Constitution of the Soviet Union - Constitution of the Soviet Union The Soviet Union was governed by four separate constitutions in the course of its existence: 1918 Soviet Constitution 1924 Soviet Constitution 1936 Soviet Constitution 1977 Soviet Constitution The political theory underlying the Soviet Constitution differed from the political theory underlying constitutions in the West. Democratic constitutions are fundamentally prescriptive; they define a set of political relations to which their governments and citizens aspire. By contrast, Soviet constitutions have purported to describe a set of political relationships already in existence. Thus, as changes have occurred in the socioeconomic and political systems, the government has adopted new constitutions that have conformed to the new sets of realities. On the surface, the four constitutions have resembled many constitutions adopted in the West. The differences.
History of the Jews in Russia and Soviet Union - History of the Jews in Russia and Soviet Union Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Historical background 2 Tsarist background 3 The Bolshevik Revolution and the curtailment of the Pogroms 4 Assimilation into Soviet society 5 The status of the Jews in the Marxist state 6 Repression of the Jewish Labor Bund, Soviet anti-Zionism 7 Stalin and allegations of anti-Semitism 8 Anti-Zionism and the Cold War 9 Assimilation and diminishing cultural cohesiveness 10 The collapse of the Soviet Union and emigration to Israel 11 Anti-Semitism in Russia today 12 References Historical background After the fall of Khazar empire in the 11th century, and the wave of pogroms in the countries of Western Europe that marked the ending centuries of Middle Ages, the main bulk of Jewish population moved to tolerant.
1918 Soviet Constitution - 1918 Soviet Constitution The first Soviet Constitution, which governed the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, described the regime that assumed power in the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. This constitution formally recognized the Bolshevik Party organization as the ruler of Russia according to the principle of the dictatorship of the proletariat. The constitution also stated that under the leadership of the Bolsheviks the workers formed a political alliance with the peasants. This constitution gave broad guarantees of equal rights to workers and peasants. It denied, however, the right of social groups that opposed the new government or supported the White armies in the Civil War (1918-21) to participate in elections to the soviets or to hold political power. Supreme power rested with the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, made.
1924 Soviet Constitution - 1924 Soviet Constitution The 1924 Soviet Constitution legitimated the December 1922 union of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, the Ukrainian Republic, the Belorussian Republic, and the Transcaucasian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic to form the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. This constitution also altered the structure of the central government. It eliminated the Congress of Soviets and established the Central Executive Committee as the supreme body of state authority. In turn, the constitution divided the Central Executive Committee into the Soviet of the Union, which would represent the constituent republics, and the Soviet of Nationalities, which would represent the interests of nationality groups. The Presidium of the Central Executive Committee served as the collective presidency. Between sessions of the Central Executive Committee, the Presidium supervised the government.
1936 Soviet Constitution - 1936 Soviet Constitution The 1936 Soviet constitution, adopted on December 5, 1936, and also known as the "Stalin" constitution, redesigned the government. The constitution repealed restrictions on voting and added universal direct suffrage and the right to work to rights guaranteed by the previous constitution. The constitution also provided for the direct election of all government bodies and their reorganization into a single, uniform system. The 1936 constitution changed the name of the Central Executive Committee to the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Like its predecessor, the Supreme Soviet contained two chambers: the Soviet of the Union and the Soviet of Nationalities. The constitution empowered the Supreme Soviet to elect commissions, which performed most of the Supreme Soviet's work. As under the former.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union - Communist Party of the Soviet Union The Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the name used by the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party following the Russian Revolution. The party had split into two factions, the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks, primarily over the issue of party membership. Bolsheviks favored a closed membership of strictly full time professional revolutionaries; whereas the Mensheviks favored open party membership. The Bolsheviks seized power in October of 1917 (by the Julian calendar still in use in Russia at that time). Soon after, they banned the Mensheviks (and all other opposition political organizations) and changed their own name to the "Communist Party". A name change had been first mooted in Lenin's April Theses, which articulated Lenin's sense that the term Social-Democracy had become devalued,.
Republics of the Soviet Union - Republics of the Soviet Union A Soviet Republic was an administrative reigon within the Soviet Union In its final decades of its existence, the Soviet Union consisted of 15 Soviet Socialist Republics (SSR). They are all independent countries now, only very loosely organized under the heading Commonwealth of Independent States. The USSR was a highly centralised and authoritarian entity. Under the constitution adopted in 1936 and modified along the way until October 1977, the political foundation of the Soviet Union was formed by the Soviets (Councils) of People's Deputies. These existed at all levels of the administrative hierarchy, with the Soviet Union as a whole under the nominal control of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, located in Moscow. The role of the Soviets in the individual.
International Confederation of Free Trade Unions - of Trade Unions (WFTU). Alleging Communist domination of the WFTU's central institutions, a large number of non-communist national trade union federations (including the U.S. AFL-CIO, the British TUC, the French CFDT, the Italian CISL and the Spanish UGT) seceded and created the rival ICFTU at a conference in London attended by representatives of nearly 48 million members in 53 countries. From the 1950s the ICFTU actively recruited new members from the developing regions of first Asia and subsequently Africa. Following the collapse of Communist party government in the Soviet Union and eastern Europe, the Federation's membership has risen steeply from 87 million in 1988 and 100 million in 1992. The ICFTU has three regional organisations, APRO for Asia and the Pacific, AFRO for Africa, and ORIT for the Americas. The ICFTU.
1960 Constitution of Czechoslovakia - 1960 Constitution of Czechoslovakia The 1960 Constitution was Czechoslovakia‘s second post-World War II constitution, and, though extensively revised through later amendments, it continued in effect until the end of Czechoslovakia in 1992. It replaced the (see) Ninth-of-May Constitution. It was promulgated on July 11, 1960 as The Constitution of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. Content The most important change in the 1960 Constitution was that it severely limited the autonomy granted to Slovakia. The executive branch of the Slovak government was abolished and its duties assigned to the Presidium of the Slovak National Council, thus combining executive and legislative functions into a single body. The National Assembly of the central government was given authority to overrule decisions of the Slovak National Council, and central government agencies took over.
Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan - Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan The Constitution of Japan has the Article 9 "No War" clause. Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan was added on its adoption in 1947 and concerns the military of Japan. ARTICLE 9. Aspiring sincerely to an international peace based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes. In order to accomplish the aim of the preceding paragraph, land, sea, and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be maintained. The right of belligerency of the state will not be recognized. Soon after the adoption of the constitution of Japan in 1947, there was a.
Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg - Duchy. He supported constitutional legislative policies, including legislative resistance, against the attempted Russification of Finland, eventually even women's suffrage, and had a moderate line on Prohibition. In the beginning of Finland's independence he became the chairman of the Constitutional Council. They formed the first Constitution for Finland as an independent state. He tried to establish relations with Britain. In 1918 Ståhlberg supported the idea of republic instead of the then-popular constitutional monarchy – the idea collapsed after elected king Väinö I of Finland declined. Stålberg also championed direct presidential elections, but the Senate chose the elector-system. The Senate elected Ståhlberg president on July 27, 1919. As a president he was formal and due to his shyness, wrote beforehand everything he had to say in public. He was a widower but remarried.
Kim Il-sung - join a Chinese Communist guerrilla group fighting in Manchuria. It was during this time that he assumed the pseudonym Kim Il Sung. In 1941, forced to leave Manchuria, Kim went to the Soviet Union. There he remained until he returned to Korea in 1945 to form the Central Organizing Committee of the Communist Party of North Korea. Kim worked, with Soviet support, to unify Korea under Communism. On September 9, 1948, he founded the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) and became head of the Korean Workers' Party and President of the new country. In late 1949, with the support of Stalin, Kim made the decision to launch a major military campaign to unify Korea - the stalemate of the Korean War 1950-53. After the war, Kim accelerated the trend towards.
Kingdom of Romania - Romania during World War II Communist Romania Romania since 1989 From 1859 to 1877, Romania evolved from a "personal union" of two principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia) under a single prince to a full-fledged kingdom with a Hohenzollern monarchy. After the defeat of the great empires of Central and Eastern Europe in World War I, "Greater Romania" added Transylvania, Bessarabia and Bukovina. However, "Greater Romania" was not to survive World War II. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Unification and monarchy 1.1 Timeline 2 The interbellum years 2.2 Timeline Unification and monarchy The 1859 ascendancy of Alexander John Cuza as prince of both Moldavia and Wallachia under the nominal suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire united an identifiably Romanian nation under a single ruler. In 1862 the two principalities were formally united to form.
Kurt Schumacher - Flossenbürg and Dachau. The camp at Dachau was intended for people whom the Nazis wanted to keep alive, and the fact that he was a cripple gained Schumacher some leniency, but he risked his life through repeated defiance and hunger strikes. In 1943, when Schumacher was near death, his brother-in-law succeeded in persuading a Nazi official to have him released into his custody. He was arrested again in late 1944, and he was still in Neuengamme concentration camp when the British arrived in April 1945. He emerged from the war an embittered man, in constant pain from his injuries, contemptuous not only of the Nazis but of everyone who had not opposed them as rigorously as he had. Postwar politics Schumacher also had a burning conviction that he was destined to.
Japan - in 1854. Within several years, renewed contact with the West profoundly altered Japanese society. The shogunate was forced to resign, and the emperor was restored to power. The Meiji Restoration of 1868 initiated many reforms. The feudal system was abolished, and numerous Western institutions were adopted, including a Western legal system and government, along with other economic, social and military reforms that transformed Japan into a world power. As results of Sino-Japanese war and Russo-Japanese war, Japan acquired Taiwan, Korea, and other territories. The early 20th century saw Japan come under increasing influence of an expansionist military, leading to the invasion of Manchuria, a second Sino-Japanese War (1937). Japanese leaders felt it was necessary to attack the US naval base in Pearl Harbor (1941) to ensure Japanese supremacy in the Pacific..
January 26 - Bay just outside present-day Sydney. They would establish the first permanent European settlement on the continent. Celebrated as Australia Day, the country's national day. 1837 - Michigan is admitted as the 26th U.S. state. 1841 - The United Kingdom occupies Hong Kong. 1861 - American Civil War: Louisiana secedes from the Union. 1870 - American Civil War: Virginia rejoins the Union. 1885 - Troops loyal to the Mahdi conquer Khartoum. 1887 - Battle of Dogali: Abyssinian troops defeat Italians. 1905 - The Cullinan Diamond is found near Pretoria, South Africa at the Premier Mine. 1911 - Glenn H. Curtiss flies the first successful seaplane. 1934 - The Apollo Theatre opens in Harlem, New York City. 1939 - Spanish Civil War: Troops loyal to Francisco Franco and aided by Italy take Barcelona..
January 31 - 1814 - Gervasio Antonio de Posadas becomes Supreme Director of Argentina. 1915 - World War I: Germany uses poison gas against Russians. 1917 - World War I: Germany announces its U-boats will engage in unrestricted submarine warfare. 1928 - 3M begins marketing Scotch tape. 1929 - The Soviet Union exiles Leon Trotsky. 1936 - The Green Hornet radio show debuts. 1944 - World War II: American forces land on Kwajalein Atoll and other islands in the Japanese-held Marshall Islands. 1945 - Eddie Slovik is executed, the first American soldier since the Civil War to be executed for desertion. 1946 - Yugoslavia's new constitution, modeling the Soviet Union, establishes six constituent republics (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia). 1950 - President Harry S Truman announces a program to develop the hydrogen.
Japanese Communist Party - of its founding, the JCP was subjected to repression and persecution by the military and police of Imperial Japan. It was the only political party in Japan that stood firmly in opposition to the war of aggression. It was only until 1945, with the end of the Pacific War, that the JCP for the first time won legality. However, from 1950-1955, as repression by the U.S. occupation forces swept Japan, the JCP was forced to split by a group connected with the Soviet Union and China. This brought considerable difficulties and damages to the JCP for the next several years. Party unity was restored after two JCP congresses that took place during the period of 1958-1961. These congresses completely resolved the problems related to the party split and established a new.
Jomo Kenyatta - sent Kenyatta to London to lobby for their views on Kikuyu tribal land affairs. He wrote articles to British newspapers about the matter. He returned to Kenya in 1930 to lobby against female circumcision. In 1931 he went back to London and ended up enrolling in Woodbrooke Quaker College in Birmingham. In 1932-1933 he briefly studied economics in Moscow before his sponsor, the Trinidadian radical George Padmore, fell out with his Soviet hosts, and he was forced to move back to London. In 1934 he enrolled at University College London and in 1937 studied anthropology at the London School of Economics. During all this time he lobbied on Kikuyu land affairs. He wrote Facing Mount Kenya in 1938 under his new name Jomo Kenyatta. During World War II, he worked in.
July 25 - 10,000 Ottomans under Mustafa Pasha. 1814 - War of 1812: Battle of Lundy's Lane - Reinforcements arrive near Niagara for General Riall's British and Canadian force, and bloody, all-night battle with Jacob Brown's Americanss commences at 18.00; Americans retreat to Fort Erie. 1861 - American Civil War: The Crittenden-Johnson Resolution is passed by the United States Congress stating that the war is being fought to preserve the Union and not to end slavery. 1866 - The United States Congress passes legislation authorizing the rank of General of the Army (now called "5-star general") Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant becomes the first to have this rank. 1868 - Wyoming becomes a United States territory. 1897 - Writer Jack London sails to join the Klondike Gold Rush where he will write his first.
