Copyleft - Copyleft Copyleft is the application of copyright law to ensure public freedom to manipulate, improve, and redistribute a work of authorship and all derivative works. In copyleft, the copyright holder grants an irrevocable license to the recipient of a copy, permitting the redistribution (including sale) of possibly modified further copies, under the condition that all those copies carry the same license and are made available in a form which facilitates modification. Copyleft is one of the key features in free software/open source licences, and is the licenses' legal framework to ensure that derivatives of the licensed work stay free/open. If the licensee fails to distribute derivative works under the same license he will face legal consequences - the license is terminated, leaving the licensee without permission.
GAP computer algebra system - particular it provides much improved possibilities for defining mathematical structures of your own special interest. Version 3.4, patchlevel 4, (GAP 3.4.4) released April 1997 is still available as some of its features and share packages are not yet available for GAP 4. However it is not developed further any longer. GAP and its sources, including share packages, data library and the manual, are distributed freely, subject to "copyleft" conditions (which are detailed on our web pages mentioned below). Please cite the GAP manual if you use GAP in research (again see the web page). GAP runs on any Unix system, under Windows 9x, and on Macintosh systems. It requires a minimum of 32 MB disk space, the full distribution (including all share packages and extensive data library) takes about 300 MB..
GNU Free Documentation License - GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) is a copyleft license for free content, designed by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) for the GNU project. The official text of version 1.2 of the license text can be found at http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html. The license is designed for software documentation and other reference and instructional materials. It stipulates that any copy of the material, even if modified, carry the same license. Those copies may be sold but, if produced in quantity, have to be made available in a format which facilitates further editing. Wikipedia is the largest documentation project to use this license. The Debian-legal group considers that the GFDL is "non-free", since it fails the Debian Free Software Guidelines [1] [1]. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Secondary Sections 2 Using the GFDL 3 Wikipedia and.
GNU General Public License - License The GNU General Public License is a copyleft free software license. It is also referred to as the "GNU GPL", or (when there is no risk of confusion with other "general public licenses") simply the "GPL". It should be noted that there is no "GNU Public License", which is a common misnomer, perhaps based on the use of product names in the names of other licenses like the Nethack License and the BSD License. The GPL was written by Richard Stallman and Eben Moglen in 1989, for the purpose of distributing programs released as part of the GNU project. It was based on similar licenses used for early versions of GNU Emacs. Since its introduction, it has become one of the most widely-used free software licenses. As opposed to proprietary.
GNU Lesser General Public License - Public License and simple permissive licenses such as the BSD license and the MIT License. It places a copyleft restriction on individual source code files but does not copyleft the program as a whole provided you use "a suitable shared library mechanism for linking" and follow certain other restrictions. The license is only useful for software libraries; it was once called the GNU Library General Public License. The main difference between the GPL and the LGPL is that the latter can be linked to a non-(L)GPLed software program. External Link Text of the LGPL.
Gnuplot - the copying and modification of the source code. Modified versions are only allowed to be distributed as patch files. The program has no connection to the GNU project and does not use the GPL copyleft license. The program can be used interactively and comes with extensive online help. The user issues text commands in order to produce the plot. It is also possible to write gnuplot scripts which, when executed, generate a plot. For an example script, see logarithmic spiral. Gnuplot is used as the plotting engine of GNU Octave..
Free software license - freedom to study and modify the program The freedom to copy the program The freedom to redistribute modified versions of the program A license which preserves those freedoms for modified works is a copyleft license. See Free software movement for more information. The Free Software Foundation maintains a list of free software licenses at their web site. The list distinguishes between free software licenses that are compatible or incompatible with the FSF license of choice, the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license. The list also contains licenses which the FSF considers non-free for various reasons. The list, which differs slightly from the open source license list, can be found at http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/license-list.html See also: Free software Free Software Foundation Open source license.
Free content - use the content for any purpose, copy it, modify it, and to redistribute modified versions. Like Free software licences, Free content licences can be copyleft (where distributing modified works is only allowed under the original, Free licence) or non-copyleft. The Design Science License (DSL) and GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) are examples of copyleft licenses for free content; the FreeBSD Documentation License is an example of a non-copyleft license. The GFDL is the being used for the text of Wikipedia. Other examples of free content licenses are some of those published by Creative Commons, when commercial use is not restricted. See also: public domain.
Free music - licenses especially for music and other works of art, such as EFF's Open Audio License, the Ethymonics free music license ([1]), Linuxtag's OpenMusic License ([1]), the Free Art license and the Creative Commons Licences. See also: copyleft.
Free Art license - the English language version of the License Art Libre, a French copyleft license for works of art..
Emacs - as self-documentation.) By re-evaluating the user-supplied Lisp code, the behavior of Emacs can be modified "on the fly", without having to recompile or even restart the editor. Lisp is a good choice of language for this purpose, because it allows functions to be treated as data. As a result, it is very easy to add custom functionality to Emacs. Emacs includes many standard extensions, such as Emacs/W3, a web browser; Gnus, a tool for reading e-mail and Usenet discussions; an implementation of the game Tetris; and Doctor, an implementation of ELIZA that performs basic Rogerian psychotherapy. In addition, Emacs can serve as an IDE, allowing programmers to edit, compile, and debug their code from within a single interface. The downside to Emacs' design is a performance overhead from loading and interpreting.
Dr. Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia - interest circled around Tiny BASIC, but this soon broadened. Most of the content came from volunteer contributions; Steve Wozniak counting among one of the more well known early contributors. Today, the magazine receives contribution from developers from all over the world working in the fields of application development and embedded technologies across all programming languages and platforms. Michael Swaine and Verity Stob (pseudonym for an English programmer) are among the popular columninsts. Programs published during the early years include: Tiny BASIC Palo Alto Tiny Basic by Li-Chen Wang (copyleft, all wrongs reserved) Small-C compiler by Ron Cain.
Design Science License - License Design Science License (DSL) is a copyleft license for free content such as text, images, and music. The Design Science License text.
A.L.I.C.E. - Linguistic Internet Computer Entity; it was chosen because the computer that ran the first version of the software was called Alice. Development began in 1995. The program was rewritten in Java beginning in 1998, resulting in the current version "Program D." (A C++ version also exists.) The program uses an XML DTD called AIML (Artificial Intelligence Markup Language) for specifying the heuristical conversation rules. It is released under the copyleft license GPL. The A.L.I.C.E. open source project includes over 300 contributors from around the world. The main contributor and original author is Richard Wallace, a computer science Ph.D. who lost his academic positions because of his manic depression. In November 2002, two instances of the bot were set to talk to each other, with results showing A.L.I.C.E.'s weaknesses..
Anarchist law - violence, emotional manipulation or propaganda to enforce the law in hierarchical societies. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 A contradiction in terms? 2 Disambiguation 3 Usenet law (netiquette) 4 Non-hierarchical media law 5 Internal non-hierarchical business law 6 Anarchist software law (Copyleft) 7 Anarchist law in international political action groups 8 Decision-making in non-hierarchical societies 9.
Anti-copyright - music. The enforcement itself may become so difficult that it endangers free expression. The same methods used to prevent the distribution of copyrighted works can be used to prevent the distribution of undesirable speech. Enforcement mechanisms such as Digital Rights Management endanger existing consumer rights like fair use, and can be used to further tie creators to the corporate entities that control this technology. "Trusted computing" platforms may refuse to play, display or execute content that is not properly "certified" by central authorities. Little known creators depend on distribution to become popular -- for them, copyright limits their potential outreach, and donations may be a better option. Well known creators can always ask for money from their fans upfront (Street Performer Protocol). The socialist anarchist perspective on anti-copyright is that ideas.
BSD license - its contributors. The GNU project referred to it as the "obnoxious BSD advertising clause". Along with offending people, the clause caused a practical problem. People who made changes to the source code tended to want to have their names added to the acknowledgement. With large numbers of people working on a single project (or for many separate projects in a software distribution), the advertising clause quickly created large and unwieldy acknowledgements. Another practical problem was legal incompatibility with the terms of the GNU General Public License (which does not allow the addition of restrictions beyond those it already imposes), forcing a segregation of GNU and BSD software. The GNU project went so far as to suggest people not use the phrase "BSD-style" licensing when they wanted to refer to an example.
XEmacs - who wish their Emacs Lisp packages to work with both emacsen have to be careful to avoid features specific to either. For example, XEmacs introduced the concept of extents, a region of text that can be assigned attributes such as color and font. A similar but not identical feature, overlays, was later added to Emacs. XEmacs project policy is to maintain compatibility with the Emacs API. For example, it provides a compatibility layer implementing overlays via the native extent functionality. The schism between Emacs and XEmacs is one of the more well-known examples of a code fork (another being the splitting of BSD from AT&T Unix.) Both emacsen are licensed under the GNU GPL (in fact, the copyright of much XEmacs code is owned by the Free Software Foundation), so code.
Copyright - This statute first recognized that authors, rather than publishers, should be the primary beneficiary of such laws, and it included protections for consumers of printed work ensuring that publishers could not control their use after sale. It also limited the duration of such exclusive rights to 28 years, after which all works would pass into the public domain. The Berne Convention of 1886 first established the recognition of copyrights between sovereign nations. (Copyrights were also provided by the Universal Copyright Convention of 1952, but that convention is today largely of historical interest.) Under the Berne convention, copyright is granted automatically to creative works; an author does not have to "register" or "apply for" a copyright. As soon as the work is "fixed", that is, written or recorded on some physical medium,.
Computer algebra system - and the bignum system may cause overhead. (Note that MATLAB and Octave are interpreted also.) History Computer algebra systems began to appear in the early 1970s, and evolved out of research into artificial intelligence (the fields are now regarded as largely separate). The first popular systems were Reduce, Derive and Macsyma which are still commercially available; a copyleft version of Macsyma called GNU Maxima is actively being maintained. The current market leaders are Maple and Mathematica; both are commonly used by research mathematicians. MuPAD is a commercial system which provides a free version (with slightly restricted user interface) for non-commercial research and educational usage. Some computer algebra systems focus on a specific area of application; these are typically developed in academia and free. Examples include: algebra, combinatorics, geometry, number theory: Magma,.
