United States constitutional law - United States constitutional law In the United States, constitutional law generally refers to the provisions of the United States Constitution, as interpreted by the United States Supreme Court. Early in its history, the Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison 5 US 137 1803 assumed the power--called judicial review--to review federal laws passed by Congress and enforced by the executive branch to decide whether those laws (or their application) conformed to the Constitution. The court later extended this power to review for constitutional conformity to all state laws. When exercising judicial review, the Court will often seek to avoid conflict with the Congress or President by basing its decision on non-constitutional reasons. However, the court's assumed power to invalidate federal and state laws or actions has no counterpart in.
Jim Crow law - Jim Crow law In the United States, the so-called Jim Crow laws (or Black Codes) were made to enforce racial segregation, and included laws that would prevent African-Americans from doing things that a "white" person could do. For instance, Jim Crow laws regulated separate use of water fountains and separate seating sections on public transport. Jim Crow laws varied between communities and states. The first Jim Crow law was passed in 1723, when blacks in the state of Virginia were stripped of the right to vote and own property. The later passage of Black Codes, which attempted to return freed slave to bondage in fact, rather than name, by Southern legislatures immediately after the American Civil War led to the policy of Reconstruction, in which the federal government.
International law - International law International law deals with the relationships between states, or between persons or entities in different states. It sub-divides into "public international law", and "private international law". When used without an adjective, "international law" generally refers to "public international law", and this article concentrates on that meaning. Traditionally, international law had states as its sole subjects. With the proliferation over the last century of international organizations, they have been recognized as its subjects as well. More recent developments in international human rights law, international humanitarian law and international trade law (e.g. NAFTA Chapter 11 actions) have led to individuals and corporations being increasingly seen as subjects of international law as well, something which goes against the traditional legal orthodoxy. Since international law increasingly governs much more.
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties - Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties codified the pre-existing international customary law on treaties, with some necessary gap-filling and clarifications. Most states are parties to it. However, even those that are not may still recognize it as binding upon them in as much as it is a restatement of already existing law (the United States is among these). The complete text of the Vienna Convention follows. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties The States Parties to the present Convention, Considering the fundamental role of treaties in the history of international relations, Recognizing the ever-increasing importance of treaties as a source of international law and as a means of developing peaceful co-operation among nations, whatever their constitutional and social.
Islam and Mauritanian law - Islam and Mauritanian law The state of Mauritania has a constitution which establishes the country as an Islamic republic and decrees that Islam is the religion of its citizens and the State; the Government limits freedom of religion. While the Constitution decrees that Islam is the religion of its citizens and the State, non-Muslim resident expatriates and a few non-Muslim citizens practice their religion openly and freely. However, proselytizing and distribution of religious materials are prohibited. Relations between the Muslim community and the small non-Muslim community generally are amicable. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Religious Demography 2 Status of Religious Freedom 3 Restrictions on Religious Freedom Religious Demography The country has a total area of 397,840 square miles, and its population is approximately 2.5 million. Virtually 100 percent.
U.S. false claims law (in depth) - U.S. false claims law (in depth) Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 AN IN DEPTH DISCUSSION OF THE UNITED STATES FALSE CLAIMS ACT 2 The U.S. False Claims Act and Qui Tam litigation 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Qui tam's origins 2.3 The scope of the False Claims Act 2.4 Federal health care enforcement initiatives 3 The False Claims Act and its qui tam provisions 3.5 Initiating a Civil Action for False Claims 3.6 Government Intervention and Involvement 3.7 Jurisdiction and Venue 3.8 The Statute of Limitations 3.9 Standing 3.10 The Relator and Subject Matter Jurisdiction 3.11 Scienter 3.12 Particularity 3.13 Double jeopardy considerations 3.14 Settling a qui tam/FCA lawsuit 3.15 Preventing FCA lawsuits 3.16 Conclusion AN IN DEPTH DISCUSSION OF THE UNITED STATES FALSE CLAIMS ACT The U.S. False Claims.
Hong Kong copyright law - Hong Kong copyright law Copyright law in Hong Kong to a great extent follows the English model. The Basic Law of Hong Kong, its constitutional document, guarantees a high degree of autonomy and continuation of laws previously in force after its unification with Mainland China. Hong Kong therefore continues to maintain a separate intellectual property regime from Mainland China. Copyright in Hong Kong under the Copyright Ordinance (Cap 528) is broken down into: literary, dramatic and musical works artistic works sound recordings films broadcasts cable programmes typographical arrangement of published editions Copyright comes into existence at the same time as the creation: there is no formality of registration in Hong Kong. The author of the work is deemed to be the person who creates the work (with exceptions for.
Hong Kong Basic Law - Hong Kong Basic Law The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (Basic Law) serves as the constitutional document of Hong Kong. It was adopted on April 4, 1990 by the Seventh National People's Congress (NPC) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), and went into effect on July 1, 1997 when this former colony of United Kingdom reunified with Mainland China. The Basic Law was drafted in accordance with the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the Question of Hong Kong (The Joint Declaration), signed between the Chinese and British governments on December 19, 1984. The Basic Law stipulates the basic policies of the PRC towards the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. As agreed between the PRC and the United Kingdom in.
Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23 - Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23 Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23 is the basis (parent statute) of a security law proposed by the Hong Kong Government. On September 24, 2002 the government released its proposals for the anti-subversion law. It is the cause of considerable controversy and division in Hong Kong, which operates as a separate legal system in accordance with the Sino-British Joint Declaration. Protests against the bill led to massive demonstrations on July 1, 2003 and in the aftermath, two cabinet ministers resigned and the bill was shelved indefinitely and finally withdrawn. Under British rule, Hong Kong had a number of draconian laws regarding national security, which among other things allowed the Hong Kong government to ban organizations, which it did in regard to both the.
University of Pennsylvania Law School - University of Pennsylvania Law School The University of Pennsylvania Law School officially traces its origins to a series of lectures delivered in 1790 by U.S. Supreme Court Justice James Wilson and former major architect of the Constitution, who had been named Professor of Law that year. However, the lectures were never completed, and his highly theoretical course (as opposed to practical legal education) was more an isolated instance than a true founding. The second abortive attempt at a Penn law department was made in 1817, under the direction of Charles Willing Hare. Once again, the lectures went unfinished, reportedly because of Dr. Hare's "loss of reason" (possibly Alzheimer's disease). At various times, courses in international law were offered in the College -- the liberal arts school of the.
Federal Constitutional Court of Germany - Federal Constitutional Court of Germany The Federal Constitutional Court (in German: Bundesverfassungsgericht) is a special court established by the German constitution, the Grundgesetz (Basic Law). From its inception, the Court has been located in the city of Karlsruhe, intentionally dislocated from the other federal institutions (earlier in Bonn, now in Berlin). The sole task of the court is judicial review. It may therefore declare public acts unconstitutional and thus render them ineffective. As such, it is somewhat similar to the Supreme Court of the United States. However, it differs from it and other supreme courts in that it is not part of the regular judicial system. Most importantly, it does not serve as a regular court of appeals from lower courts. Article 1 subsection 3 of the.
Unconstitutional - unconstitutional it is illegal by being a direct violation of a nation's constitution. A constitutional violation is thus somewhat different than the breaking of a normal law, both in terms of seriousness and punishment. Laws can be declared unconstitutional, though this causes no punishment for those who passed the laws. In the United States, the Supreme Court is the final arbiter of whether or not a law is constitutional. Some examples of unconstitutional actions can be: A politician who abuses the powers of his constitutionally-established office An employer who denies his employees the basic human rights demanded by the constitution A legislature that tries to pass a law that would contradict the constitution, without first going through the proper constitutional amendment process..
Karl Friedrich Eichhorn - was born at Jena. He entered the University of Göttingen in 1797. In 1805 he became professor of law at Frankfurt an der Oder, a post he retained until 1811, when he accepted the equivalent chair at Humboldt University, Berlin. On the call to arms in 1813 he became a captain of horse, and at the end of the war was decorated with the Iron Cross. In 1817 he was offered the chair of law at Göttingen, and, preferring it to the Berlin professorship, taught there with great success till ill-health compelled him to resign in 1828. His successor in the Berlin chair having died in 1832, he returned there, but resigned two years afterwards. In 1832 he also received an appointment in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which, with his.
Kamisese Mara - Bainimarama asked Mara to appease the coup plotters by overturning the constitution. Mara refused, citing his oath to uphold the constitution, and was forced to resign on May 29 and had power over to the military. For the eighty year-old President, who was seen as the father of the country and had led it, in one capacity or another, for some forty years, it was an anticlimactic end. A period of military rule followed. Evaluation Ratu Mara is regarded as the Father of the modern Fijian nation. He not only led the islands to independence from British rule, and served the country for many years thereafter, but his achievements in office are impressive. Sugarcane Industry Under Mara's leadership, Fiji became a giant in sugarcane production. The sugar industry continues to be.
Kentucky - thoroughbred horses and racing, local whiskey distilleries and unbridled fanaticism for basketball. The two principal rivals in the state are the University of Kentucky (blue, Wildcats) and the University of Louisville (red, Cardinals). Several US Navy ships have been named USS Kentucky in honor of the state. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 History 2 Law and Government 3 Geography 3.1 Significant Natural Attractions 4 Economy 5 Demographics 6 Important Cities and Towns 7 Education 7.2 Colleges and Universities 7.3 Community Colleges 8 Professional Sports Teams 9 Miscellaneous Information 10 External Links History Kentucky is one of four states to call itself a commonwealth. At one point in time, Kentucky was a county of Virginia. Ten constitutional conventions took place at the courthouse of Constitution Square in Danville, Kentucky between 1784-1792. In.
Kingdom of Romania - 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon. Kingdom of Romania, 1920-1940 Timeline 1859 Alexander John Cuza unites Moldavia and Wallachia under his personal rule. 1862 Formal union of Moldavia and Wallachia to form principality of Romania. 1866 Cuza forced to abdicate in favor of Carol I. 1877 (May 9) Romanian independence declared. 1878 Under Treaty of Berlin, Ottoman Empire recognizes Romanian independence. 1881 Carol I crowned King of Romania. 1907 Peasant protests crushed throughout Romania, over 10,000 killed. 1914 Death of King Carol I, succeeded by his nephew Ferdinand. 1916 (August) Romania enters World War I on the Entente side. 1918 "Greater Romania." The interbellum years The resulting "Greater Romania", did not survive World War II. Most of Romania's pre-World War II governments maintained the form, but not the substance, of a.
Kosice - Volovské vrchy hills to the west. Seat of a region (kraj) or Higher Territorial Unit (VÚC), and of a district (okres). Seat of universities and of the Slovak Constitutional Court. Seat of a Roman Catholic archbishopric (since 1995), Evangelic Lutheran bishopric and a Greek Catholic bishopric. The town has a historic center. Characteristics Area 24 382 ha Density of population 991,8/km2 Population 2001: 242,066 Location: 48 43' of northern latitude, 21 25' if eastern longitude Elevation in m above sea level: 208 Medium (851 Maximum, 184 Minimum) Administrative division: 4 District / 22 City Parts: Košice I: Džungľa, Kavečany, Sever, Sídlisko Ťahanovce, Staré mesto, Ťahanovce Košice II: Lorinčík, Luník IX, Myslava, Pereš, Poľov, Sídlisko KVP, Šaca, Západ Košice III: Dargovských Hrdinov, Košická Nová Ves Košice IV: Barca, Juh, Krásna, Nad jazerom,.
Jack Lang (Australia) - States A universal and mandatory system of workers' compensation for death, illness and injury incurred on the job, funded by compulsory premiums levied on employers The abolition of student fees in state-run high schools Attempts to abolish the Legislative Council (the Upper House of State Parliament) which was an unelected chamber of lifetime appointees, and therefore unaccountable to the people of New South Wales Various pieces of legislation improving the efficiency of the marketing of farm products Improvements to various welfare schemes such as child endowment The restoration of seniority and conditions to New South Wales Government Railways and New South Wales Government Tramways workers who had been victimised and demoted after the General Strike of 1917 Widespread improvements to major roads, including the paving of much of the Hume Highway.
Jack Lynch - His particular passion was for hurling, however he also enjoyed rugby, soccer and gaelic football. Jack captained the Cork Hurling team in 1939, 1940 and 1942. He was a prominent member of the team also when Cork won the All-Ireland Finals in 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944 and 1946. Jack won an All-Ireland Football Final with Cork in 1945. Jack Lynch began working on the Cork Circuit Court Staff as a clerk. This was when he decided on a career in law. He enrolled in University College Cork in 1941 and decided to study for the Bar. He completed his studies at Kings Inns in Dublin in 1946 and qualified as a barrister. He set returned to Cork and set up his own practice there. In August 1946 he married Máirín O.
January 2003 - portions of Canberra, the capital of Australia. About 500 homes were burnt when the bushfires hit Canberra with great suddenness and speed at about 14:00. 4 people died and over 60 hospital admissions were made, and about 240 persons were treated for injuries. The Mount Stromlo Observatory was destroyed, and over 200 homes were burnt in the western suburb of Duffy. Some northwestern suburbs were also affected. The Australian Capital Territory government later declared a state of emergency. The afternoon sky turned dark or yellowish-grey and city residents saw a yellow-orange full moon that night. January 17, 2003 Tom Ridge is unanimously recommended by a United States Senate subcommittee to be confirmed by the full Senate as head of the new United States Department of Homeland Security which is scheduled to.
