Constitution of the Netherlands - Constitution of the Netherlands The constitution of the Netherlands dates back to 1815. The full text can be found at http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandse_Grondwet. Chapters: Basic rights Government Parliament Advisory institutions Law and government Administration of justice Lower government Revision of the constitution There are also several additional articles. Chapter 1 (Basic right) deals with issues such as equality (article 1), the right to vote, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom to meet and protest and the right to privacy..
Kingdom of the Netherlands - Kingdom of the Netherlands The Kingdom of the Netherlands consists of the Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles and Aruba. The Statute of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (from 1954, with amendments) determines which affairs are handled by the kingdom. The monarch of the Kingdom is also the monarch of the separate countries -- Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands and her legitimate heirs. The monarch heads the executive branch (regering) of the kingdom and each country individually. The monarch is represented by governors in the Netherland Antilles and Aruba. Other affairs of the kingdom are: Defence Foreign affairs Citizenship Extradition Other affairs are delegated to the national governments. The statute ended the colonial relationship between the Netherlands on the one side and the Netherlands Antilles and Suriname on the other.
Juliana of the Netherlands - Juliana of the Netherlands Juliana Louise Emma Marie Wilhelmina, (born April 30, 1909) is the former Queen of the Netherlands. Queen Juliana She was born in The Hague, the daughter of Queen Wilhelmina and Prince Hendrik. Juliana spent her childhood at Het Loo Palace in Apeldoorn, and at Noordeinde Palace and Huis ten Bosch Palace in The Hague. A small class was formed at Huis ten Bosch Palace on the advice of the educator Jan Ligthart so that, from the age of six, the princess could receive her primary education with children of her own age. As the Dutch constitution specified that she should be ready to succeed to the throne by the age of eighteen, Princess Juliana's education proceeded at a faster pace than that of.
History of the Netherlands - History of the Netherlands Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Prehistory 2 Roman Era 3 Holy Roman Empire 4 Struggle for Independence and the Golden Age 5 French rule 6 Monarchy 7 20th century 7.1 World War I 7.2 World War II 7.3 After World War II Prehistory The Netherlands have been inhabited since the last Ice Age. The most famous remnants from the early age in the Netherlands are the hunebedden (Dutch for dolmens), large stone grave monuments from the neolithic, which can be found in Drenthe. Roman Era In the first century BC, the Romans came to the Netherlands. For the majority of the Roman occupation, the boundary of the Roman Empire lay along the Rhine. Romans built the first cities in the Netherlands, most importantly.
Beatrix of the Netherlands - Beatrix of the Netherlands Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard of Orange-Nassau (born January 31, 1938) is the Queen of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, having acceded to the throne in 1980. Beatrix is the daughter of Queen Juliana and her husband, Bernhard von Lippe-Biesterfeld. When Beatrix was a young girl, the Dutch royal family fled the German invasion of the Netherlands in World War II, moving to Great Britain in May 1940 and then to Ottawa, Canada. They returned home in 1945. Queen Beatrix In Canada, Princess Beatrix had attended nursery and primary school. On her return to the Netherlands, she continued her primary education at The Workshop (De Werkplaats), Kees Boeke's progressive school in Bilthoven. In April 1950, Princess Beatrix entered the Incrementum, part of Baarns Lyceum, where.
Constitutional monarchy - other constitutional monarchies 8 See also: Origins The concept of constitutional monarchy owes its origin to the absolute monarchies of the later Middle Ages, where governmental authority was exercised by the monarch and his (or in rare occasions her) government. The development of popular participation in democracy saw power shifting to governments selected from and answerable to legislative assemblies and parliaments, producing more democratic systems of governments in which the monarch 'reigns but does not rule'. Popular monarchy is a sub-category of constitutional monarchy. Written and unwritten constitutions Most modern constitutional monarchies operate under a written fundamental or organic law known as a constitution, which strictly defines the roles possessed by the head of state, the executive, legislature and judiciary. As well as the strict definitions, restrictions exist as to the.
Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands - Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands A "registered partnership" system became active on January 1st, 1998. However after a court case brought about by a gay couple it was concluded that restricting marriage to opposite-sex partners was in violation of the constitution, which forbids discrimination against homosexuals. Hence the marriage law was changed and since April 1st, 2001 same-sex marriages have been permitted. Note that registered partnerships, although originally introduced to enable same-sex couples to make their partnership official, are open to opposite-sex couples as well. There was strong opposition from fundamentalist religious groups to the introduction of same-sex marriage, e.g., see Khalil el-Moumni. Individual churches have retained the right to decide whether or not to conduct such ceremonies; in practice many have been willing to do so. While regional.
Politics of the Netherlands - Politics of the Netherlands The Netherlands are a constitutional monarchy. The most important part of parliament, the Tweede Kamer (second chamber, or lower house), has 150 members, and is chosen once every four years by proportional representation. Like a number of other European countries with proportional representation, the Dutch have always had coalition governments. The executive branch of government is headed by the Monarch, who appoints the Ministers and State Secretaries of the cabinet. The prime minister of the Netherlands (Dutch Minister-president or premier) is the head of the cabinet, and as such, coordinates the policy of the government. Although formally no special powers are assigned, the prime minister functions as the "face" of the government to the public. Usually, the prime minister is also minister of.
Politics of the Netherlands Antilles - Politics of the Netherlands Antilles Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Netherlands Antilles local long form: none local short form: Nederlandse Antillen Data code: NT Dependency status: part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; full autonomy in internal affairs granted in 1954 Government type: parliamentary Capital: Willemstad Administrative divisions: none (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands) note: each island has its own government Independence: none (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands) National holiday: Queen's Day, 30 April (1938) Constitution: 29 December 1954, Statute of the Realm of the Netherlands, as amended Legal system: based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common law influence Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Executive branch: chief of state: Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard of the.
William I of the Netherlands - William I of the Netherlands King William I of the Netherlands was born in 1772 at the Oranjezaal The Hague, acceded in 1813 and died 1843 in Berlin,Germany. William I was also the grand duke of Luxemburg and count of Nassau. His parents were the last stadtholder William V of Orange and his wife Wilhelmina, and until 1814 he was known as Prince William VI of Orange In 1791, William VI married (Frederica Louisa) Wilhelmina, born in Potsdam. She was the daughter of King Frederick William II of Prussia. When Wilhelmina died in 1837 ,Wilhelm was remarried to Countess Henriette d'Oultremont de Wegimont (1841 in Berlin) and two years later he died there. William was hereditary stadtholder (you can compare this with crown prince) when the Republic.
Wilhelmina of the Netherlands - Wilhelmina of the Netherlands Queen Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Orange-Nassau (August 31, 1880 - November 28, 1962) was Queen of the Netherlands from 1890 to 1948. Wilhelmina, the young Queen She was the daughter of King William III and his second wife Queen Emma. Her childhood was characterized by a close relationship with her parents, especially with her father who was already 63 years of age when she was born. King William III died on November 23, 1890 and a special law had to be passed to allow a female to ascend to the throne. However, according to the Dutch Constitution, her mother Emma became Regent for the young Wilhelmina until her 18th birthday. On August 31, 1898, Wilhelmina was crowned in the New Church in Amsterdam. Although.
William II of the Netherlands - William II of the Netherlands King William II of the Netherlands (December 6, 1792 - March 14, 1849). Born in The Hague, the son of King William I of the Netherlands and Queen Wilhelmina, princess of Prussia, when he was three he and his family were driven into exile by the French revolutionaries, and so William spent his youth in Berlin at the Prussian court. There he followed a military education and served in the Prussian army. Afterwards he studied at the University of Oxford. He entered the British army, and in 1811, as aide-de-camp to the Duke of Wellington, took part in several campaigns of the Peninsular War. He returned to the Netherlands in 1813 when his father became sovereign prince. In 1815 William became crown prince.
William III of the Netherlands - William III of the Netherlands King William III (Alexander) (February 17, 1817 - November 23, 1890) was King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1849-1890) Early life William was born in Brussels as son of William II of the Netherlands and Queen Anna, sister to Tsar Alexander I of Russia. William served in the military during his early years. He married Sophie, princess of Württemberg in 1839. This marriage was unhappy and was characterized by struggle about their children. Sophie was a liberal intellectual, hating everything leaning toward dictatorship, such as the army. William was simpler, more conservative, and loved the military. He prohibited intellectual exercise at home, for which action Queen Victoria, who corresponded with Sophie, called him an uneducated farmer. Another cause of marital.
Netherlands - Netherlands The Netherlands (Nederland in Dutch) is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, a constitutional monarchy. It is located in northwestern Europe and borders the North Sea, Belgium and Germany. The Netherlands is one of the most densely populated and geographically low-lying countries in the world and is famous for its dikess, windmills, wooden shoes, tulips and perceived social tolerance. Its liberal policies are often mentioned abroad. This country is also host to the International Court of Justice and is often - technically incorrectly - referred to by the collective name of its two main provinces: Holland (North and South Holland). Amsterdam is the official capital (as the constitution states). The Hague is the administrative capital (the seat of government), the home of.
Japan - by powerful court nobles, regents, or shoguns (military governors). Ancient political structure held that, once battles between rivals were finished, the victoriuous Shogun would migrate to the capital Heian (fully Heian-kyo-to, 'kyo-to' meaning capital city, and the full name now shortened to the suffix, 'Kyoto') to rule under the grace of the Emperor. However, in the year 1185, general Minamoto no Yoritomo was the first to break this tradition, refusing to relocate and subsequently holding power in Kamakura, just south of present-day Yokohama. While this Kamakura Shogunate was somewhat stable, Japan soon fell into warring factions, and suffered through what became known as the Warring States or Sengoku Period. In the year 1600, at the Battle of Sekigahara, Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu either coopted or defeated his enemies, and formed the Tokugawa.
January 31 - marketing Scotch tape. 1929 - The Soviet Union exiles Leon Trotsky. 1936 - The Green Hornet radio show debuts. 1944 - World War II: American forces land on Kwajalein Atoll and other islands in the Japanese-held Marshall Islands. 1945 - Eddie Slovik is executed, the first American soldier since the Civil War to be executed for desertion. 1946 - Yugoslavia's new constitution, modeling the Soviet Union, establishes six constituent republics (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia). 1950 - President Harry S Truman announces a program to develop the hydrogen bomb. 1956 - Guy Mollet becomes Prime Minister of France 1958 - The first successful American satellite, Explorer I, is launched into orbit. 1958 - James Van Allen discovers the Van Allen radiation belt. 1968 - Viet Cong attack the United.
January 23 - assassination of regent James Stewart, Earl of Moray throws Scotland into civil war. 1571 - The Royal Exchange opens in London. 1579 - The Union of Utrecht forms a Protestant republic in the Netherlands. 1719 - The Principality of Liechtenstein is created within the Holy Roman Empire. 1789 - Georgetown College becomes the first Catholic college in the United States (Washington, DC). 1849 - Elizabeth Blackwell is awarded her MD by the Medical Institute of Geneva, New York, thus becoming the United States' first woman doctor. 1851 - The flip of a coin determines whether a new city in Oregon is named after Boston, Massachusetts, or Portland, Maine, with Portland winning. 1907 - Charles Curtis from Kansas, becomes the first Native American US Senator. 1920 - The Netherlands refuses to surrender.
Johan Rudolf Thorbecke - In 1848, he virtually singlehandedly drafted the revision of the Dutch constitution, giving less powers to the king, and more to the parliament. Thorbecke was born on January 14, 1798 in Zwolle, and started studying history and classic literature in Amsterdam in order to avoid conscription. After teaching in Germany and Belgium, he was promoted to professor in diplomacy and modern history at the University of Leiden in 1830. In 1839, he published his critics to the government of King William I, making him a well known political figure in the Netherlands. Five years later, together with 8 other politicians, he formulated a proposal to change the Dutch constitution. The proposal, known as the Voorstel der Negenmannen ("proposition of the nine men"), didn't pass through the Tweede Kamer, the second chamber.
International Criminal Police Organization - Interpol - Jesús Espigares Mira, Director of the Criminal Investigation Department of the Spanish National Police. The current Secretary General, Ronald K. Noble, formerly of the US Treasury Department, is the first non-European to hold the position. Because of the politically neutral role Interpol must play, its Constitution forbids any involvement in crimes that do not overlap several member countries, or any political, military, religious, or racial crimes. Its work centers primarily on public safety and terrorism, organized crime, illicit drug production and trafficking, weapons smuggling, trafficking in human beings, money laundering, financial and high-tech crime, and corruption. In October 2001, the Interpol General Secretariat employed a staff of 384, representing 54 different countries. Of those, 112 were police officers, 112 civilians. That same month, Interpol began to change from a 9-to-5 agency.
Henri Giraud - 1914 when the First World War broke out and commanded Zouave troops. He was captured in the Battle of Guise in August 1914 when he was seriously wounded but escaped two months later and returned to France through Netherlands. Afterwards Giraud served in French troops in Constantinople under General Francet d'Esperey. In 1933 he was transferred to Morocco to fight against Rifkabul rebels. He was awarded the Légion d'Honneur after the capture of Abd-el-Krim. He became a military commander of Metz. When World War Two begun, Giraud was a member of Superior War Council. He disagreed with Charles de Gaulle about tactics of armored troops. He became a commander of the 7th army group when it was sent to Netherlands in May 10 1940 and was able to delay German troops.
