Vichy France - Vichy France Vichy France (French: Régime de Vichy or Vichy) was the French state of 1940-1944 which collaborated with the Nazis, as opposed to the Free French Forces. It was established after the country had surrendered to Nazi Germany in 1940 (see also: World War II). It takes its name from the government's capital in Vichy, south-east of Paris near Clermont-Ferrand. Nazi Germany had occupied Paris in mid-June 1940. The French leaders considered retreating to French territories in North Africa but the vice-premier, Henri Philippe Pétain, and the commander-in-chief, General Maxime Weygand insisted that the government should both remain in France and seek an armistice with Germany. Prime Minister Paul Reynaud resigned over the decision and President Albert Lebrun appointed the 84-year-old Pétain to replace him on.
History of France - History of France This article is the top of the History of France series. Gaul Franks France in the Middle Ages Valois Dynasty Bourbon Dynasty French Revolution First French Empire French Restoration Second Republic Second French Empire Third Republic France during World War II Fourth Republic Fifth Republic Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Gaul 2 Franks 3 France in the Middle Ages 4 Valois Dynasty 5 Bourbon Dynasty 6 French Revolution 7 First French Empire 8 French Restoration 9 Second Republic 10 Second French Empire 11 Third Republic 12 France during World War II 13 Fourth Republic 14 Fifth Republic 15 Related articles 16 Further reading Gaul For details, see the main Gaul article. Settled mainly by the Gauls and related Celtic peoples (apart from a shrinking.
USS Constitution - USS Constitution USS Constitution under sail in Massachusetts Bay, 21 July 1997() Career Laid down: ?? Launched: 21 October 1797 Commissioned: ?? Decommissioned: never Fate: commissioned museum ship General Characteristics Displacement: 2,200 tons Length: 175 ft bp, 204 ft (62 m) total Beam: 43.5 ft (13.3 m) Depth: 14.3 ft (in hold) Complement: 450 officers and men Armament: 32 x 24-pounder long guns, 20 32-pounder carronades, two 24-pounder bow chasers The USS Constitution, known as "Old Ironsides"" is a wooden hulled, three-masted frigate of the United States Navy. She is the oldest commissioned ship in the world still afloat. (HMS Victory is three decades older, but is permanently drydocked.) Constitution was one of six frigates authorized for construction by an act of Congress in 1794. Joshua Humphreys.
England: Absolutism and Constitutionalism - so many Puritans) and James I all in one attack, so that they could establish a Catholic administration. They rented a building with a basement that ran underneath the Parliament building, and in it they placed barrels of gunpowder to explode and destroy the Parliament while it was in session (5 Nov. 1605) with James I present. It was thus called the Gunpowder Plot (5 Nov. 1605: 17th). The plot was revealed when some of the conspirators wrote notes of warning to their friends in Parliament. An investigation led to the discovery of the basement filled with gunpowder and guarded by the leader Guy Fawkes (17th), who was thus executed. 54.Everything that King James I did turned against him. 55.James I ended a war with the Spanish (1604) under the condition.
Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg - Duchy. He supported constitutional legislative policies, including legislative resistance, against the attempted Russification of Finland, eventually even women's suffrage, and had a moderate line on Prohibition. In the beginning of Finland's independence he became the chairman of the Constitutional Council. They formed the first Constitution for Finland as an independent state. He tried to establish relations with Britain. In 1918 Ståhlberg supported the idea of republic instead of the then-popular constitutional monarchy – the idea collapsed after elected king Väinö I of Finland declined. Stålberg also championed direct presidential elections, but the Senate chose the elector-system. The Senate elected Ståhlberg president on July 27, 1919. As a president he was formal and due to his shyness, wrote beforehand everything he had to say in public. He was a widower but remarried.
Veto - the Governor-General within one year of the legislation being assented to. In the United States, the President is able to veto legislation passed by the Congress, but this right is not absolute. A 2/3 majority of both houses can adopt a law even against a presidential veto; however, if the proposed law has only a simple majority, the president's veto is decisive. The veto power in the United States Constitution was derived from the British royal assent. On April 5, 1792 President George Washington vetoed a bill designed to apportion representatives among statess. This is the first time the presidential veto was used in the United States. The US Congress first overrode a presidential veto on March 3, 1845. In the UN Security Council, the five permanent members (the United States,.
Kingdom of Ireland - a House of Commons and a House of Lords, which almost always met in Dublin. The powers of the Irish parliament were restricted by a series of laws, notably Poynings Law of 1492. Roman Catholics were for much of its later history excluded from membership of the Irish parliament. Parliament in the eighteenth century met in a new, purposely designed parliament house (the first purposely designed two chamber parliament house in world history) in College Green in the heart of Dublin. Many of these restrictions were repealed in 1782, allowing what came to be known as the Constitution of 1782. Parliament in this period came to be known as Grattan's Parliament, after one of the principal Irish political opposition leaders of the period, Henry Grattan. By an Act of the Irish.
Kingdom of Laos - first popularly elected Constituent Assembly were chosen. Under French supervision, the delegates worked on a constitution promulgated by Sisavang Vong on May 11, 1947. This constitution declared the Kingdom of Laos an independent state within the French Union. On November 26, 1947, the thirty-three deputies of the first National Assembly invested a government headed by Prince Souvannarath, a half-brother of Phetsarath. By the terms of a secret protocol of February 25, 1948, Boun Oum was allowed to keep his title of Prince of Champassack but renounced his suzerain rights to this former kingdom. In return he was made inspector general of the Kingdom of Laos, the third-ranking personage of Laos after the king and crown prince. Under a successor government headed by Boun Oum, the Franco-Lao General Convention of July 19,.
Kingdom of Yugoslavia - few islands were given to Italy. Rijeka was declared a free city but was soon occupied and in 1924 annexed by Italy. On the Austrian border, a plebiscite was held in Carinthia which opted for Austria. From Hungary, SHS gained the Vojvodina, an area with a strong German and Hungarian minority. In 1920, Constitution was passed which established unitary monarchy. Serb politicians regarded Serbia as the standardbearer of Yugoslav unity, as Piedmont had been for Italy and Prussia for Germany. Over the years, Croat resistence against a Serbocentric policy increased. In 1928, Stjepan Radic, head of the Croatian Peasant Party, was shot in parliament by Punisa Racic. After that, King abolished the Constitution and introduced personal dictatorship. He changed the name of the country to Kingdom of Yugoslavia and in 1931.
Kingdom of Romania - abdicate. The German prince Carol (Charles) of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was appointed as Prince of Romania, in a move to assure German backing to unity and future independence. His descendants were to serve as the kings of Romania until the rise of the communists in 1947. In 1877, following a Russian-Romanian-Turkish war, Romania became completely independent. Charles was crowned as Carol, the first King of Romania, in 1881. The new state, squeezed between the Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, and Russian empires, with Slavic neighbors on three sides, looked to the West, particularly France, for its cultural, educational, and administrative models. In 1916 Romania entered World War I on the Entente side. Although the Romanian forces did not fare well militarily, by the end of the war the Austrian and Russian empires were gone; governing bodies.
Kingdom of Sardinia - of the kingdom was Turin. History The 18th century In the 18th century the kingdom didn't play an important role. In 1743 the kingdom was enlarged with Piedmont. In 1796 Napoleon conquered the kingdom along with the rest of Northern Italy. The king, Charles Emmanuel IV fled to Sardinia. Restoration and Risorgimento In 1814 the kingdom was restored and enlarged with Genoa and served as a buffer state against France. In the 19th century the alternative name Sardinia-Piedmont came in use. In the years after the Restoration Sardinia was transfered into a police state, as all Italian states. The country was ruled by conservative monarchs: Vittorio Emmanuele I and Carlo Felice. In 1831 Carlo Felice was succeded by the moderate conservative Charles Albert. Sardinia industrialized from 1830 onward. A constitution was.
January 26 - Events 2 Births 3 Deaths 4 Holidays and observances Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. 1500 - Vicente Yáñez Pinzón become the first European to discover Brazil. 1531 - Lisbon, Portugal is hit by an earthquake-- thousands die. 1699 - Treaty of Carlowitz signed. 1736 - Stanislaus I of Poland abdicates his throne. 1788 - The British First Fleet, led by Arthur Phillip, land at Botany Bay just outside present-day Sydney. They would establish the first permanent European settlement on the continent. Celebrated as Australia Day, the country's national day. 1837 - Michigan is admitted as the 26th U.S. state. 1841 - The United Kingdom occupies Hong Kong. 1861 - American Civil War: Louisiana secedes from the Union. 1870 - American Civil War: Virginia.
January 31 - years). Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Events 2 Births 3 Deaths 4 Holidays and observances Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes is executed for his plotting against Parliament and James I of England. 1747 - The first venereal diseases clinic opens at London Dock Hospital. 1849 - Corn Laws abolished in the United Kingdom. 1865 - American Civil War: Confederate General Robert E. Lee becomes general-in-chief. 1876 - The United States orders all Native Americans to move into reservations. 1814 - Gervasio Antonio de Posadas becomes Supreme Director of Argentina. 1915 - World War I: Germany uses poison gas against Russians. 1917 - World War I: Germany announces its U-boats will engage in unrestricted submarine warfare. 1928 - 3M begins marketing Scotch tape..
January 14 - Julian calendar. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Events 2 Births 3 Deaths 4 Holidays and observances Events 1639 - Connecticut's first constitution, the "Fundamental Orders," is adopted. 1690 - The clarinet is invented in Nuremberg, Germany. 1724 - King Philip V of Spain abdicates the throne. 1784 - American Revolutionary War: The United States ratifies a peace treaty with England. 1814 - Denmark cedes Norway to Sweden. 1858 - Napoleon III of France escapes an assassination attempt. 1900 - Giacomo Puccini's opera Tosca premieres in Rome. 1907 - An earthquake in Kingston, Jamaica kills more than 1,000. 1939 - Norway claims Queen Maud Land in Antarctica. 1943 - Franklin D. Roosevelt becomes the first President of the United States to travel via airplane while in office (Miami, Florida to Morocco to.
Jacques Antoine Hippolyte, Comte de Guibert - the Great, recognizing Guibert's ability, showed great favour to the young comte and freely discussed military questions with him. Guibert's Journal d'un voyage en Allemagne was published, with a memoir, by Toulongeon (Paris, 1803). His Defense du système de guerre moderne, a reply to his many critics (Neuchâtel, 1779) is a reasoned and scientific defence of the Prussian method of tactics, which formed the basis of his work when in 1775 he began to co-operate with the count de St Germain in a series of much-needed and successful reforms in the French army. In 1777, however, St Germain fell into disgrace, and his fall involved that of Guibert who was promoted to the rank of maréchal de camp and relegated to a provincial staff appointment. In his semiretirement he vigorously defended.
Jacobin Club - of the States General in 1789. It was at first composed exclusively of deputies from Brittany, but was soon joined by others from various parts of France, and counted among its early members Mirabeau, Sieyès, Barnave, Pétion, the Abbé Grégoire, Charles Lameth, Alexandre Lameth, Robespierre, the duc d'Aiguillon, and La Revellière-Lépeaux. It also had an Indian ruler Tipu Sultan among its ranks. At this time its meetings occurred in secret and few traces remain of what took place at them. After the émeute of October 5 and 6, 1789 the club, still entirely composed of deputies, followed the National Assembly to Paris, where it rented the refectory of the monastery of the Jacobins in the Rue St Honar the seat of the Assembly. The name "Jacobins", given in France to the.
Jacques Antoine Marie de Cazalès - cavalry officer, but in that year was returned as deputy to the states general. In the Constituent Assembly he belonged to the section of moderate royalists who sought to set up a constitution on the English model, and his speeches in favour of retaining the right of war and peace in the king's hands and on the organization of the judiciary gained the applause even of his opponents. Apart from his eloquence, which gave him a place among the finest orators of the Assembly, Cazalès is mainly remembered for a duel fought with Barnave. After the insurrection of August 10 1792, which led to the downfall of royalty, Cazaiès emigrated. He fought in the army of the émigrés against revolutionary France, lived in Switzerland and in England, and did not return.
Jacques Laffitte - in 1800, and in 1804 succeeded Perregaux as head of the firm. The house of Perregaux, Laffitte et Cie. became one of the greatest in Europe. Laffitte himself became regent (1809), then governor (1814) of the Bank of France and president of the Chamber of Commerce (1814). He raised large sums of money for the provisional government in 1814 and for King Louis XVIII of France during the Hundred Days. It was with him that Napoleon deposited five million francs in gold before leaving France for the last time. Rather than permit the government to appropriate the money from the bank, Laffitte supplied two million from his own pocket to cover the arrears of the imperial troops after the Battle of Waterloo. He was returned by the department of the Seine.
James Bowdoin - of the state's Constitutional Convention. After independence he was governor of Massachusetts. His grandfather (Pierre Boudouin) was a Huguenot refugee from France. Pierre took his family first to Ireland, then to Portland, Maine, finally settling in Boston in 1690. His father, also James Bowdoin, was a successful merchant in Boston when James was born there on August 8, 1727. Young James attended Harvard, graduating in 1745. When his father died in 1747, he inherited a considerable fortune. He took an early interest in Natural History, and had several papers read to the Royal Society in London by his friend and correspondent, Benjamin Franklin. Bowdoin was elected to the colonial assembly in 1753 and served there until named to the Council in 1756. By the end of Sir Francis Bernard's term as.
Jean-Bédel Bokassa - Barthélémy Boganda, Bokassa rose to the rank of colonel and chief of staff of the armed forces. On January 1, 1966, with the country in economic turmoil, Bokassa overthrew the autocratic Dacko in a swift coup d'état and assumed power as president of the Republic and head of the sole political party, the Mouvement pour l'évolution sociale de l'Afrique Noire (MESAN). Bokassa abolished the constitution of 1959 on January 4 and began to rule by decree. In April 1969 there was an attempted coup, which gave Bokassa an excuse to implement even tougher reforms to consolidate his power. In March 1972 Bokassa made himself President for Life. He survived another coup attempt in December 1974 and an assassination attempt in February 1976. After a meeting with Colonel Qadaffi of Libya, Bokassa.
