Chomsky Normal Form - Chomsky Normal Form A formal grammar is in Chomsky Normal Form iff all production rules are of the form: A -> BC or A -> α where A, B and C are nonterminal symbols and α is a terminal symbol. Every grammar in Chomsky Normal is context-free, and conversely, every context-free grammar which does not generate the empty string can be transformed into an equivalent one which is in Chomsky Normal Form. The Chomsky Normal Form of a context-free grammar is important because it yields efficient algorithms. For example, the CYK algorithm which decides whether a given string can be generated by a given grammar uses the Chomsky Normal Form. The Chomsky Normal Form is named after Noam Chomsky, an US linguist that invented the Chomsky.
CNF - different expansions. Cold nuclear fusion Conjunctive normal form Chomsky normal form This is a disambiguation page; that is, one that just points to other pages that might otherwise have the same name. If you followed a link here, you might want to go back and fix that link to point to the appropriate specific page..
Context-free grammar - a formal grammar in which every production rule is of the form V -> w where V is a non-terminal symbol and w is a string consisting of terminals and/or non-terminals. The term "context-free" comes from the feature that the variable V can always be replaced by w, in no matter what context it occurs. A formal language is context-free if there is a context-free grammar which generates it. Context-free grammars are important because they are powerful enough to describe the syntax of programming languages; in fact, almost all programming languages are defined via context-free grammars. On the other hand, context-free grammars are simple enough to allow the construction of efficient parsing algorithms which for a given string determine whether and how it can be generated from the grammar. See LR.
CYK algorithm - The algorithm is an example of dynamic programming. The standard version of CYK can only recognize languages defined by context-free grammars in Chomsky Normal Form (CNF). However, since any context-free grammar can be converted to CNF without too much difficulty, CYK can be used to recognize any context-free language. It is also possible to extend the CYK algorithm to handle some grammars which are not in CNF, although at the cost of making the algorithm significantly harder to understand. The worst case asymptotic time complexity of CYK is Θ(n3), where n is the length of the parsed string. This makes it the most efficient (in those terms) algorithm for recognizing a context-free language. However, in many cases, other algorithms will give better performance. The CYK algorithm is important theoretically, since it.
Media bias - perspective. "Mass media" may include newspapers, television news programs, radio news programs, and Internet outlets. In essence, "media bias" refers to a slight form of propagandism on the part of particular news sources, where such content is framed in the light of a Categories of bias are: Ethnic bias: Includes nationalism and regionalism. Corporate bias: Including advertising, political campaigns, the reporting of issues to favor corporate interests. Social bias: Social and class divisions, within the context of a report, or the overall bias of reporting to favor the status class. Progressive/conservative bias: Regarding the split in political slant. Bias has a long history in the mass media, from the early days of the printing press, where it would be used -- famously -- as a tool of advocacy. Not until very.
List of mathematical topics - changes in mathematics articles, A-C Recent changes in mathematics articles, D-F Recent changes in mathematics articles, G-I Recent changes in mathematics articles, J-L Recent changes in mathematics articles, M-O Recent changes in mathematics articles, P-R Recent changes in mathematics articles, S-U Recent changes in mathematics articles, V-Z A WikiProject is being developed at Wikipedia:WikiProject Mathematics regarding issues of form, structure and notation for mathematics articles. Check it out! A-C - D-F - G-I - J-L - M-O - P-R - S-U - V-Z 0-9 1/f noise -- 2 to the power of C -- 3-satisfiability -- 3-sphere -- 3D projection -- 10-sided dice A Abacus -- abc Conjecture -- Abel, Niels Henrik -- Abel Prize -- Abelian -- Abelian and tauberian theorems -- Abelian category -- Abelian extension -- Abelian group.
List of computing topics - -- 56 kbps -- 56k line -- 5ESS Switch -- 5NF -- 5th Glove -- 6.001 (MIT) -- 6.001 -- 64-bit -- 680x0 -- 6x86 -- 8-bit clean -- 8.3 (computing) -- 80x86 -- 82430FX -- 82430HX -- 82430MX -- 82430VX -- 8514 (display standard) -- 8514-A -- 88open -- 8N1 -- 8x86 -- 90-90 Rule -- 9PAC A ABC ALGOL -- ABLE -- ABSET -- ABSYS -- Accent programming language -- Acceptance, Test Or Launch Language -- Accessible Computing -- Ada programming language -- Advanced Optical Disk (AOD) -- AIM alliance -- AirPort networking -- AIX operating system -- Alan programming language -- Algol -- Algol 60 -- Algol programming language -- AltiVec -- Amdahl's law -- America Online -- Amiga -- AmigaE -- Analysis of algorithms -- AOL --.
Jordan normal form - Jordan normal form In linear algebra, the Jordan normal form answers the question, for a given square matrix M over a field K, to what extent M can be simplified into a standard shape by changing basis. It is not possible to make all such M diagonal, even when K is algebraically closed: what the Jordan normal form does is to quantify the failure. In abstract terms, any M is written as a sum M' + M* where M' is diagonalizable, M* is nilpotent, and M' commutes with M*. The way the normal form is usually stated writes out explicitly what that implies about M as a sum of block square matrices along the leading diagonal (with zero blocks elsewhere). The typical such Jordan block is cI.
Greibach normal form - Greibach normal form A context-free grammar is in Greibach normal form (GNF) iff all production rules are of the form: A -> αX where A is a nonterminal symbol, α is a terminal symbol and X is (possibly empty) sequence of nonterminal symbols. No grammar in GNF can generate the null string. Conversely, every context-free grammar which does not generate the null string can be transformed into an equivalent grammar in Greibach normal form. This can be used to prove that every context-free language can be accepted by a non-deterministic pushdown automaton. Greibach normal form is named for Sheila Greibach (1939-), who is currently Professor of Computer Science at the University of California, Los Angeles..
Uniform distribution - where K is the Lebesgue measure of S. The Standard uniform distribution The standard uniform distribution is the continuous uniform distribution with the values of a and b set to 0 and 1 respectively, so that the random variable can take values only between 0 and 1. Sampling from a uniform distribution When working with probability, it is often useful to run experiments such as computational simulations. Many programming languages have the ability to generate [[Pseudorandom number sequencepseudo-random numbers]] which are effectively distributed according to the standard uniform distribution. If u is a value sampled from the standard uniform distribution, then the value a + (b - a)u follows the uniform distribution parametrised by a and b, as described above. Other transformations can be used to generate other statistical distributions from.
Formal language - and accurate than everyday speech. Use of a particular formal language in the sense intended here is an 'ultimate' version of that usage: formal enough to be used in written form for automatic computation, is a possible criterion. A typical alphabet would be {a, b}, a typical string over that alphabet would be "ababba", and a typical language over that alphabet containing that string would be the set of all strings which contain the same number of a's as b's. The empty word is allowed and is usually denoted by e, ε or λ. Note that while the alphabet is a finite set and every string has finite length, a language may very well have infinitely many member strings. Some examples of formal languages: the set of all words over {a,.
Formal grammar - symbols from the alphabet. In our example we can rewrite S as follows: S -> aSb -> aaSbb -> aababb. The language of the grammar then consists of all the strings that can be generated that way; in this case: ba, abab, aababb, aaababbb, etc. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Formal definition 1.1 Example 2 Classes of grammars 2.2 Context-free grammars 2.3 Regular grammars 3 Terminology Formal definition A formal grammar G consists of the following components: A finite set N of nonterminal symbols. A finite set Σ of terminal symbols that is disjoint from N. A finite set P of production rules where a rule is of the form string in (Σ U N)* -> string in (Σ U N)* (where * is the Kleene star and U is set.
Kart - 2 Racing Contruction Normally, the kart is of extremely minimal design and is often powered by a single-piston engine intended for a lawnmower or chainsaw. A tubular steel-frame is used and there is unlikely to be any suspension. Wheels are much smaller than used for a normal racing car and most karts do without a gearbox. Chassis The chassis is an extremely important element of the kart, as it must provide, via flex, sufficient grip of the kart (due to its not having any suspension. Chassis contruction is normally of a tubular construction, typically steel, with different grades of tube (smaller/bigger etc.) as well as their actual construction, offering different values of flexibility. Typically, for dry conditions a stiffer chassis (with less flex) is better and in wet or other conditions.
Karl Jaspers - the result of biological changes. Whilst this was not a new idea in itself, his method of study was unique. He studied several patients in detail, giving biographical information on the people concerned as well as providing notes on how the patients themselves felt about their symptoms. This has become known as the biographical method and is now the mainstay of modern psychiatric practice. Jaspers set about writing his views on mental illness in a book which was published as General Psychopathology. The two volumes which make up this work have become a classic in the psychiatric literature and much modern diagnostic criteria stem from ideas contained within them. Of particular importance was Jaspers' belief that symptoms (particularly of psychosis) should be diagnosed by their form rather than their content. For.
Vector processor - besting the competition with a series of machines that led to the Cray-2, Cray X-MP and Cray Y-MP. Since then the supercomputer market has focussed much more on massively parallel processing rather than better implementations of vector processors. Today the average computer at home crunches as much data watching a short QuickTime video as did all of the supercomputers in the 1970's. Vector processor elements have since been added to almost all modern CPU designs, although they are typically referred to as SIMD. In these implementations the vector processor runs beside the main scalar CPU, and is fed data from programs that know it's there. Description In general terms, CPUs are able to manipulate one or two pieces of data at a time. For instance, every CPU has an instruction that.
Kernel (algebra) - a matrix M, and the kernel can be computed by solving the homogenous system of linear equations Mv = 0. In this representation, the kernel corresponds to the nullspace of M. The dimension of the nullspace, called the nullity of M, is given by the number of columns of M minus the rank of M, as a consequence of the rank-nullity theorem. Solving homogeneous differential equations often amounts to computing the kernel of certain differential operators. For instance, in order to find all twice-differentiable functions f from the real line to itself such that xf''(x) + 3f'(x) = f(x), let V be the space of all twice differentible functions, let W be the space of all functions, and define a linear operator T from V to W by (Af)(x) = xf''(x).
Kenpo - time to train a person, methods from Karate were used as the basis to quickly allow a person to learn the basics, and techniques. As it often takes 10 to 20 years of continuous effort to master one form of kung fu, Kempo practictioners often can be black belted in around 3 to 5 years, depending on the instructor. Normal Karate usually has linear attacks and blocks, or straight moves with power meeting power with the accuracy with power being more important then learning separate techniques. Kempo emphasis more circular moves, such as the hook, or the uppercut as main attack methods. Kempo has more grappling moves, and throws then Karate. Both Karate and Kempo use katas, but Kempo katas tend to have more techniques to them, with an emphasis on.
Khalistan - of governance would be the Sikh concept of "halemi-raj," meaning 'humanitarian & just governance.' In this definition of governance, the citizens of the country with political authority are servants of the same ideology as normal citizens; and their position as an official of the government would grant them authority to make decisions based on the public, rather than self-serving power. It is supported by Sikh separatists as a homeland for the Sikhs and other communities. Since there is no historical claim to the land as a Sikh homeland, and on account of the portrayal by International media of Sikhs as radical, public opinion in India is against the proposal. The idea of a nation-state called Khalistan is no longer prominent in India, but is supported by some Sikhs in other countries,.
Kidney - the kidneys 3.4 Diagnosis 4 Dialysis and kidney transplants 5 See also Function The major functions of the kidney are to filter wastes from the bloodstream and to regulate the pH, serum osmolality and blood pressure (and secondarily, the volume of the blood). The wastes are concentrated to form urine which is passed on to the bladder via the ureters. The kidney also serves an endocrine function by secreting erythropoietin, a hormone that regulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow. Other hormones produced by the kidneys are renin, active form of vitamin D - 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol) and prostaglandins. Basic anatomy In humans the kidneys are the two organs that are located in the posterior part of the abdomen, on either side of the spine just below the liver and.
Kuru epidemic - passed on to subsequent offspring. Since Kuru had a tendency to occur among family members, the original notion that it was a genetic disorder seems somewhat appropriate. This possibility was eventually ruled out, because Kuru was too common and too fatal (Lindenbaum, 1979). A completely lethal genetic disorder would drastically reduce the fitness of a population. Sooner or later it would die out of the gene pool. This fact led scholars to seek additional possible explanations to describe the dynamics of the disease. Studies on chimpanzees injected with brain material from a victim led scientists to believe the agent was a slow virus, because the chimps developed a very similar condition after a long incubation period. Gajdusek was responsible for conducting these tests on chimps. He defined a slow virus as.
