Chinese philosophy - Chinese philosophy Chinese philosophy has a history of several thousand years. Its origins are often traced back to the Yi Jing (commonly spelled "I Ching"), an ancient compendium of divination, which introduced some of the most fundamental terms of Chinese philosophy. Its age can only be estimated, but it certainly draws from an oracular tradition that goes back to neolithic times. Early Shang thought was based upon a cyclic notion of time, corresponding to the seasons. This notion, which remained relevant throughout Chinese history, represents a fundamental distinction from western philosophy, in which the dominant view of time is a linear progression. During the Shang, fate could be manipulated by the great deity Shang Di (ch 上帝; pinyin shang4di4), most frequently translated as "Lord on High"..
Eastern philosophy - Eastern philosophy In the West, the term Eastern philosophy refers very broadly to the various philosophical systems of East Asia. The development of the major Eastern philosophical traditions occurred primarily in India, China, and Japan. Most Western universities focus almost exclusively on Western philosophical traditions and ideas in their philosophy departments and courses. When one uses the unqualified term "philosophy" in a Western academic context, Eastern philosophies are generally overlooked; consequently, the term "Eastern philosophy" came into use. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Differences from Western Philosophy 1.1 Arguments Against the "Eastern Philosophy" Designation 1.2 Arguments For the "Eastern Philosophy" Designation 1.3 The Perception of God and the gods 1.4 Gods\' relationship with the Universe 1.5 The Role and Nature of the Individual 2 Philosophical Traditions 2.6.
Early Muslim philosophy - Early Muslim philosophy Early Muslim philosophy can be starkly divided into four clear sets of influences: First, the life of Muhammad or sira which generated both the Qur'an (revelation) and hadith (his daily utterances and discourses on social and legal matters), during which philosophy was defined by acceptance or rejection of his message. Together the sira and hadith constitute the sunnah and are validated by isnah ("backing") to determine the likely truth of the report of any given saying of Muhammad. Key figures are Imam Bukhari, Imam Muslim, Trimidhi, Ibn Majah, Abu Dawud and An-Nisai. Each sifted through literally millions of hadith to accept a list of under 10,000. This work, which was not completed until the 10th century, began shortly after The Farewell Sermon in 631, after.
Ancient philosophy - Ancient philosophy Ancient Philosophy -- Western. Pre-Socratic Philosophers: The history of Philosophy in the west begins with the Greeks, and particularly with a group of philosophers commonly called the pre-Socratics. This is not to say that there were not other pre-philosophical rumblings in Egyptian, Semitic, and Babylonian cultures. Certainly there were great thinkers and writers in each of these cultures, and there is evidence that some of the earliest Greek philosophers may have had contact with at least some of the products of Egyptian and Babylonian thought. However, the early Greek thinkers add at least one element which differentiates their thought from all those who came before them. For the first time in history, we discover in their writings something more than dogmatic assertions about the way.
Chinese room - Chinese room The Chinese room argument is a thought experiment designed by John Searle (1980) to debunk the stronger claims made by Strong AI (also functionalism). The basic belief of strong AI is that if a machine were to pass a Turing test, then it can be regarded as "thinking" in the same sense as human thought. Or put another way, the human mind is a computer (of a sort) running a program. Adherents to this philosophy believe furthermore that systems demonstrating these abilities help us to explain human thought. A third belief, necessary to the first two, is that the biological material present in the brain is not necessary for thought. Searle summarizes this viewpoint, which he opposes, in this manner: The computer is not.
Chinese five elements - Chinese five elements In Chinese Taoism thought, things in nature can be classified in five types: metal, wood, earth, water, fire (金 木 土 水 火) . These five elementss (五行) are not just the materials that the names refer to, but rather metaphors and symbols for describing how things interact and relate to each other. The original Taoist reference was about the seasons (or the heavens), and they would then be more accurately described as the five phases. In Taoism, everything we know or think of as reality is a symbol, and a reflection of the heavens, so by understanding the macrocosmic relationship of things we can understand these same relationship on a smaller scale: in the body, in personal astrology, or in politics. Taoism.
Chinese opera - Chinese opera Chinese opera is a popular form of drama in China. It grew out of the zaju (variety plays) of the Yuan dynasty (1279-1368) and continues to exist in 368 different forms, the best known of which is Beijing Opera, which assumed its present form in the mid 19th century and was extremely popular in the Qing dynasty (1644-1911). In Beijing Opera, traditional Chinese string and percussion instruments provide a strong rhythmic accompaniment to the acting. The acting is based on allusion: gestures, footwork, and other body movements express such actions as riding a horse, rowing a boat, or opening a door. Spoken dialogue is divided into recitative and Beijing colloquial speech, the former employed by serious characters and the latter by young females and.
Legalism (philosophy) - Legalism (philosophy) In Chinese History, Legalism (法家; pinyin fa3 jia1) was one of the four main philosophic schools at the end of the Zhou Dynasty. Legalists believed that a ruler should govern his subjects by the following three ideas: 1. Fa (法; p fa3), the law. The law code must be clearly written and made public. All people under the ruler were equal before the law. Under the Zhou Dynasty, law was loosely written and was based on social classes. Laws should reward those who obey them and punish severely those who dare to break them. In addition, the system of law ran the state, not the ruler. If the law is successfully enforced, even a weak ruler will be strong. 2. Shu, the method and control..
List of Chinese proverbs - List of Chinese proverbs These are the humble beginnings of a collection of Chinese proverbs (歇後語 in pinyin: xie4 hou4 yu3; 諺語 yan4 yu3) and idioms, given in (and sorted by) pinyin transcription. Formulaic saying/expressions (成語 cheng2 yu3 -- "to become a saying") are known as four-character idioms (exceptions exist in the number of characters, though the majority are four). Wide differences in pronunciation exist between the dialect-languages for the more or less uniform writing system in the Chinese languages. Some proverbs and idioms come from written documents, and thus would be accessible to most Chinese today. Many other expressions, however, develop around a rhyme or rhythm of intonation, and because the verbal distinction is tied to the regional dialect, such a proverb or idiom would not.
Khwarezmia - Caspian towards the Black Sea. Alexander politely refused. The Aramaic dialect that was used by Persian bureaucracy (no Iranian dialect yet had a written form), passed into use in Khwareszm to the north, where it served as the first local alphabet, about the 2nd century. It was there from that script that the various Turkic rune alphabets developed. Middle Ages According to Biruni the area was ruled by the Afrigid dynasty from the 4th-8th centuries. The resurgent kingdom was established around Khiva in 410CE by Avar tribes possibly under Hephthalites influence. The inhabitants were called Khwalis or Kaliz by the Magyars after the eastern-most Kabarss of Hungary, who dwelt in Carpathian Galicia. They were also called Khalisioi in Greek, Khvalis (and often associated with Khazars) in Russian and HuaLaZiMu(or perhaps Kua-Li.
Kim Stanley Robinson - non-monogamous relationships are commonplace). Some reviewers (including, for instance, many of the reader reviews at Amazon.com) have criticised these aspects of the books on the basis that it is Marxist and Green propaganda, and completely unrealistic. Other reviewers have categorised such people as wanting to read "Young Christian Republicans Go To Mars", and have suggested that the point of science fiction is to explore new ideas. Other novels His other novels include Icehenge (1984), The Memory of Whiteness (1985) -- a musican's tour through the solar system --and the alternate history The Years of Rice and Salt (2002), a thought experiment about a world without Christianity, featuring Muslim, Chinese and Hindu culture and philosophy. Not only because of the long time scale, but because of its realistic-utopian elements, and the frequent.
Kim Jong-il - to official North Korean accounts, Kim Jong was born in a log cabin at his father's guerilla base on North Korea's highest mountain, Mount Paektu, in February 1942. The peak, on the northern border with Chinese Manchuria, is the highest on the peninsula and the site where Korean legend says the nation came into existence 5,000 years ago. The event was reportedly marked by a double rainbow, and a bright star in the sky. Western researchers, however, believe that Kim was born among some one thousand Chinese and Koreans being trained at a secret base located on the Amur River some 45 miles from the city of Khabarovsk in the Soviet Union. His mother, Kim Jong Suk, a partisan fighter, is thought to have retreated there from her guerrilla base in.
Korean Buddhism - the attention of Western scholarship rather late compared with Chinese and Japanese Buddhism, it still lies, with its deep store of untouched resources, almost fully open for exploration. And while early ignorance regarding the Korean Buddhist tradition lent to some degree of uninformed glossing over from preconceptions drawn from models in Chinese and Japanese Buddhism, scholars of East Asian Buddhism nowadays are generally becoming aware of the important role of Korean Buddhism in the East Asian religious/philosophical sphere. The most distinctive general characteristic that can be seen in the Korean Buddhist tradition is the tendency for its most noted thinkers to be holistic in the interpretation of doctrine and to be exasperatingly thorough in the resolution of doctrinal and "loose ends" passed on from Buddhist predecessors. Korean scholars and monks not.
Japanese proverbs - natural phenomena. Some are from the Go game and Buddhism and many four-character phrases are from Chinese philosophy. The heavy employment of proverbs enables Japanese language to be compact, quick and simple. Evidence might be found in Japanese animation and Japanese comics or manga. The huge popularity in instant messaging by cellular phones can be due to this. Among them are: 挨拶は時の氏神 (Aisatsu ha tokino ujigami) -- (lit. Warm greetings to God, the Emperor of our time.) 秋茄子は嫁に食わすな (Akinasu ha yome ni kuwasuna) -- (lit. Don't get fall-harvest eggplant (nasu) to your son's wife) 悪妻は百年の不作 (Akusai ha hyaku-nen no fusaku) -- (lit. a bad wife is one hundred years of bad harvest) あまり物には福がある (Amarimono niha fuku ga aru) -- (lit. fortunes exist among leftovers) 案ずるより生むが易し (Anjiru yori umu ga yasushi) --.
Virtue - in English the word virtue is often used to refer to a women's chastity. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The four virtues 2 Virtue in the Western philosophical tradition 3 The unity of the virtues 4 Prudence and virtue 5 The Christian virtues 6 Virtue and vice 7 Virtue in Chinese philosophy 8 Related entries The four virtues The four classic Western "cardinal" virtues are: prudence/wisdom justice fortitude/courage temperance Virtue in the Western philosophical tradition The list of Western virtues goes back at least as far as Plato, in The Republic. A more comprehensive set of virtues is found in Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics. The notion of virtue was a commonplace in ancient philosophy, and because of its adoption by Cicero, was widely accepted by Christian philosophers and became a staple of.
John Searle - Searle John Searle is Mills Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley, and is noted for contributions in the philosophy of language, philosophy of mind and consciousness, and on the characteristics of socially constructed versus physical realities. Searle's early works built on the efforts of his teachers, J. L. Austin and P. F. Strawson. In particular Searle's Speech Acts developed Austin's analysis of performative utterances. Searle focused on what Austin had called illocutionary acts, acts performed in saying something. In this analysis the sentences (Speech Acts p. 22) Sam smokes habitually does Sam smoke habitually? Sam, smoke habitually! would that Sam smoked habitually each have the same propositional content, Sam smoking, yet they differ in their illocutionary force, respectively a statement, a question, a command and an expression of.
John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton, 1st Baron Acton - it is Acton who influences Gladstone". In 1870 came the great crisis in the Roman Catholic world over the promulgation by Pope Pius IX of the dogma of papal infallibility. Lord Acton, who was in complete sympathy on this subject with Dollinger, went to Rome in order to throw all his influence against it, but the step he so much dreaded was not to be averted. The Old Catholic separation followed, but Acton did not personally join the seceders, and the authorities prudently refrained from forcing the hands of so competent and influential an English layman. In 1874, when Gladstone published his pamphlet on The Vatican Decrees, Lord Acton wrote during November and December a series of remarkable letters to The Times, illustrating Gladstone's main theme by numerous historical examples of.
John McMurtry - June 2001. He received his doctorate in 1975 from University College, University of London. Prior to doctoral studies, he was "a professional football player, print and television journalist, academic English teacher and world-traveller" and a student of Asian philosophy. According to himself he "came to philosophy as a last resort, because as someone naturally disposed to question unexamined assumptions and conventional beliefs, I could find no other profession which permitted this vocation at the appropriate level of research." He calls value theory "my unifying field of research", but has also published and taught in social and political philosophy, Asian/Indian and Chinese philosophy, philosophy of economics, philosophy of education, philosophy and literature, philosophy of history, post-Kant continental philosophy, the logic of natural language, and, recently, philosophy of the environment. He is also.
I Ching - of Changes" or more accurately "Classic of Change", is the oldest of the Chinese classic texts. It describes an ancient system of cosmology and philosophy which is at the heart of Chinese cultural beliefs. The philosophy centres around the ideas of balance through opposites and acceptance of change. See the Philosophy section below for more. The book is also known as Zhou Yi (周易 zhou1 yi4; alternately Chou I), the "Changes of Zhou", in ancient Chinese literature which indicates the book was based on work from Zhou Dynasty. See the History section below for more. In the Western cultures, it is known mostly as a system of divination. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Structure 1.1 Components of Hexagrams 1.2 The Hexagrams 2 Philosophy 3 History 4 Divination 4.3 Methods 4.3.1 Cracks.
Idolatry - only the literal worship of an inanimate idol itself that is forbidden. "An essential difference exists between idolatry and the veneration of images practised in the Catholic Church, viz., that while the idolater credits the image he reverences with Divinity or Divine powers, the Catholic knows "that in images there is no divinity or virtue on account of which they are to be worshipped, that no petitions can be addressed to them, and that no trust is to be placed in them. . . that the honour which is given to them is referred to the objects (prototypa) which they represent, so that through the images which we kiss, and before which we uncover our heads and kneel, we adore Christ and venerate the Saints whose likenesses they are" (Conc. find.,.
