Biological database - Biological database There are around 500 public and commercial biological databases. These databases contain information about nucleotid sequences of genes or amino acid sequences of proteins. Furthermore information about function, structure, localisation on chromosome, clinical effects of mutations as well as similarities of biological sequences can be found. With help of biological databases, the cooperation of biomolecules and the whole metabolism of an organism should be explained. This would facilitate the rational fight against diseases and the development of medical drugs. The biological knowledge of databases is usually (locally) separated. This makes it difficult to ensure the consistency of information, which sometimes leads to low data quality of biological databases..
International waters - aquifers, lakes, rivers, coasts and ocean management regimes, as well as of international waters institutions committed to bilateral and/or multilateral management of transboundary water resources. International waters are one of several focal areas for protection and restoration projects supported by the Global Environment Facility as well as bilateral and multilateral development agencies. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Links and References 1.1 International Waters Agreements 1.1.1 Global Agreements 1.1.2 Regional Agreements 1.1.3 Waterbody-Specific Agreements 1.2 International Waters Institutions 1.2.4 Freshwater Institutions 1.2.5 Marine Institutions 1.3 International Waters Resources on the Web Links and References International Waters Agreements Global Agreements International Freshwater Treaties Database (freshwater only). The Yearkbook of International Cooperation on Environment and Development profiles agreements regarding the Marine Environment, Marine Living Resources and Freshwater Resources. 1972 London Convention on the Prevention.
Human Genome Project - with a minimal error rate, but to also identify all the genes in this vast amount of data. This part of the project is still ongoing although a preliminary count indicates about 30,000 genes in the human genome, which is far less than predicted by most scientists. Another goal of the HGP was to develop faster, more efficient methods for DNA sequencing and sequence analysis and the transfer of these technologies to the industry. Today, the sequence of the human DNA is stored in databases and is available for everyone on the Internet. Computer programs are developed to analyse that data, for the data itself is next to useless without interpretation. The process of identifying the boundaries of genes and other features in raw DNA sequence is called annotation and is.
Genomics - the potential of offering new therapeutic methods for the treatment of some diseases, as well as new diagnostic methods. Other applications are in the food and agriculture sectors. The major tools and methods related to genomics are bioinformatics, genetic analysis, measurement of gene expression, and determination of gene function. Comparison of genomes has resulted in some surprising biological discoveries. If a particular DNA sequence or pattern is present among many members of a clade, that sequence is said to have been conserved among the species, implying that it confers a selective advantage to the organisms. Experimental investigation of these sequences (revealed by genomic sequencing) has shown that some are transcribed into small RNA molecules, although the functions of these RNAs were not immediately apparent. The identification of similar sequences (including many.
Global 200 - the biome system (which classify the world into ecosystem types). Global 200 reflects major innovations compared to that classification system. It uses ecoregions as the unit of scale for comparison. The WWF defines an ecoregion as a relatively large unit of land or water containing a characteristic set of natural communities that share a large majority of their species, dynamics, and environmental conditions (Dinerstein et al. 1995, TNC 1997). WWF say ecoregions could be considered as conservation units at regional scale because they meet similar biological communities. Based on a complete list of ecoregions, Global 200 includes all major habitat type, all ecosystems types, and species from every major habitat type. It makes a focus on each major habitat type of every continent (such as tropical forest or coral reefs). Among.
February 2003 - order to disperse at Pershing Park on September 27, 2002 during protests against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund were never actually ordered to disperse before being arrested. Washington police chief Charles Ramsey was unapologetic, indicating that the actions of the police were necessary to protect the city. [1] Iraq crisis of 2003: Regarding the disarmament of Iraq, the chief weapons inspector Hans Blix, says "The results in terms of disarmament have been very limited so far." Rowan Williams is enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury. U.S. presidential election, 2004: Senator Bob Graham of Florida announces his candidacy for the Democratic Pary nomination of President. Rauf Denktash, chief of the Turkish Cypriots, rejected the latest version of a United Nations plan to reunite Cyprus. Elie Wiesel, Nobel Peace Prize winner.
Formaldehyde - Explosive limits 7-73% More info Properties NIST WebBook MSDS Hazardous Chemical Database SI units were used where possible. Unless otherwise stated, standard conditions were used. Disclaimer and references The chemical compound formaldehyde (also known by its IUPAC name methanal, is a gas with a strong pungent smell. It is the simplest aldehyde. Its chemical formula is HCHO, sometimes rendered as H2CO. It has a boiling point of -21°C (262 K). Formaldehyde was discovered by the Russian chemist Aleksandr Butlerov in 1859. Formaldehyde readily results from the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing materials. It may be found in the smoke from forest fires, in automobile exhaust, and in cigarette smoke. In the atmosphere, formaldehyde is produced by the action of sunlight and oxygen on atmospheric methane and other hydrocarbons. Small amounts of formaldehyde are.
Ecology - -- for example, the study of the queen bee, and how it relates to the worker bees and the drones. The queen bee is completely cared for by the workers; it has no control over the hive, but performs the reproduction of its entire population and produces pheromones needed for the well-being of the colony. the organized activity of a species -- for example, the activity of the bee assures the pollination of flowering plants. A bee hive additionally produces honey for other species, such as bears or humans. and the environment of this activity -- for example, the consequences of the environmental change on the bee activity. Bees may die out due to environmental changes (see pollinator decline). The environment is at the same time the product and the condition.
DNA motif - or amino acid sequence pattern that has, or is conjectured to have, some biological significance. Normally, the pattern is fairly short and is known to recur in different genes or several times within a gene. DNA motifs are often associated with structural motifs found in proteins. An example is the N-glycosylation site motif: Asn, followed by anything but Pro, followed by either Ser or Thr, followed by anything but Pro where the three-letter abbreviations are the conventional designations for amino acids (see Genetic code). This pattern may be written as N{P}[ST]{P} where N=Asn, P=Pro, S=Ser, T=Thr and {X} means any amino acid except X; and [XY] means either X or Y. The notation [XY] does not give any indication of the probability of X or Y occurring in the pattern. Sometimes.
Acetic acid - limits 5-16% More info Properties NIST WebBook MSDS Hazardous Chemical Database SI units were used where possible. Unless otherwise stated, standard conditions were used. Disclaimer and references The chemical compound acetic acid (from the Latin word acetum, meaning "vinegar"), systematically called ethanoic acid, is the acid that gives vinegar its sour taste. It is a carboxylic acid with chemical formula C2H4O2, often written as CH3COOH to better reflect the structure shown at right. Acetic acid is a molecule central to biochemistry, and is produced in some amount by nearly all forms of life. The Acetobacter genus of bacteria is named for its tendency to produce acetic acid, and these bacteria are found universally in foodstuffs, water, and soil. As such, acetic acid is produced naturally as fruits and some other foods.
BLAST - BLAST (journal). Stands for Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, BLAST is an algorithm for comparing biological sequences, such as the amino-acid sequences of different proteins or the DNA sequences of different genes. Given a library or database of sequences, a BLAST search enables a researcher to look for sequences that either duplicate or resemble any sequence of interest. For example, following the discovery of a previously unknown gene in a non-human animal, a scientist typically will perform a BLAST search of the human genome to see if human beings carry a similar gene, which is identified based on its sequence. The BLAST algorithm and a computer program that impliments it were developed by Stephen Altschul at the U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information. It is available on the web at [1].
Chinese room - another way, the human mind is a computer (of a sort) running a program. Adherents to this philosophy believe furthermore that systems demonstrating these abilities help us to explain human thought. A third belief, necessary to the first two, is that the biological material present in the brain is not necessary for thought. Searle summarizes this viewpoint, which he opposes, in this manner: The computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather, the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind, in a sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. (Hofstadter and Dennett, 353) In the Chinese room thought experiment, a person who understands no Chinese sits in a room into which written Chinese characters are.
Computer virus - terminology, a virus is a piece of program code that, like a biological virus, makes copies of itself and spreads by attaching itself to a host, often damaging the host in the process. The host is another computer program, often a computer operating system, which then infects the applications that are transferred to other computers. The plural of virus is viruses, not virii, which is sometimes used incorrectly, both knowingly and otherwise. See the usage note at virus (disambiguation). As with all code, viruses use the host's resources: memory and hard disk space, amongst others, and are sometimes deliberately destructive (erasing files / formatting hard disks) or allow others to access the machine without authorization across a network. The term is often used in common parlance to describe all kinds of.
Conservation status - noted : CE for critical or endangered, V for vulnerable, and RS for relatively stable or intact. Ecoregions vary in their biological particularities, as well as in their conservation status. This latter represent an estimation of the current and future ability of the ecoregion to sustain ecological viability and to react to environmental changes. Conservation status was based on landscape (or equivalent for freshwater and marine ecoregions), such as total habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, degree of degradation, degree of protection needed, degree of urgency for conservation needs, types of conservation practiced or required. Global 200 ecoregions list can mostly help conservation at regional scale (local deforestation, destruction of swamps habitats, degradation of soils...). However, certain phenomenoms (such as bird or cetaceans migration) obviously depends of more complicated parameters not used in.
Tocopherol - role in encouraging skin healing and reducing scarring after injuries such as burns. Vitamin E exists in eight different forms. Each form has its own biological activity, the measure of potency or functional use in the body. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form of vitamin E in humans, and is a powerful biological antioxidant. Antioxidants such as vitamin E act to protect your cells against the effects of free radicals, which are potentially damaging by-products of the body's metabolism. Free radicals can cause cell damage that may contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Studies are underway to determine whether vitamin E might help prevent or delay the development of those chronic diseases. Vegetable oils, nutss, wheat germ and green leafy vegetables are the main dietary sources of vitamin.
Salyut 1 - smaller compartments at each end, the heat regulation system's radiators, and orientation and control devices. Crews and missions After taking 24 hr for rendezvous and approach, Soyuz 10 docked with Salyut on April 23 and remained docked for 5.5 hr. The crew did not transfer to the space station. Soyuz 11 required 3 hr 19 min on June 7 to complete docking. The crew transferred to Salyut and their mission was announced as checking and testing the design, units, onboard systems, and equipment of the orbital piloted station trying out the methods and autonomous means of the station's orientation and navigation, as well as the systems for controlling the space complex while maneuvering in orbit studying geological-geographical objects on Earth's surface, atmospheric formations, and the snow and ice cover of Earth.
Salyut 7 - to allow safer docking with a Heavy Cosmos module. It carried three solar panels, two in lateral and one in dorsal longitudinal positions, but they now had the ability to mount secondary panels on their sides. Internally, the Salyut 7 carried electric stoves, a refrigerator, constant hot water and redesigned seats at the command console (more like bicycle seats). Two portholes were designed to allow ultraviolet light in, to help kill infections. Further, the medical, biological and exercise sections were improved, to allow long stays in the station. The BST-1M telescope used in Salyut 6 was replaced by an X-ray detection system. Crews and missions Following up the use of Cosmos 1267 on Salyut 6, the Soviets launched Cosmos 1443 on March 2, 1983, from a Proton SL-13. It docked with.
Sequence alignment - Sequence alignment is concerned with the relationships between biological sequences (e.g. protein sequences or DNA sequences). Two major types exist: pairwise and multiple sequence alignments. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Pairwise alignment 1.1 Global Alignment 1.2 Local Alignment 1.3 Significance of Alignments 2 Multiple alignment 3 Algorithms 4 Needleman-Wunsch 5 Smith-Waterman 6 Software 7 SSearch 8 BLAST 9 Fasta 10 Clustal 11 See also Pairwise alignment Pairwise sequence alignment methods are concerned with finding the best-matching piecewise (local) or global alignments of protein / amino acid or dna / nucleic acid sequences. Typically, the purpose of this is to find homologues (relatives) of a gene or gene-product in a database of known examples. This information is useful for answering a variety of biological questions. The most important application of pairwise alignment.
Standard Industrial Classification - The following table is from the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, which allows searching for companies by SIC code in its database of filings. SIC Code Industry Title 0100 Agricultural Production-Crops 0200 Agricultural Prod-Livestock & Animal Specialties 0700 Agricultural Services 0800 Forestry 0900 Fishing, Hunting and Trapping 1000 Metal Mining 1040 Gold and Silver Ores 1090 Miscellaneous Metal Ores 1221 Bituminous Coal & Lignite Mining 1311 Crude Petroleum & Natural Gas 1381 Drilling Oil & Gas Wells 1382 Oil & Gas Field Exploration Services 1389 Oil & Gas Field Services, NEC 1400 Mining & Quarrying of Nonmetallic Minerals (No Fuels) 1520 General Bldg Contractors - Residential Bldgs 1531 Operative Builders 1540 General.
Stomach cancer - known complication of stomach cancer is when it spreads to an ovary; the tumor in the ovary is called a Krukenberg tumor. This tumor, named for the doctor who first described it, is not a different disease; it is metastatic stomach cancer - the cancer cells in a Krukenberg tumor are stomach cancer cells, the same as the cancer cells in the primary tumor. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Epidemiology 2 Symptoms 3 Diagnosis 4 Staging 5 Treatment 6 Methods of Treatment 6.1 Clinical Trials 6.2 Side Effects of Treatment 6.3 Surgery 6.4 Chemotherapy 6.5 Radiation Therapy 6.6 Biological Therapy 6.7 Nutrition for Cancer Patients Epidemiology Stomach cancer is more prevalent in China, Japan, Korea, and other countries in Asia and South America, than in the United States. Symptoms Stomach cancer.
