Bupropion HCl - Bupropion HCl Bupropion hydrochloride is an amfebutamone anti-depressant unrelated to tricyclics or SSRIs. The patent is owned by GlaxoSmithKline, who sell the compound as Wellbutrin®. It has been shown to aid cessation of cigarette smoking and is sold for this purpose as Zyban. It also promotes weight loss and does not exacerbate acne. Its exact mode of action is unknown. Side effects include sleepnessness. External Links Wellbutrin Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, Studies, Metabolism - Bupropion - RxList Monographs NAMI Wellbutrin This article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by fixing it..
Zyban - Zyban Zyban is the GlaxoSmithKline tradename of a bupropion hydrochloride (amfebutamone, Wellbutrin) sustained release tablet. The drug is sold to help people stop smoking tobacco by reducing the severity of withdrawal symptoms. It can be used in combination with nicotine replacement therapies. Bupropion is a tricyclic aminoketone antidepressant and is marketed as the antidepressant Wellbutrin, the sustained release effect was added to create Zyban. Its pathway of effect has not be clearly identified but it is believed to be a monoamine uptake inhibitor, but also has some effect on the dopamine transporter and on norepinephrine uptake. The efficacy over placeboes has been proved in clinical trials with bupropion resulting in a two- or three-fold improvement in abstinence rates. It has a number of common side effects, including dry mouth, dizziness.
List of psychiatric drugs - D 5 E 6 F 7 H 8 I 9 K 10 L 11 M 12 N 13 O 14 P 15 Q 16 R 17 S 18 T 19 V 20 W 21 X 22 Z A Abilify Adapin Alprazolam Amantadine Amitriptyline Amoxapine Anafranil Antabuse Aripiprazole Artane Asendin Ativan Atomoxetine HCl Aventyl B Bupropion Buspar Buspirone C Calcium Carbonate Calcium Carbimide Carbamazepine Carbolith Celexa Chlordiazepoxide Chlorpromazine Cibalith-S Citalopram Clomipramine Clonazepam Clozapine Clozaril Cylert D Dalmane Depakene Depakote Desipramine Desoxyn Desyrel Dexedrine Dextroamphetamine Dextrostat Diazapam Dilantin Disulfiram Divalproex Doxepin Duralith E Edronax Effexor Elavil Endep Epitol Eskalith Escitalopram Etrafon F Fluoxetine Fluphenazine Flurazepam Fluvoxamine H Halcion Haldol Haloperidol I Imipramine Imovane K Klonopin L Largactil Levoprome Lexapro Libritabs Librium Lithane Lithium Lithizine Lithobid Lithonate Lithotabs Lorazepam Loxapac Loxapine Loxitane Ludiomil Luvox.
Vinyl chloride - superseded by more economical processes. Production Vinyl chloride is manufactured on the industrial scale from ethylene and chlorine. In the presence of ferric chloride as a catalyst, these compounds react to produce ethylene dichloride according to the chemical equation CH2=CH2 + Cl2 → ClCH2CH2Cl Typically, this reaction is conducted in a bath of boiling ethylene dichloride. When then heated to 500°C at 15-30 atm pressure, the ethylene dichloride decomposes to produce vinyl chloride and hydrogen chloride. ClCH2CH2Cl → CH2=CHCl + HCl In industrial practice, the hydrogen chloride produced in this step is mixed with oxygen and then reacted with additional ethylene on a cupric chloride catalyst to produce even more ethylene dichloride via the reaction CH2=CH2 + 2 HCl + ½ O2 → ClCH2CH2Cl + H2O The hydrogen chloride consumed in.
Hydrochloric acid - Name Hydrogen chloride Chemical formula HCl Appearance Colourless gas Physical Formula weight 36.5 amu Melting point 159 K (-114 °C) Boiling point 188 K (-85 °C) Density 1.2 ×103 kg/m3 (liquid) Solubility 70 g in 100g water Thermochemistry ΔfH0gas -92.31 kJ/mol ΔfH0liquid ? kJ/mol ΔfH0solid ? kJ/mol S0gas, 1 bar 186.9 J/mol·K S0liquid, 1 bar ? J/mol·K S0solid ? J/mol·K Safety Ingestion Toxic, can be fatal. Inhalation Fumes may be fatal. Do not give unprotected mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Skin May cause severe burns. Eyes Extremely dangerous. More info Hazardous Chemical Database SI units were used where possible. Unless otherwise stated, standard conditions were used. Disclaimer and references The chemical compound hydrochloric acid is a highly acidic aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl). It is highly corrosive and should only be handled with.
Ultramarine - was performed at least three times, with each successive extraction generating a lower quality material. The final extraction, consisting largely of colorless material as well as a few blue particles, brings forth ultramarine ash which is prized as a glaze for its pale blue transparency. The pigment was most extensively used during the 14th through 15th centuries, as its brilliance complemented the vermilion and gold of illuminated manuscripts and Italian panel paintings. From the beginning of the 16th century this pigment began to be imported into Europe from "over the sea," as azurrum ultramarinum. As lapis lazuli only yields from 2 to 3% of the pigment, it is not surprising to learn that the pigment used to be weighed up with gold. It was valued chiefly on account of its brilliancy.
Fluoxetine - many other disorders. Chemically, Fluoxetine is (N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-p-tolyl)-oxypropylamine hydrochloride, C17H18F3NO·HCl) and, alone, it is a white crystalline solid. It is one of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors sold in pulvules containing 10 mg, 20 mg or 40 mg of active ingredient or in tablets containing 10 mg. Dosages in the range of 20-60 mg per day are standard, with 80 mg considered a maximum. Fluoxetine has a wide range of interactions, notably with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Common side-effects include anxiety, restlessness, trembling, weakness, skin rash, anorgasmia, itching and a decrease in sexual drive. In some studies, Fluoxetine also had the side effects of causing some child patients to become manic, others suicidal. Fluoxetine was introduced in the US in 1987 and was initially very popular, over a million Americans were prescribed the.
Economy of Peru - Promotion Law. Although Peru does not have a bilateral investment treaty with the United States, it has signed an agreement (1993) with the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) concerning OPIC-financed loans, guarantees, and investments. Peru also has committed itself to arbitration of investment disputes under the auspices of ICSID (the World Bank's International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes) or other international or national arbitration tribunals. Economic Outlook Forecasts for the medium- and long-term remain positive, even though both the economic situation and political climate remain difficult. Peru’s real GDP growth in 2002 will likely be among the highest in the region, expected to be over 3%. Inflation is likely to remain low, at about 2%, while the budget deficit is expected to fall to about 2% of GDP. Private.
Ethyl chloride - 2 Uses 3 Safety Production Ethyl chloride is produced by reacting ethylene and hydrogren chloride over an aluminum chloride catalyst at temperatures ranging from 130-250°C. Under these conditions, ethyl chloride is produced according to the chemical equation. C2H4 + HCl → C2H5Cl At various times in the past, ethyl chloride has also been produced from ethanol and hydrochloric acid, or from ethane and chlorine, but these routes are no longer economical. Some ethyl chloride is generated as a byproduct of polyvinyl chloride production. Should demand for ethyl chloride continue to fall to the point where making it for its own sake is not economical, this may become the leading source of the chemical. Uses Beginning in 1922 and continuing through most of the 20th century, the major use of ethyl chloride.
Dramamine - without a prescription in many areas. The drug it contains is called dimenhydrinate, and it is nearly identical to diphenhydramine HCl. The only differnces are potency (50mg dimenhydrinate = 25mg diphenhydramine) and delay of action (dimenhydrinate must break down to diphenhydramine before it is active, therefore diphenhydramine produces effects sooner). Diphenhydramine is found in most OTC sleep aids and allergy preparations, such as benadryl. It is an anti-cholinergic drug, which accounts for its antihistamine properties. Some people take more than the standard dose of the drug in order to attain an intense hallucinogenic effect (most other "hallucinogens" produce only psuedohallucinations). The physical effects of recreational doses (blurred vision, weakness, twitching, sleepiness and, paradoxically, insomnia) are usually unpleasant for most people. The mental effects are described by many as "dreaming while awake".
Digestion - re-absorbed before defecation. Not only animals digest food. Some carnivorous plants capture other organisms, usually invertebrate animals, and chemically digest them. Fungi also are very effective at digesting organic material. Organisms develop specialized organs to aid in the digestion of their food. For example different types of tongues or teeth. Insects may have a crop (or the enlargement of esophogus ) while birds may develop a gizzard ( or a stomach that acts as teeth and mechanically digests food) . A Herbivore may have a caecum that contains bacteria that helps break down the cellulose in plants. There are at least four hormones that aid and regulate the digestive system: Gastrin - is in the stomach and stimulates the grastic glands to secrete pepsinogen and HCL . Secretion of gastrin is.
Dichloromethane - of chloromethane and chlorine that had been exposed to sunlight. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Production 2 Uses 3 Safety Production Industrially, methylene chloride is produced by reacting either methyl chloride or methane with chlorine gas at 400-500°C. At these temperatures, both methane and methyl chloride undergo a series of rections producing progressively more chlorinated products. CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl CH3Cl + Cl2 → CH2Cl2 + HCl CH2Cl2 +Cl2 → CHCl3 + HCl CHCl3 + Cl2 → CCl4 + HCl The output of these processes is a mixture of methyl chloride, methylene choride, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride. These compounds are then separated by distillation. Uses Methylene chloride's volatility and ability to dissolve a wide range of organic compounds makes it an ideal solvent for many chemical processes. It.
1,1,1-trichloroethane - the Montreal Protocol. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Production 2 Uses 3 Safety Production Industrially, 1,1,1-trichloroethane is usually produced in a two-step process from vinyl chloride. In the first step, vinyl chloride reacts with hydrogen chloride at 20-50°C to produce 1,1-dichloroethane. This reaction is catalyzed by one of aluminum chloride, ferric chloride, or zinc chloride. Its chemical equation is CH2=CHCl + HCl → CH3CHCl2 The 1,1-dichloroethane is then converted to 1,1,1-trichloroethane by reaction with chlorine under ultraviolet irradiation CH3CHCl2 + Cl2 → CH3CCl3 + HCl This reaction proceeds at 80-90% yield, and the hydrogen chloride byproduct can be recycled to the first step in the process. The major side-product is the related compound 1,1,2-trichloroethane, from which the 1,1,1-trichloroethane can be separated by distillation. A somewhat smaller amount of 1,1,1-trichloroethane is produced.
Acid - weak acids and strong acids. For a strong acid, no AH remains in solution: That is why the acidity constant is only defined for weak acids: Some of the stronger acids include the hydrohalic acids - HCl, HBr, and HI - and the oxyacids, which tend to contain central atoms in high oxidation states surrounded by oxygen - including HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4. Acidity is typically measured using the pH scale. Acidic (chemistry), the opposite to basic, reacting with basics to form salts. Acidic (geology), of rock: containing more than 65% of silica. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Characteristics 2 Acids in Food 3 Different Definitions of Acid/Base 4 Acid number 5 Other meanings Characteristics Acids are generally: Taste: sour when dissolved in water Touch: strong acids have a stinging feeling Reactivity:.
Acid-base reaction theories - See Also Lavoisier's definition Since Lavoisier's knowledge of strong acids was mainly restricted to the oxyacids, which tend to contain central atoms in high oxidation states surrounded by oxygen, such as HNO3 and H2SO4, and since he was not aware of the true composition of the hydrohalic acids, HCl, HBr, and HI, he defined acids in terms of their containing oxygen, which in fact he named from Greek words meaning "acid-former". When the elements chlorine, bromine, and iodine were identified and the absence of oxygen in the hydrohalic acids was established, this definition had to be rejected. The Arrhenius definition Svante Arrhenius provided the first modern definition of acids and bases in 1884. In water, a dissociation takes place: H2O → H+ + OH- A compound causing an increase in H+.
Alkane - example of cracking with butane CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 1st possibility (48%): breaking is done on the CH3-CH2 bond. CH3* / *CH2-CH2-CH3 after a certain number of steps, we will obtain an alkane and an alkene: CH4 + CH2=CH-CH3 2nd possibility (38%): breaking is done on the CH2-CH2 bond. CH3-CH2* / *CH2-CH3 after a certain number of steps, we will obtain an alkane and an alkene from different types: CH3-CH3 + CH2=CH2 3rd possibility (14%): breaking of an C-H bond after a certain number of steps, we will obtain an alkene and hydrogen gas: CH2=CH-CH2-CH3 + H2 Halogenation reaction R + X2 → RX + HX These are the steps when methane is chlorinated. This a highly exothermic reaction that can lead to an explosion. 1. Activation step: formation of two free radicals of.
Tetrachloroethylene - some can smell it at even lower levels. Michael Faraday first synthesized tetrachloroethylene in 1821 by heating hexachloroethane until it decomposed into tetrachloroethylene and chlorine gas. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Production 2 Uses 3 Health effects 4 Testing for TCE Production Most tetrachloroethylene is produced ethylene via 1,2-dichloroethane. When 1,2-dichloroethane is heated to 400°C with chlorine, tetrachloroethylene can result from the chemical reaction ClCH2CH2Cl + 3 Cl2 → Cl2C=CCl2 + 4 HCl This reaction can be catalyzed by a mixture of potassium chloride and aluminum chloride, or by activated carbon. Trichloroethylene is a major byproduct of the reaction, and since both are salable commercial chemicals, typical industrial practice is to collect both products and then separate them by distillation. A somewhat smaller amount of tetrachlorethylene is made from a mixture.
Thiamin - the chemical formula (when isolated in the chloride form): C12H17ClN4OS·HCl It is colourless, soluble in water, and insoluble in alcohol. It decomposes if heated too much. The mononitrate looks like this: Thiamin pyrophosphate is a coenzyme of pyruvate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutaran dehydrogenase and transketolase. Because the first two of these enzymes are important in the metabolism of carbohydrates, thiamin deficiency causes problems with it. Thiamin deficiency also causes the diseases Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and beriberi, diseases common in chronic abusers of alcohol. Commonly also spelled "thiamine"..
Chloride - electron to form the negatively charged ion Cl−. The salts of hydrochloric acid HCl are also called chlorides. An example is table salt, which is sodium chloride with the formula NaCl. In water, it dissociates into Na+ and Cl− ions. Chloride ions have important physiological roles. For instance, in the central nervous system the inhibitory action of glycine and some of the action of GABA relies on the entry of Cl− into specific neurons..
Chloroform - general anesthesia during childbirth. The use of chloroform during surgery expanded rapidly thereafter, especially in Europe. In the United States, chloroform did not replace ether as an anesthetic until the beginning of the 20th century. Production Industrially, chloroform is produced by heating a mixture of chlorine and either methyl chloride or methane to 400-500°C. At this temperature, a series of chemical reactions occur, converting the methane or methyl chloride to progressively more chlorinated compounds. CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl CH3Cl + Cl2 → CH2Cl2 + HCl CH2Cl2 +Cl2 → CHCl3 + HCl CHCl3 + Cl2 → CCl4 + HCl The output of this process is a mixture of the four chloromethanes, methyl chloride, methylene chloride, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride, which are then separated by distillation. Uses In the late.
