No Confidence - (in German: konstruktives Misstrauensvotum) is a specialty of the 1949 German constitution, the Grundgesetz (Basic Law). It means that the Bundeskanzler (Federal Chancellor, head of government) may only be removed from office by majority vote of Parliament (the Bundestag) if a successor is elected into office at the same time. This concept is a direct reaction of the 1949 constitution to the problems of the 1919 Weimar Republic, where the current Reichskanzler (as the Chancellor was then called) would frequently be voted out of office without his successor having sufficient backing in Parliament. This led to quick succession of many Chancellors in office; see the Chancellor of Germany page for a list. To overcome this problem, the German Grundgesetz has two provisions: Article 67. (1) The Bundestag can express its lack.
Communist and post-Communist Albania - to the procrustean precepts of orthodox Stalinism. In pursuit of these goals, the communist elite co-opted or terrorized the entire Albanian population into blind obedience, herding them into obligatory front organizations, bombarding them with propaganda, and disciplining them with a police leviathan untrammeled by anything resembling legal, ethical, religious, or political norms. Hoxha and Shehu dominated Albania and denied the Albanian people the most basic human and civil rights by presenting themselves, as well as the communist party and state security apparatus they controlled, as the vigilant defenders of the country's independence. After Albania's break with Yugoslavia in late 1948, Albania was a client of the Soviet Union. Following the Soviet Union's rapprochement with Tito after Stalin's death, Albania turned away from Moscow and found a new benefactor in the People's.
Czechoslovakia: 1969 - 1987 - stationed in Czechoslovakia, and the Czechoslovak armed forces worked in close cooperation with the Warsaw Pact command. Soviet advisers supervised the functioning of the Ministry of Interior and the security apparatus. Czechoslovak leaders and propagandists, led by Bilak, became the most ardent advocates of proletarian internationalism. The purges of the first half of 1970 eliminated the reformists within the party organization. In the fall of 1970, the ex-communist intelligentsia organized the Socialist Movement of Czechoslovak Citizens, a protest movement dedicated to the goals of 1968. Forty-seven leaders of the movement were arrested and tried in the summer of 1972. Organized protest was effectively stilled. The only point required during the Prague spring that was achieved was the , federalization of the country, which however was more or less only formal under.
Czechia: 1918 - 1992 - 1992 ''This article is part of the article History of the Czech Republic. For more details see History of Czechoslovakia and Czechoslovakia.'' Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The First Republic (1918 - 1938) 2 The Second Republic (1938 - 1939) and German Occupation (1939 - 1945) 3 The National Front (1945 - 1948) 4 The Communist Régime (1948 - 1989) 5 The Prague Spring 1968 6 The Velvet Revolution 1989 The First Republic (1918 - 1938) With the collapse of the Hapsburg monarchy at the end of World War I, the independent country of Czechoslovakia was formed, encouraged by, among others, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson. Despite cultural differences, the Slovaks shared with the Czechs similar aspirations for independence from the Hapsburg state and voluntarily united with the Czechs. The Slovaks were.
Supreme court - resort — the court whose rulings cannot be appealed. In the United States for example, the there is a Supreme Court at the federal level and within most of the states. Some jurisdictions, however, do not call their highest courts Supreme Court, as noted below. In most countries and subordinate states with constitutions, the Supreme Court interprets the constitution for its area of jurisdiction. Many higher courts create through their decisions case law applicable within their respective jurisdictions, or interpret codal provisions in civil law countries to maintain a uniform interpretation: Most common-law nations have the doctrine of stare decisis in which the rulings (decisions) of the Supreme Court constitute binding precedent. Most civil-law nations do not have the official doctrine of stare decisis and hence the rulings of the supreme.
