Constitution of Chile - Constitution of Chile Chile's current constitution was approved by a referendum in the year 1980. In its permanent dispositions gave the president a large amount of power (examples to go here). It created some new intitutions (Constitutional Court, National Security Council). Made part of the Senate designated by different institution (President, Supreme Court, National Security Council). In its temporary dispositions, ordered the transition from the military government ,with Augusto Pinochet as President of the Republic, and the Legislative Power by the Military Junta (formed by the heads of the Navy, Air Force, National Police, and a representative of the Army, the head of the Army beeing president of the republic), to a civil one, with a time frame of eight years, during which the Legislative Power.
History of Chile - History of Chile Bernardo O'Higgins Early history Chilean territory was one of last to be populated in the Americas. In prehispanic Chile lived over a dozen different peoples. Despite such diversity, it is possible to classify them into three major cultural groups: The northern peoples, who developed rich handicrafts and were influenced by preincan cultures; the Mapuche culture, that inhabited between the river Choapa and the island of Chiloé, and lived primarily of agriculture and recolection; and the Patagonian culture, composed by nomad populations, who supported themselves through fishing and hunting. As the Incan Empire expanded, it only could integrate the northern Chile. As incans arrived to Central Chile, they established some colonies, but they were succesfully stopped by Mapuche warriors at Lircay river. The first European.
Military of Chile - Military of Chile Chile's armed forces are subject to civilian control exercised by the president through the Minister of Defense. Under the 1980 constitution, the services enjoy considerable autonomy, and the president cannot remove service commanders on his own authority. Military branches: Army, Navy (includes Naval Air, Coast Guard, and Marines), Air Force, Carabineros of Chile (National Police), Investigations Police note: normally administered by Ministry of Interior; in times of national emergency, Carabineros and Investigations Police are considered part of the military Army. The Commander-in-Chief is Lt. Gen. Juan Emilio Cheyre. The 50,000-person army is organized into seven divisions and an air brigade. Navy. Adm. Patricio Vergara directs the 25,000-person navy, including 5,200 marines. Of the fleet of 29 surface vessels, only six are major combatant ships.
James Gillespie Blaine - aggressive nature and constructive talent. The measures for the rehabilitation of the states that had seceded from the Union occupied the chief attention of Congress for several years, and Blaine bore a leading part in framing and discussing them. The primary question related to the basis of representation upon which they should be restored to their full rank in the political system. A powerful section contended that the basis should be the body of legal voters, on the ground that the South could not then secure an increment of political power on account of the emancipated blacks unless these blacks were admitted to political rights. Blaine, on the other hand, contended that representation should be based on population instead of voters, as being fairer to the North, where the ratio of.
July 26 - 1139 - Afonso, then a count, is procclaimed first king of Portugal and declares independence from Castile 1788 - New York ratifies the United States Constitution and is admitted as the 11th state of the United States. 1847 - Liberia gains independence. 1861 - American Civil War: George McClellan assumes command of the Army of the Potomac following a disastrous Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run. 1863 - American Civil War: Morgan's Raid ends - At Salineville, Ohio, Confederate cavalry leader John Hunt Morgan and 360 of his volunteers are captured by Union forces. 1878 - In California, the poet and American West outlaw calling himself "Black Bart" makes his last clean getaway when he steals a safe box from a Wells Fargo stagecoach. The empty box will.
International Criminal Police Organization - Interpol - Jesús Espigares Mira, Director of the Criminal Investigation Department of the Spanish National Police. The current Secretary General, Ronald K. Noble, formerly of the US Treasury Department, is the first non-European to hold the position. Because of the politically neutral role Interpol must play, its Constitution forbids any involvement in crimes that do not overlap several member countries, or any political, military, religious, or racial crimes. Its work centers primarily on public safety and terrorism, organized crime, illicit drug production and trafficking, weapons smuggling, trafficking in human beings, money laundering, financial and high-tech crime, and corruption. In October 2001, the Interpol General Secretariat employed a staff of 384, representing 54 different countries. Of those, 112 were police officers, 112 civilians. That same month, Interpol began to change from a 9-to-5 agency.
Iraq disarmament crisis timeline 2001-2003 - the proposed aid package. [1] February 24, 2003 Secretary of State Colin Powell states at a meeting in Beijing that "It is time to take action. The evidence is clear ... We are reaching that point where serious consequences must flow." His speech appears to imply that military action is likely to follow within three weeks, based on previous briefings from The Pentagon. February 25, 2003 The United States, Britain and Spain present to the UN Security Council a much-anticipated second resolution stating that Iraq "has failed to take the final opportunity" to disarm, but does not include deadlines or an explicit threat of military force. Meanwhile, France, Germany, and Russia offer a counter-proposal calling for peaceful disarmament through further inspections. Both major parties of Kurdistan, an autonomous region in Northern.
History of Peru - Inca civilization. Centered at Cuzco, the Inca Empire extended over a vast region from northern Ecuador to central Chile. In search of Inca wealth, the Spanish explorer Francisco Pizarro, who arrived in the territory after the Incas had fought a debilitating civil war, conquered the weakened people. The Spanish had captured the Incan capital at Cuzco by 1533 and consolidated their control by 1542. Establishing a stable colonial government was delayed for some time by native revolts and bands of the Conquistadores fighting among themselves. Once the Viceroyalty of Peru was established, Gold and silver from the Andes enriched the conquerors, and Peru became the principal source of Spanish wealth and power in South America. Pizarro founded Lima in 1535. The viceroyalty established at Lima in 1542 initially had jurisdiction over.
History of Argentina - as much of present-day Bolivia. During this era, Buenos Aires became a flourishing port. Growth of a nation state News of the French Revolution and the American Revolutionary War brought liberal ideas to Latin America. An 1810 declaration of independence in Buenos Aires had only local effect; other regions of the Río de la Plata were just as concerned with independence from Buenos Aires as with independence from Spain. In 1811 Paraguay made its own declaration of independence. Military campaigns led by Generals José de San Martín and Simón de Bolívar between 1814 and 1817 made independence increasingly a reality, with independence now generally dated from Buenos Aires formal declaration of independence from Spain on July 9, 1816. Argentines revere San Martín - who campaigned in Argentina, Chile, and Peru -.
History of Bolivia - empire's wealth, and Potosi, site of the famed Cerro Rico — "Rich Mountain" — was, for many years, the largest city in the Western Hemisphere. As Spanish royal authority weakened during the Napoleonic wars, sentiment against colonial rule grew. Independence was proclaimed in 1809, but 16 years of struggle followed before the establishment of the republic, named for Simon Bolivar, on August 6, 1825. 19th century Independence did not bring stability. For nearly 60 years, coups and short-lived constitutions dominated Bolivian politics. Bolivia's weakness was demonstrated during the War of the Pacific (1879 – 1883), when it lost its seacoast and the adjoining rich nitrate fields to Chile. An increase in the world price of silver brought Bolivia a measure of relative prosperity and political stability in the late 1800s. During.
History of the United States Navy - with 1,697 letters of marque being issued. The most notable American naval hero of the Revolution was John Paul Jones, who defeated the British ship HMS Serapis in the Battle of Flamborough Head. Partway through the battle, with the rigging of the two ships entangled, and several guns of Jones' ship Bonhomme Richard out of action, the captain of the Serapis asked Jones if he would strike his colors, to which Jones replied "I have not yet begun to fight!" Federal Navy In 1794, the Congress authorized the construction of six frigates which later became famous, especially "Old Ironsides", the USS Constitution, which was launched in 1797. They soon saw use; tensions between the US and France developed into the Quasi-War, which was entirely fought at sea. At the same time,.
Hugo Chávez - has antagonised the government of the United States through his oil export policies, by his public friendship with Cuba, and by his opposition to the 2003 invasion of Iraq (Chavez was the only president to visit Saddam Hussein since Gulf War). 2002 Coup Attempt Against Chávez Chávez was briefly deposed and arrested in a military coup on April 12, 2002, which installed a businessman, Pedro Carmona, who was head of the Fedecámaras as interim president. Carmona resigned after about a day, and was briefly replaced by vice president Diosdado Cabello, before Chávez returned to the presidential palace. However, on the day of the alleged coup, it was initially announced by General in Chief Lucas Rincón that Chávez had resigned; since Rincón remains close to Chávez and is now, in fact, the.
Father of the Nation - he remained a controversial figure, to the majority of the electorate and the supporters of the state's biggest political party (whom he founded and led for 33 years) Eamon de Valera was seen as the father of the nation up to his death in 1975. However in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s his reputation too underwent a re-evaluation, with the public moving away from their unfettered enthusiasm for 'deV' and his achievements and instead focusing interest on leaders like Michael Collins whom de Valera in his lifetime had tried to sideline. Sun Yat-sen is regarded the Guofu (國父) in the Republic of China (now on Taiwan). The term is not used for Mao Zedong in mainland China. The deposed King Mohammed Zahir Shah has been called "Father of the Nation" of.
February 14 - 1743 - Henry Pelham becomes Prime Minister of England. 1779 - James Cook is killed by the natives of the Sandwich Islands. 1803 - Chief Justice John Marshall declares that any act of Congress which conflicts with the Constitution is void. 1849 - In New York City, James Knox Polk becomes the first President of the United States to have his photograph taken. 1859 - Oregon is admitted as the 33rd U.S. state. 1876 - Alexander Graham Bell applies for a patent for the telephone. 1879 - The War of the Pacific broke out when Chilean armed forces occupied the Bolivian port city of Antofagasta. 1895 - First showing of Oscar Wilde's last play The Importance of Being Earnest (St. James' Theatre in London). 1899 - Voting machines are approved by.
Fiestas Patrias - originated in the 19th century. In chronological holiday order: Día de la Constitución commemorates the Constitution of 1917, promulgated after the Mexican Civil War on February 5. Natalicio de Benito Juárez commemorates President Benito Juarez's birthday on March 21, 1804. Juarez is popularily regarded as an exemplary politician due to his liberal policies that, among other things, defined the traditionally strict separation of the church and the Mexican state. Día del Trabajo (Labor Day) commemorates the Mexican workers' union movements on May 1. Specifically, the 1906 Cananea, Sonora and the 1907 Río Blanco, Veracruz labor unrest and repression. Cinco de mayo commemorates General Ignacio Zaragoza's victory on May 5, 1862, over the French expeditionary forces in the Battle of Puebla. Dieciséis de septiembre commemorates Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla's Grito de.
Foreign relations of Colombia - political or economic systems. In 1969, it formed what is now the Andean Community along with Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, and Peru (Venezuela joined in 1973, and Chile left in 1976). In the 1980s, Colombia broadened its bilateral and multilateral relations, joining the Contadora Group, the Group of Eight (now the Rio Group), and the Non-Aligned Movement, which it chaired from 1994 until September 1998. In addition, it has signed free trade agreements with Chile, Mexico, and Venezuela. Colombia has traditionally played an active role in the United Nations and the Organization of American States and in their subsidiary agencies. Former President Cesar Gaviria became Secretary General of the OAS in September 1994 and was reelected in 1999. Colombia was a participant in the December 1994 and April 1998 Summits of the.
Union of International Associations (UIA) - for Information and Documentation (FID), and with which UIA activities were closely associated. Became a federation, under the present name, at the 1st World Congress of International Organizations (Brussels, 1910). 2. Current status and Constitution The Statutes were modified in 1951 to give the UIA the character of an institute with a world focus, having individuals as full members. It is an independent, non-governmental, non-profit body which is apolitical in character. Its programmes are totally oriented toward the community of international associations whose actions they are designed to facilitate, whether through special studies or through new uses of information. The UIA is registered under the Belgian law of 25th October 1919 as an international association with scientific aims. 3. Aims and activities Contribute to a universal order based on principles of.
Economy of Peru - related to privatization fell dramatically in 2000 and 2001, as well as in the first half of 2002. Net international reserves at the end of May 2002 stood at $9.16 billion, up from $8.6 billion at the end of 2001. Foreign Investment The Peruvian Government actively seeks to attract both foreign and domestic investment in all sectors of the economy. International investment was spurred by the significant progress Peru made during the 1990s toward economic, social, and political stability, but it slowed again after the government delayed privatizations and as political uncertainty increased in 2000. President Alejandro Toledo has made investment promotion a priority of his government. While Peru was previously marked by terrorism, hyperinflation, and government intervention in the economy, the Government of Peru under former President Alberto Fujimori took.
Erich Honecker - Communist activists under Walter Ulbricht. In 1946, Honecker was one of the first members of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands, SED), made up of the old KPD and the Social Democrats of eastern Germany. Following a sweeping victory in the October 1946 elections, he took his place amongst the SED leadership in the short-lived parliament. The German Democratic Republic was proclaimed on October 7, 1949 with the adoption of a new constitution. In a political system similar to that of the Soviet Union, he was a candidate member for the secretariat of the Central Committee in 1950 and full member in 1958. In 1961 Honecker was in charge of the building of the Berlin Wall. In 1971, he initiated a political power struggle that led, with Soviet.
USS Independence (1814) - States Navy. Launched 22 June 1814 in the Boston Navy Yard, she immediately took on guns and was stationed with frigate Constitution to protect the approaches to Boston Harbor. Wearing the broad pennant of Commodore William Bainbridge, and under command of Captain William Crane, she led her squadron from Boston 3 July 1815 to deal with piratical acts of the Barbary Powers against American merchant commerce. Peace had been enforced by a squadron under Stephen Decatur by the time Independence arrived in the Mediterranean. But she led an impressive show of American naval might before Barbary ports that encouraged them to keep the peace treaties concluded. Having served adequate notice of rising U.S. seapower and added to the prestige of the Navy and the Nation, Independence returned to Newport 15 November.
