Direct connect file-sharing application - Direct connect file-sharing application Direct Connect is (originally) a peer-to-peer file sharing application written by NeoModus, and today is the general type of application used in a Direct Connect network. The Direct Connect network is not as de-centralised as gnutella or FastTrack, since it uses hubs which connect a group of users. Different hubs often have special areas of interest. Hubs often only admit users who share some set amount of bytes or files. Chatting is built into the protocol since the start, and so most hubs are actually small communities, more than just anonymous filesharing. The original Neo-modus client has, in a lot of users' eyes, been superseded by other clients (DC++, DC:PRO), but still continues to be in wide use. The alternative clients share the common trait of.
Application Programming Interface - Application Programming Interface An Application Programming Interface (API) is a set of definitions of the ways in which one piece of computer software communicates with another. It is a method of achieving abstraction, usually (but not necessarily) between lower-level and higher-level software. One of the primary purposes of an API is to provide a set of commonly-used functions—for example, to draw windows or icons on the screen. Programmers can then take advantage of the API by making use of its functionality, saving them the task of programming everything from scratch. APIs themselves are abstract: software which provides a certain API is often called the implementation of that API. For example, one may look at the task of writing "Hello World" on a screen at increasing levels.
Application layer - Application layer The application layer is the seventh level of the seven layer OSI model. It interfaces directly to and performs common application services for the application processes; it also issues requests to the presentation layer. The common application layer services provide semantic conversion between associated application processes. Note: Examples of common application services of general interest include the virtual file, virtual terminal, and job transfer and manipulation protocols. Examples HTTP SMTP SNMP FTP Telnet FTAM APPC X.400 X.500 AppleTalk AFP Directory Access Protocol (DAP).
Karl Pearson - 1935. Pearson's views on eugenics, however, would be considered deeply racist today. According to a [[BBC] report on the history of genetics], "Pearson was a fanatic - a cold, calculating measurer of man who claimed to be a socialist, but loathed the working class." Pearson openly advocated "war" against "inferior races," and saw this as a logical implication of his scientific work on human measurement: "My view -- and I think it may be called the scientific view of a nation," he wrote, "-- is that of an organized whole, kept up to a high pitch of internal efficiency by insuring that its numbers are substantially recruited from the better stocks, and kept up to a high pitch of external efficiency by contest, chiefly by way of war with inferior races.".
Venn diagram - "the relationships of set A and set B which may have some (but not all) elements in common". The Euler diagram above can be interpreted as "set A is a proper subset of set B, but set C has no elements in common with set B. Or, as a syllogism All Vs are Ts All Ks are Vs Therefore All Ks are Ts. Venn, Johnston, and Euler diagrams may be identical in appearance. Any distinction is in their domains of application, that is in the type universal set that is being divided up. Johnston's diagrams are specifically applied to truth values of propositional logic, whereas Euler's illustrate specific sets of "objects" and Venn's concept is more generally applied to possible relationships. It is likely that the Venn and Euler versions have.
Vessel - diminuitive of vas, vase, or urn), a word of somewhat wide application for many objects, the meaning common to them being capacity to hold or contain something. Thus it is a general term for any utensil capable of containing liquids, and for those tubular structures in anatomy, such as the arteries, veins or lymphatics, which contain, secrete or circulate the blood or lymph. Organs or structures which are largely supplied with vessels are said to be vascular (Latin vasculum, another diminutive of vas). Vessel (as in French) is also a general term for all craft capable of floating on water larger than a rowing boat, such as ships. The word is also familiar in Biblical phraseology in the figurative sense of a person regarded as the recipient of some Divine dispensation,.
Kung Fu - skill', or 'mastery through application of time and effort', and is often used for the enormous variety of martial arts native to China. The widely accepted idea about the number of distinct styles of Wu Shu in China is that there are currently more than 1000. The word "wushu" is sometimes used as a rough synonym for kungfu. Wushu is often called "modern" or "bad kung fu" when the speaker means a performance sport promoted by modern China (People's Republic of China). However, the word "wushu" has a long and honorable history in the world of Chinese letters. It is the umbrella term that names all skills and techniques used in hand to hand combat. Chinese martial arts can be classified in many ways. One division is that made between "Internal.
Kudzu - semi-woody, perennial vine in the pea family. Kudzu is common throughout most of the southeastern United States and has been found as far north as Pennsylvania. The name comes from Japanese kazu (葛), meaning vine. Kudzu vines can make walking across the land nearly impossible, as it takes over all horizontal and vertical surfaces, both natural and manmade. Its dense vegetation obstructs all views and movement into the area. It kills or degrades other plants by smothering them under a solid blanket of leaves, by girdling woody stems and tree trunks, and by breaking branches or uprooting entire trees and shrubs through the sheer force of its weight. Description Deciduous leaves are alternate and compound, with three broad leaflets up to four inches (10 cm) across. Leaflets may be entire or.
Kuru epidemic - over 1,100 of the South Fore died from Kuru. The vast majority of victims among the South Fore were women. In fact, eight times more women than men contracted the disease. It later affected small children and the elderly at a high rate as well. It is currently believed that Kuru was transmitted among the South Fore through participation in such cannibalism. Upon the death of an individual, the maternal kin were in charge of the dismemberment of the corpse. The women would remove the arms and feet, strip the limbs of muscle, remove the brains, and cut open the chest in order to remove internal organs. Lindenbaum, one of the early Kuru researchers, states that Kuru victims were highly regarded as sources of food, because the layer of fat on.
Jamming - battle. A transmitter, tuned to the same frequency as the opponents receiving equipment and with the same type of modulation, can with enough power override any signal at the receiver. The most common types of this form of signal jamming are: Random Noise; Random Pulse; Stepped Tones; Wobbler; Random Keyed Modulated CW; Tone; Rotary; Pulse; Spark; Recorded Sounds; Gulls; and Sweep-through. All of these can be divided into two groups - obvious and subtle. Obvious jamming is easy to detect as it can be heard on the receiving equipment, it is some type of noise such as stepped tones (bagpipes), random-keyed code, pulses, erratically warbling tones, and recorded sounds. The purpose of this type of jamming is to block out reception of transmitted signals and to cause a nuisance to the.
Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition - and kits are required. Some cell-phone makers also extend the J2ME platform to provide more robust effects such as 3D grpahics and audio which lacks a specification in the current J2ME APIs. Configurations And Profiles J2ME devices implement a Profile, the most common of these is the Mobile Information Device Profile, aimed at mobile devices, such as cell phones and the Personal Profile aimed at consumer products and embedded device like Set-top_boxs and PDAs. A Profile is a superset of a Configuration, off which there are currently two, Connected Limited Device Configuration and Connected Device Configuration. Connected Limited Device Configuration The CLDC contains a strict subset of the Java class libraries, and is the minimal needed for a JVM to operate. Mobile Information Device Profile Designed for cell phones, it boasts.
Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition - 2 Platform, Standard Edition or J2SE is a collection of java Application Programming Interfaces targeting Java platform applications running on a workstation. General APIs java.io Routines for normal input and output. This includes streams and filehandling. java.lang Contains classes thought applicable to most java programs. This package contains standard java types like Integers and Strings as well as basic exceptions, math functions, threading, security functions, as well as some information on the underlying native system. Classes in java.lang package are always available to the programmer, without needing a special import declaration at the beginning of a sourcecode file. java.lang.ref Special routines for interacting with the garbage collector. For example, one can create a weak reference, which allows one to refer to an object, without preventing the garbage collector from cleaning it.
Java remote method invocation - Java Remote Method Invocation API, or RMI, is an application programming interface for performing remote procedural calls. There are two common implementations of the interface, the initial one to be implemented known as JRMP and a version compatible with CORBA. Usage of the term RMI may denote solely the programming interface or may signify both the API and JRMP, whereas the term 'RMI-IIOP, read RMI over I-OP, denotes the RMI interface over the CORBA IIOP bus. The original RMI API was generalized somewhat to support different implementations. Additionally, work was done to CORBA, adding a pass by value capability, to support the RMI interface. Still, the RMI-IIOP implementation supports only a subset of the JRMP implementation. RMI is currently being extended in a number of directions. Check: Transparent RMI at http://trmi.sourceforge.net/.
Jacques Necker - office as a great financier, and made him give up his share in the bank, which he transferred to his brother Louis. In October 1776 Necker was made finance minister of France, though with the title only of director of the treasury, which, however, he changed in 1777 for that of director-general of the finances. He did great good in regulating the finances by attempting to divide the taille or poll tax more equally, by abolishing the vingtième d'industrie, and establishing monts de piété (establishments for loaning money on security). But his greatest financial measures were his attempt to fund the French debt and his establishment of annuities under the guarantee of the state. The operation of funding was too difficult to be suddenly accomplished, and Necker rather pointed out the.
Jakarta Tomcat - Apache Software Foundation and independent volunteers. The source code and binary form of Tomcat is free under the Apache Software Licence. Tomcat 4.x is the latest production quality release, and it implements the Servlet 2.4 and JSP 2.0 specifications. As of version 4.x, Jakarta Tomcat uses the Catalina servlet container. Tomcat 5.x is still under development. Following are the details of the directory hierarchy of a Tomcat installation : bin/ - startup, shutdown and other scripts and executables common/ - common classes that can be used by Catalina and web applications conf/ - XML files and related DTDs to configure Tomcat logs/ - Catalina and application logs server/ - classes used only by Catalina shared/ - classes shared by all web applications webapps/ - directory containing the web applications work/ -.
Jack plug - Jack plug A jack plug is an extremely common audio connector. See also jack (connector), tip ring sleeve. The terms phone plug, and phone jack for the corresponding socket, are also used for these connectors, especially for the original 1/4" size. Note that this is in contrast to the terms phono plug and phono jack which normally refer to RCA connectors. The potential for confusion here is heightened as the RCA jack is also known as a 1/4" phono jack and is mainly used in applications for which the 1/4" jack plug was previously (and also continues to be) used. Jack plugs are available in three standard sizes. The original 6.5mm or 1/4", really and also known as 6.3mm, was designed for use in manual telephone exchanges. The 3.5mm or miniature.
Virtual machine - Specifically, the term virtual machine has several distinct meanings: Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Definitions 1.1 Original Meaning 1.2 Application Virtual Machine 1.3 Operating System Virtual Machine 1.4 Parallel Virtual Machine 2 Techniques 2.5 Emulation of the underlying raw hardware 2.6 Emulation of a non-native system 3 A selection of virtual machines 4 See Also Definitions Original Meaning The original meaning of virtual machine is the creation of a number of different identical execution environments on a single computer, each of which exactly emulates the host computer. This provides each user with the illusion of having an entire computer, but one that is their "private" machine, isolated from other users, all on a single physical machine. Application Virtual Machine The second, and now more common, meaning of virtual machine is a.
Virtual memory - This is accomplished by preserving the low order bits of the binary representation of the input address while treating the high order bits as a key to one or more address translation tables. For this reason a range of consecutive addresses in the virtual address space whose size is a power of two will be translated in a corresponding range of consecutive physical addresses. The memory referenced by such a range is called a page. The page size is typically in the range of 512 to 8192 bytes (with 4K being very common), though page sizes as large as 32KB have been known. Using the same or a related mechanism, contiguous regions of virtual memory larger than a page are often mappable to contiguous physical memory for purposes other than virtualization,.
Jiu jitsu - 1854 by the United States. Jujutsu, the current standard, is derived using the Hepburn romanization system. Before the first half of the century, however, jiujitsu and then jujitsu were preferred. Since this corresponded to a period of time when Japanese martial arts first became widely known of in the West, these earlier spellings are still common in many places, though the romanization of the second kanji as jitsu is unfaithful to the Japanese pronunciation and jujitsu means military preparedness. Some define jujutsu and similar arts rather narrowly as "unarmed" close combat systems used to defeat or control an enemy who is similarly unarmed. Basic methods of attack include hitting or striking, thrusting or punching, kicking, throwing, pinning or immobilizing, strangling, and joint-locking. Great pains were also taken by the bushi (classic.
Vincent of Lerins - only does he omit the name of St. Augustine of Hippo, who was especially obnoxious to them, when making honorable mention at any time of the champions of the faith, but he denounces his doctrine, though under a misrepresentation of it, as one of the forms of that novel error which he reprobates. Indeed, whoever will compare what he says in of the heresy which he describes but forbears to name, with Prosper's account of the charges brought against Augustine by certain Semipelagian clergymen of Marseilles, will have little doubt that Vincentius and they had the same teacher in view, and were of the same mind with regard to his teaching. Be this however as it may, when it is considered that the monks of Lérins, in common with the general.
