Cognitive linguistics - Cognitive linguistics Fields and subfields within linguistics. phonetics phonology morphology syntax semantics lexical semantics stylistics pragmatics Cognitive linguistics Cognitive linguistics is a branch of linguistics and cognitive science, which aims to provide accounts of language that mesh well with current understandings of the human mind. The guiding principle behind this area of linguistics is that language use must be explained with reference to the underlying mental processes. Important cognitive linguists include George Lakoff, Eve Sweetser, Leonard Talmy, Ronald Langacker, Mark Johnson, Mark Turner, Gilles Fauconnier, Charles Fillmore, Adele Goldberg (linguist), and Chris Johnson. There are a number of hypotheses within cognitive linguistics that differ radically from those made in Generative linguistics. Some people in psychology and psycholinguistics who are testing these hypotheses are Michael Tomasello, Raymond.
History of linguistics - History of linguistics In Europe through the 19th century, linguistics centered on the comparative history of the Indo-European languages, with a concern for finding their common roots and tracing their development. Working from a biblical perspective some scholars believed that all human languages were descended from the language of Adam, a language called the Adamic language. Many of these scholars believed that the Hebrew language was, in fact, the same as the Adamic language. However, the existence of any such single ancestoral language on timescales indicated by a literal reading of the Bible is not consistent with modern linguistics. About 1880, scholars in the United States began to record the hundreds of native languages once found in North America. The concern with describing languages has spread throughout.
Applied linguistics - Applied linguistics The field of applied linguistics first concerned itself with second language learning, in particular errors and contrastive analysis in the 1950s and 1960s. In the 1970s with the failure of contrastive analysis as a theory to predict errors, applied linguists began to adopt Chomsky's theory of Universal Grammar to explain second language learning phenomena. In the 1990s, more and more researchers began to employ research methods from cognitive psychology. Today, the field is a cross-disciplinary mix of departments primarily from linguistics, anthropology, psychology and education. The American Association for Applied Linguistics formed in the 1970s when it began holding separate conferences from the Linguistic Society of America. Britain and Canada have similar associations while the Association Internationale de Linguistique Appliquée serves a more international forum..
Computational linguistics - Computational linguistics Computational Linguistics is a subfield of Linguistics in which logical modelling of natural language from an computational perspective is central. This modelling is not limited to a particular field of linguistics. It is quite an interdisciplinary field, drawing the involvement of linguists, computer scientists, experts in artificial intelligence, cognitive psychologists and logicians, amongst others. Some of the areas of research that are studied by computational linguistics include: Computer aided Corpus linguistics Design of parsers for natural languages Design of taggers like POS-taggers (part-of-speech taggers) Definition of specialized logics like resource logics for NLP Research in the relation between formal and natural languages in general Machine Translation, e.g. by a translating computer The Association for Computational Linguistics defines computational linguistics as: ...the scientific study of language.
Cognitive science - Cognitive science Cognitive science is usually defined as the scientific study either of mind (e.g. Flanagan??) or of intelligence (e.g. Luger 1994). Practically every introduction to Cognitive Science also stresses that it is highly inter-disciplinary; it is often said to consist of, take part in, and/or collaborate with psychology (especially cognitive psychology), linguistics, neuroscience, artificial intelligence (neural network research in particular), and philosophy (especially philosophy of mind and philosophy of mathematics, but also with applications in philosophy of science). Many but not all who consider themselves cognitive scientists have a functionalist view of mind/intelligence, which means that, at least in theory, they study mind and intelligence from the perspective that these attributes could perhaps (at least someday) be properly attributed not only to human beings but.
Cognitive psychology - Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology is the psychological science which studies cognition, the mental processes that are hypothesised to underlie behaviour. This covers a broad range of research domains, examining questions about the workings of memory, attention, perception, knowledge representation, reasoning, creativity and problem solving. Cognitive psychology is radically different from previous psychological approaches in two keys ways. It accepts the use of the scientific method, and rejects introspection as valid methods of investigations, unlike phenomenological methods such as Freudian psychology. It posits the existence of internal mental states (such as beliefs, desires and motivations) unlike behaviourist psychology. The school of thought arising from this approach is known as cognitivism. Cognitive psychology is one of the more recent additions to psychological research, having only developed as a.
Stylistics (linguistics) - Stylistics (linguistics) Fields and subfields within linguistics. phonetics phonology morphology syntax semantics lexical semantics stylistics pragmatics Cognitive linguistics Stylistics relates to the study of style used in literary, and verbal language and the effect the writer/speaker wishes to communicate to the reader/hearer. It attempts to establish principles capable of explaining the particular choices made by individuals and social groups in their use of language, such as, socialization, the production and reception of meaning, the question of perspective, literary criticism, and critical discourse analysis..
Neurolinguistics - language, be it spoken, signed, or written. By its nature an interdisciplinary endeavor, this field straddles the borders between linguistics, neurobiology, and computer science, among others. Researchers are drawn to it from a variety of backgrounds, bringing along a variety of experimental techniques as well as widely differing theoretical perspectives. Historically, the term neurolinguistics has been most closely associated with aphasiology, the study of linguistics deficits, and spared abilities, resulting from specific forms of brain damage. This field is considered in a separate article. Although aphasiology is the historical core of neurolinguistics, in recent years the field has broadened considerably, as new technologies have been brought to bear on the matter. Language is a fundamental topic of interest in cognitive neuroscience, and modern brain imaging techniques have contributed greatly to a.
Morphology (linguistics) - Morphology (linguistics) Morphology as a subdiscipline of linguistics studies word structure. Words are at the interface between phonology, syntax and semantics (Spencer / Zwicky) Fields and subfields within linguistics. phonetics phonology morphology syntax semantics lexical semantics stylistics pragmatics Cognitive linguistics There are many current approaches to morphology. For expository purposes, this article will describe the phenomena in terms of fairly traditional one: treating words as combinations of discrete meaningful units (morphemes) put together by concatenation. A contemporary morphologist would call this a "morpheme-based" theory; alternatives are lexeme-based morphology and word-based morphology. The components of a word form are called morphemes. Word formation rules describe how to select morphemes from the lexicon and to combine them. Important concepts: Inflection Derivation Compounding (examples) At the basic level, words are.
List of cognitive science topics - List of cognitive science topics This page aims to list articles on Wikipedia that are related to cognitive science (as broadly conceived). This is so that those interested in the subject can monitor changes to the pages by clicking on Recent changes in the sidebar and on the bottom of the page. The list is not necessary complete or up to date - if you see an article that should be here but isn't (or one that shouldn't be here but is), please do update the page accordingly. See also Linguistics basic topics. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A Alan Turing - anthropological linguistics - artificial.
Iconicity - Iconicity In cognitive linguistics, iconicity is the conceived similarity between a form of language and its meaning. Iconic principles: Quantity principle: formal complexity corresponds to conceptual complexity Proximity principle: conceptual distance tends to match with linguistic distance Sequential order principle: the sequential order of events described is mirrored in the speech chain Iconic coding principles are natural tendencies in language and are also part of our cognitive and biological make-up..
Ideological assumption - that it had to be replaced by a single model of Darwinism that is a real science. In this controversy, both sides apply their faith in different assumptions. In the other sciences, often two fierce camps can be distinguished in basic questions of anthropology, ancient history, Biblical studies, or linguistics. Usually one side condemns the theories of the other side as unscholarly, unscientific or ridiculous. The mere mention of these words is sometimes enough to get a final verdict; the advantages or the good logic in the opposing theory does not need to be examined scientifically. This is sometimes an empirical or political solution, and not related to real sciences except insofar as politics is always present in science in its funding and its governance. A close-knit network of assumptions or.
Information retrieval - a broad interdisciplinary field, that draws on many other disciplines. Indeed, because it is so broad, it is normally poorly understood, being approached typically from only one perspective or another. It stands at the junction of many established fields, and draws upon cognitive psychology, information architecture, information design, human information behaviour, linguistics, semiotics, information science, computer science and librarianship. See also: Geographic Information System See also: Cross-language information retrieval.
Indiana University - to graduate women (1869), and is known for producing everything from controversy (Alfred Kinsey and Bobby Knight) to acclaim (David Baker and Yusef Komunyakaa). Widely known for its basketball program, Indiana University is also highly respected in many academic areas, including Education, Business, Linguistics and ESL, Public Affairs, Foreign Languages and Literatures, English and Creative Writing, Law, Psychology, Music, and Medicine. Notable projects, festivals, departments, and events include: The Victorian Women Writers Project [1] Religious Studies [1] School of Music [1] Liberal Arts Management Program [1] School of Informatics (new) [1] Cognitive Science Program [1] Kelley School of Business [1] Early Music Festival [1] Kinsey Institute [1] Indiana University at Bloomington's sports teams are called the Hoosiers. They participate in the NCAA's Division I-A, and in the Big Ten Conference. See.
George Lakoff - George Lakoff George Lakoff is a professor of linguistics (in particular, cognitive linguistics) at the University of California, Berkeley. Although some of his research involves questions traditionally pursued by linguists, such as the conditions under which a certain linguistic constriction is grammatically viable, he is most famous for his ideas about the centrality of metaphor to human thinking and society. He is particularly famous for his concept the "embodied mind". Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The reappraisal of metaphor 2 About the embodied mind 3 Lakoff on mathematics 4 Political significance 5 Comparison to other thinkers/schools 6 Published books 7 See also 8.
General Semantics - representations discard most of reality ("The map is not the territory; the word is not the thing defined.") and in particular that much "un-sanity" is caused by adherence to the Aristotelian representation of two-valued either-or logic, which Korzybski saw as being built into Indo-European language structures. From this simple beginning, with which many 20th-century analytical philosophers including their dean Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) would find it hard to differ, Korzybski developed a complex, controversial, jargon-riddled system of what he called ''mental hygiene'' intended to increase the student's effective intelligence. Techniques such as indexing with superscript numbers help in this task. These ideas, retold in more accessible form by Samuel Hayakawa's Language In Thought And Action (1941), Stuart P. Chase's The Tyranny of Words, and other secondary sources, achieved considerable initial success in.
University of California, San Diego - and the San Diego Supercomputer Center. The 2003 US News and World Reports College Survey ranked UCSD among the top ten public universities in the United States. Noted UCSD faculty Bram Dijkstra, professor of English Literature 1966 - 2000 Adele Goldberg, linguist, Associate Professor of Linguistics, 1997 - 1998 Maria Goeppert-Mayer, Nobel laureate in Physics Ronald Graham, mathematician, Irwin and Joan Jacobs Professor at the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, as of 2003 Herbert Marcuse, philosopher Donald Norman, professor emeritus of cognitive science and psychology, 1966 - present Vilayanur S. Ramachandran, neuroscience and psychology Sally Ride, professor of physics and former astronaut Herbert Schiller, professor emeritus of communication, 1970 - 2000 Leo Szilárd, Hungarian physicist, professor of physics here for the last years of his life Harold Urey, Nobel laureate.
Eric Lenneberg - 1975) was a linguist who pioneered ideas on language acquisition and cognitive psychology more generally about innateness. His 1964 paper "The Capacity of Language Acquisition" sets for the seminal arguments picked up and popularized later by Noam Chomsky in his famous arguments for the innate "language organ". He presents four arguments for biological innateness of psychological capacities, as constructed in parallel to arguments in biology for the innateness of physical traits: Universal appearance of a trait at a single time across a species. "Species typical" traits. Universal appearance across time for a group. Not just an artifact of cultural history. Again, "species typical" diagnostic feature. No learning of the trait is possible. Individual development of a trait rigidly follows a given schedule regardless of the particular experience of the organism. He.
Conceptual metaphor - Conceptual metaphor Conceptual metaphor: In cognitive linguistics metaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain, e.g. one person's life experience versus another's. A conceptual domain is any coherent organization of experience. This idea and detailed examination of the underlying processes was first explored in detail by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in Metaphors we live by Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Mappings 2 Language and culture as mappings 3 Propaganda 4 Family roles and ethics 5 Linguistics and politics 6 References 7.
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis - Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis In linguistics, the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (SWH) states that there are certain thoughts of an individual in one language that cannot be understood by those who use another language. SWH states that the way people think is strongly affected by their native languages. It is a controversial theory championed by linguist Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Whorf. First discussed by Sapir in 1929, the hypothesis became popular in the 1950s following posthumous publication of Whorf's writings on the subject. In 1955, Dr. James Cooke Brown created the Loglan language (which led to an offshoot Lojban) in order to test the hypothesis. After vigorous attack from followers of Noam Chomsky in the following decades, the hypothesis is now believed by most linguists only in the weak sense that.
