Constitution of Czech republic - Constitution of Czech republic The current Constitution of the Czech Republic was adopted on December 16, 1992, and has been amended 4 times. It replaced the constitution of Czechoslovakia (1960 Constitution of Czechoslovakia), which split into Slovakia and the Czech Republic by act of parlament on Jan. 1, 1993 , through the so-called velvet divorce. It recalls the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms and establishes the republic as a democratic, law-abiding state, deriving its sovereignty from the people (Articles 1-14). It wests legislative power into the Czech Parliament consisting of two chambers, the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.( Articles 15-53). It provides for the election of the President by the Parliament. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of the Republic who shall.
Politics of the Czech Republic - Politics of the Czech Republic Government The Czech political scene supports a broad spectrum of parties ranging from the semi-reformed Communist Party on the far left to various nationalistic parties on the extreme right. Czech voters returned a split verdict in the June 2002 parliamentary elections, giving the left-of-center Social Democrats (ČSSD) and Communists majority, without any posibility to form functional government together due to Mr. Spidla's strong anticommunism. The results produced a CSSD coalition government with Christian Democrats (KDU-CSL) and Liberals (US-DEU), while Civic Democrats (ODS) and Communists (KSCM) took place in opposition. Prime Minister Vladimir Spidla is the head of government and wields considerable powers, including the right to set the agenda for most foreign and domestic policy, mobilize the parliamentary majority, and choose governmental.
History of Czechoslovakia - to 1918 2 The early years (1918-1938) [The First Republic] 3 Before WWII (1938 – 1939) 4 World War II, 1939-45 5 The Third Republic (1945 - 1948) and the Communist Takeover (1948) 6 Communist Era I (1948- 1968) 7 Communist Era II (1969 – 1987) 8 The End of the Communist Era (1987-1989) and Democratic Czechoslovakia (1989/1990-1992) Historical settings to 1918 Main Article: Czechoslovakia: Historical settings to 1918 The creation of Czechoslovakia in 1918 was the culmination of the long struggle of the Czechs against their Austrian rulers and of the Slovaks against Hungarisation and their Hungarian rulers. Although the Czechs and Slovaks have similar languages, they have a different mentality a different historical experiences. At the end of the 19th century, the situation of the Czechs and Slovaks was.
Germans in Czechoslovakia (1918-1938) - destruction of democratic Czechoslovakia--was that of the Sudeten Germans in Sudetenland. The Sudetenland was inhabited by over 3 million Germans, comprising about 23 percent of the population of the republic. It possessed huge chemical works and lignite mines, as well as textile, china, and glass factories. To the west, a solid German triangle surrounded Cheb (Eger) and included the highly nationalistic Egerland. The Cesky Les (Bohemian Forest) extended along the Bavarian frontier to the poor agricultural areas of southern Bohemia. Moravia contained patches of "locked" German territory to the north and south. More characteristic were the German "language islands"--towns inhabited by important German minorities and surrounded by Czechs. Extreme German nationalism was never typical of this area. The German nationalism of the coal-mining region of southern Silesia, 40.5 percent German, was.
Government structure of Communist Czechoslovakia - article Czechoslovakia In the 1970s and 1980s the government structure was based on the amended (see) 1960 Constitution of Czechoslovakia, which identified the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic as a federative state of two equal fraternal nations. The Constitution stipulated the creation of separate government structures for the Czech Socialist Republic, located in Prague, and the Slovak Socialist Republic, situated in Bratislava. These republic governments shared responsibility with the federal government in areas such as planning, finance, currency, price control, agriculture and food, transportation, labor, wages, social policy, and the media. The central government, located in Prague, had exclusive jurisdiction over foreign policy, international relations, defense, federal stockpiles, federal legislation and administration, and the federal judicial system. Government institutions in Czechoslovakia performed legislative, executive, and judicial functions. The Constitution clearly defined the responsibilities.
Constitutional Law of Federation - by which the unitary Czechoslovak state was turned into a federation. The promulgation of the Constitutional Law of Federation amended fifty-eight articles of the 1960 Constitution of Czechoslovakia concerning the structure of government. The reform concerned Slovak autonomy; the concentration of governmental authority in Prague was a source of discontent within Slovakia throughout the 1960s, and the federalization of the Czechoslovak government codified in the 1968 constitutional amendments was virtually the only product of the reform movement associated with the Prague Spring to survive. The Czechoslovak state was declared to be composed of "two equal fraternal nations," the Czech Socialist Republic and the Slovak Socialist Republic, each with its own national administration paralleling and, at least in theory, equal in status to the federal government. Dual citizenship was established, and many.
Czechoslovakia - Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia (Československo in Czech and in Slovak) was a country in Central Europe, in existence from 1918 until 1992 (except for the World War II period). On January 1, 1993, it split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Československo Coat of Arms [1] (In Detail) National motto: Pravda vítězí (Truth prevails) Official languages Czech and Slovak Capital Prague Area (1991) 127,900 km˛ Population (1991) 15,600,000 Czechs 54.1%, Slovaks 31%, Moravians 8.7%, Hungarians 3.8%, Gypsies 0.7% Currency Czechoslovak koruna (Kcs) = 100 halers Time zone UTC+1 National anthem Kde domov muj + Nad Tatrou sa blýska ISO 3166-1 CS See also: Czech Republic and Slovakia Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Basic Characteristics 2 Official Names 3 History 4 Regents 5 International Agreements and Membership 6 Administrative Divisions 7 Population and.
Czechoslovakia: 1918 - 1938 - impossible, the provisional National Assembly was constituted on the basis of the 1911 elections to the Austrian parliament with the addition of fifty-four representatives from Slovakia. National minorities were not represented; Sudeten Germans harbored secessionist aspirations, and Hungarians remained loyal to Hungary. The National Assembly elected Masaryk as its first president, chose a provisional government headed by Karel Kramar, and drafted a provisional constitution. The Paris Peace Conference convened in January 1919. The Czech delegation was led by Kramar and Benes, premier and foreign minister respectively, of the Czechoslovak provisional government. The conference approved the establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic, to encompass the historic Bohemian Kingdom (including Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia), Slovakia, and Ruthenia. The inclusion of Ruthenia provided a common frontier with Romania, an important ally against Hungary. Tesin, an.
Czechoslovakia: 1969 - 1987 - Bilak continued in the Presidium. A program of "normalization"--the restoration of continuity with the prereform period--was initiated. Normalization entailed thoroughgoing political repression and the return to ideological conformity A new purge cleansed the Czechoslovak leadership of all reformist elements. Of the 115 members of the KSC Central Committee, 54 were replaced. Reformists were removed from regional, district, and local party branches in the Czech lands and, to a lesser extent, in Slovakia. KSC party membership, which had been close to 1.7 million in January 1968, was reduced by about 500,000. Top levels of government and the leadership of social organizations were purged. Publishing houses and film studios were placed under new direction. Censorship was strictly imposed, and a campaign of militant atheism was organized. In May 1970, Czechoslovakia and the Soviet.
Czechia: 1918 - 1992 - - 1992 ''This article is part of the article History of the Czech Republic. For more details see History of Czechoslovakia and Czechoslovakia.'' Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The First Republic (1918 - 1938) 2 The Second Republic (1938 - 1939) and German Occupation (1939 - 1945) 3 The National Front (1945 - 1948) 4 The Communist Régime (1948 - 1989) 5 The Prague Spring 1968 6 The Velvet Revolution 1989 The First Republic (1918 - 1938) With the collapse of the Hapsburg monarchy at the end of World War I, the independent country of Czechoslovakia was formed, encouraged by, among others, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson. Despite cultural differences, the Slovaks shared with the Czechs similar aspirations for independence from the Hapsburg state and voluntarily united with the Czechs. The Slovaks.
Slovaks in Czechoslovakia (1960 - 1990) - to the social, political, and economic affairs of the country. It is not merely a matter of individual identity, folklore, or tradition. Perhaps one measure of how profoundly important ethnicity and autonomy were to Slovaks was a Slovak writer's 1968 call for a more positive reappraisal of the Slovak Republic. Although as a Marxist he found Monsignor Jozef Tiso's "clerico-fascist state" politically abhorrent, he acknowledged that "the Slovak Republic existed as the national state of the Slovaks, the only one in our history. . . ." Comparable sentiments surfaced periodically throughout the 1970s in letters to Bratislava's Pravda, even though the newspaper's editors tried to inculcate in their readership a "class and concretely historical approach" to the nationality question. The post-1948 government has put a high priority on redressing the socioeconomic.
Religion in Communist Czechoslovakia - nine major creeds listed in its censuses: Roman Catholic, Uniate (=Greek Catholic Church; preserving the Eastern rite and discipline but submitting to papal authority), the Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren, Lutheran, Calvinist, Orthodox, the Czech Reformed Church (the Hussites), the Old Catholic Church, and Judaism. Nearly 6 percent of the population was without religious preference. At the time of the communist takeover, two of every three citizens were Roman Catholics, but within each major ethnic group there was a sizable minority of Protestants: Bohemian Brethren in the Czech lands, Lutherans in Slovakia, and Calvinists among the Hungarians. 1950s and 1960s During the Stalinist trials of the 1950s, more than 6,000 religious people (some old and sick) received prison sentences averaging more than five years apiece. Between 1948 and 1968, the number.
People's Republic of Poland - People's Republic of Poland This article is part of the History of Poland series. Early history of Poland (until 1385) The Jagiellon Era The Noble Republic Partitioned Poland (1795-1914) Independence of Poland Regained History of Poland (1939-1945) People's Republic of Poland History of Poland (1989-present) The People's Republic of Poland (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa) was the official name of Poland from 1952 to 1989, during its period of rule by the Polish Communist Party, officially called the Polish United Workers' Party (Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza, or PZPR). The Communists were in effective control of the Polish government from 1944 onwards, but the new name was not adopted until the 1952 constitution came into effect. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Yalta and the Fate of Poland (1943-45) 2 Poland.
January 26 - - Glenn H. Curtiss flies the first successful seaplane. 1934 - The Apollo Theatre opens in Harlem, New York City. 1939 - Spanish Civil War: Troops loyal to Francisco Franco and aided by Italy take Barcelona. 1942 - World War II: The first American forces arrive in Europe landing in Northern Ireland. 1946 - Félix Gouin becomes Prime Minister of France 1948 - President Harry S. Truman signs Executive Order 9981, ending segregation in the United States Armed Forces. 1950 - India promulgates its constitution forming a republic and Rajendra Prasad is sworn in as its first president. 1956 - 1956 Winter Olympic Games open in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. 1961 - John F. Kennedy appoints Janet G. Travell to be his physician. This is the first time a woman holds this.
July 2003 - grid in some areas. [1] [1] Geographers announce that, with respect to its relative size, Kansas is flatter than a pancake. [1] July 21, 2003 npr.org's All Things Considered program aired a humorous article on the Wiki phenomenon, and on Wikipedia.org. Jong-Wook Lee becomes the new Director-General of the World Health Organization. SCO v. IBM Linux lawsuit: SCO announces that it intends to sell binary-only licences to use the free Linux operating system which will remove the threat of litigation from licence-holders. Linux advocates react by stating that SCO has no basis for this action, and that doing this may cause SCO to forfeit their rights under the GNU GPL to use or distribute Linux or Linux-derived code in any form. SCO press release CNet story In Puerto Rico, 25 people.
International Criminal Police Organization - Interpol - Jesús Espigares Mira, Director of the Criminal Investigation Department of the Spanish National Police. The current Secretary General, Ronald K. Noble, formerly of the US Treasury Department, is the first non-European to hold the position. Because of the politically neutral role Interpol must play, its Constitution forbids any involvement in crimes that do not overlap several member countries, or any political, military, religious, or racial crimes. Its work centers primarily on public safety and terrorism, organized crime, illicit drug production and trafficking, weapons smuggling, trafficking in human beings, money laundering, financial and high-tech crime, and corruption. In October 2001, the Interpol General Secretariat employed a staff of 384, representing 54 different countries. Of those, 112 were police officers, 112 civilians. That same month, Interpol began to change from a 9-to-5 agency.
Iraq disarmament crisis timeline 2001-2003 - Iraq filed a 12,000-page weapons declaration with the UN in order to meet requirements of resolution 1441. UN weapons inspectors, the UN security council and the U.S. felt that this declaration failed to account for all of Iraq's chemical and biological agents. Turkey moves approximately 15,000 soldiers to the border with Iraq December 19, 2002 UNMOVIC Chairman Hans Blix tells UNSC members that the Iraqi weapons declaration filed on December 7 "is essentially a reorganized version" of information Iraq provided UNSCOM in 1997, and that it "is not enough to create confidence" that Iraq has abandoned its WMD efforts. 2003 January, 2003 Turkey invited at least five other regional countries to a "'last-chance' meeting to avert a US-led war against Iraq." According to U.S. Intelligence, France secretly sells prohibited spare parts.
Head of State - personifying the continuity and legitimacy of the state and exercising powers, functions and duties granted to the head of state in the country's constitution. In Charles de Gaulle's words, describing the role he envisaged for the French president when he wrote the modern French constitution, a head of state should embody "the spirit of the nation" to the nation itself and to the world: une certaine idée de la France. In a monarchy, the monarch is the head of state. In a republic, the head of state is usually called president, though some leaders have assumed other titles (some used "Head of State" as their only formal title). Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Roles of a Head of State 2 The Head of State and the Government 3 Symbolic role 4.
History of Europe - in various governmental forms, philosophy, science, politics, sports, theater and music. The Hellenic city-states founded a large number of colonies on the shores of the Black Sea and the Mediterranean sea, Asia Minor, Sicily and Southern Italy, but in the 4th century B.C. their internal wars made them an easy prey for king Philip II of Macedonia. The campaigns of his son Alexander the Great spread Greek culture into Persia, Egypt and India, but also favoured contact with the older learnings of those countries, opening up a new period of development, known as Hellenism. Rome Much of Greek learning was assimilated by the nascent Roman state as it expanded outward from Italy, taking advantage of its enemies' inability to unite: the only real challenge to Roman ascent came from the Phoenician.
History of Germany - of Germany series. Franks Holy Roman Empire German Confederation German Empire Weimar Republic Nazi Germany Germany since 1945 The history of Germany is, in places, extremely complicated and depends much on how one defines "Germany". As a nation state, Germany did not exist until 1871. Before, Germany can only be looked at as a cultural region where many territories, with greatly varying independence, each had their own historical events and it was not entirely clear what area was part of Germany in the first place. This article briefly outlines each period of German history only; details are presented in separate articles (see the links in the box and below). Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Struggle against Rome 2 The Frankish realm 3 Holy Roman Empire 4 Unification, the rise of Prussia,.
