Diabetes dictionary - Diabetes dictionary This page lists and explains terms connected with diabetes. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A ACE inhibitor Acetohexamide - A pill taken to lower the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. Only some people with Type II diabetes take these pills. See also: Oral hypoglycemic agents. One of the sulfonylurea drugs. Acetone Acidosis - An acidic condition in the blood. If prolonged, or severe, it can cause coma and death. For a person with diabetes, this can be caused by insufficient glucose absorption (eg, from inadequate insulin) and metabolic ketosis. It can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis. A medical emergency. See also: Diabetic.
Diabetes mellitus - Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus is a name for any condition that is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and disturbances of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. There are several types of the disease of variable aetiology. In recent decades, understanding of underlying causes and pathological mechanisms leading to diabetes mellitus has progressed considerably. It has become possible to distinguish clearly among the different forms of the disease, sometimes tracing the cause to a single defective gene. As of 2002, about 17 million United States nationals suffer from diabetes. For at least 20 years, diabetes rates in North America have been increasing substantially. The Centers for Disease Control has termed the changes an epidemic. This is a medically and economically important disease, well in the top 10 and perhaps.
Dialysis - the most common type, needs no machine and can be done at home. Continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) uses a machine and is usually performed at night when the person is sleeping. Intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD) uses the same type of machine as CCPD, but is usually done in the hospital because treatment takes longer. Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis may be used to treat people with diabetes who have kidney failure. It works by having the blood flow along one side of a semi-permeable membrane, with the dialysis solution (usually a highly concentrated saline) flowing along the other side. Due to the difference in osmolarity between the two liquids, water traverses the membrane in order to dilute the dialysis liquid, carrying along the unwanted blood contents. Original version from the Diabetes.
Diabetic ketoacidosis - is one consequence of severe, out-of-control diabetes (high blood sugar). It requires immediate emergency medical treatment. DKA happens when blood sugar is not properly absorbed by body cells. Blood glucose levels go up as a result, sometimes to quite high levels. This may happen because of illness or other problems, but it is most common in diabetics. Within diabetics, it is most common in those with Type 1. For them, taking too little insulin, eating too much, or getting too little exercise may be the precipitating cause. Because the available glucose can't be used (ie, can't get into most body cells), cells start using stored fat for energy, and when the absence of sufficient glucose is made apparent to the liver (in non-diabetics, by persistent low insulin levels and, in some.
Aldose reductase inhibitor - being studied as a way to prevent eye and nerve damage in people with diabetes. Aldose reductase is an enzyme that is normally present in the eye and in many other parts of the body. It helps change glucose (sugar) into a sugar alcohol called sorbitol. Too much sorbitol trapped in eye and nerve cells can damage these cells, leading to retinopathy and neuropathy. Drugs that prevent or slow (inhibit) the action of aldose reductase are being studied as a way to prevent or delay these complications of diabetes. from the NIH's Diabetes dictionary.
Angiopathy - the blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) that occurs when someone has diabetes for a long time. There are two types of angiopathy: macroangiopathy and microangiopathy. In macroangiopathy, fat and blood clots build up in the large blood vessels, stick to the vessel walls, and block the flow of blood. In microangiopathy, the walls of the smaller blood vessels become so thick and weak that they bleed, leak protein, and slow the flow of blood through the body. Then the cells, for example, the ones in the center of the eye, do not get enough blood and may be damaged. Original version from the Diabetes dictionary.
Beta cell - other stimulants) levels. This on demand release is quite quick (approx 10 minutes) because it involves storage release as well as initiating new production. Destruction or dysfunction of beta cells (combined with other factors) is the cause of diabetes mellitus type 1 and diabetes mellitus type 2 respectively. Apart from insulin, beta cells release into bloodstream (in equimolar quantities) so called C-peptide that can be regarded as a by-product of insulin production. Measuring C-peptide can give an idea of viable beta cell mass. A rare type of cancer derived from beta cells is called insulinoma. It results in recurrent and prolonged attacks of hypoglycemia. See also: Diabetes dictionary.
Sorbitol - the body. Too much sorbitol in cells can cause damage. Diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy may be related to too much sorbitol in the cells of the eyes and nerves. from the NIH's Diabetes dictionary.
Pancreas - alkaline in order to neutralize the acidic chyme that the stomach churns out. Control of the exocrine function of the pancreas are via the enzymes gastrin, cholecystokinin and secretin, which are enzymes secreted by cells in the stomach and duodenum, in response to distension and/or food and which cause secretion of pancreatic juices. The two major proteases the pancreas excretes are trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen. These are inactivated forms of trypsin and chymotrypsin. Once released in the intestine, the enzyme enterokinase present in the intestinal mucosa activates trypsinogen by cleaving it to form trypsin. The free trypsin then cleaves the rest of the trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen to their active forms. Pancreatic secretions accumulate in intralobular ducts that drain to the main pancreatic duct, which drains directly into the duodenum. Endocrine Embedded throughout.
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List of glossaries - List of glossaries While Wikipedia is not a dictionary, it nonetheless includes glossary pages for various specialized fields. See also: core glossary and defining dictionary. For a list of terminology (sorted by topic) at Wiktionary, see By_Topic. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Computing 2 Medicine 3 Science and mathematics 4 Telecommunications 5 Other Computing Glossary of computer graphics terms Glossary of computer programming terms Glossary of computer hardware terms Information science glossary of terms Medicine Diabetes dictionary Glossary of medical terms related to communications disorders Science and mathematics Glossary of group theory Glossary of graph theory Glossary of field theory Glossary of ring theory Glossary of tensor theory Topology Glossary Telecommunications Glossary of Telecommunication Terms (from Federal Standard 1037C) Glossary of antenna terms Glossary of coding terms Glossary of fax terms.
Vaginitis - A woman with this condition may have itching or burning and may notice a discharge. Women who have diabetes may develop vaginitis more often than women who do not have diabetes. Originally from the public domain NIH Diabetes Dictionary..
Idiom dictionary - Idiom dictionary An idiom dictionary explains idiosyncratic stock phrases and metaphors in language. Typical English idiom dictionaries, e.g. that published by Longmans, define about 4000 phrases, e.g. "buy the farm", "hit the road", "canary in a coal mine". Of these, a tiny subset are very basic to the language, and qualify as conceptual metaphors without which English is quite hard to understand, e.g. "time as a substance", "time as a path", "love as war". These metaphors are often assumed in idioms, e.g. "battle of the sexes", "out of time". Idiom dictionaries, as well as dictionaries in general, always rely on a defining vocabulary of terms (Longman's uses 2000) which are used only in their simplest senses, to minimize the number of such basic conceptual metaphors and polymorphic.
Karl Pearson - thinking underpins many of the `classical' statistical methods which are in common use today. Some of his main contributions are: Linear regression and correlation. Pearson was instrumental in the development of this theory. One of his classic data sets involves the regression of sons' height upon that of their fathers'. Pearson built a 3-dimensional model of this data set (which remains in the care of the Statistical Science Department) to illustrate the ideas. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient is named after him. Classification of distributions. Pearson's work on classifying probability distributions forms the basis for a lot of modern statistical theory; in particular, the exponential family of distributions underlies the theory of generalized linear models. Pearson's chi-square test. A particular kind of chi-square test, a statistical test of significance. Publications The.
Kazakh origin - The word Kazakh was included in a Turkish-Arabian dictionary of the 13th century AD. The meaning of this word was/is "independent" or "free". Kazakh people are one of the Turkic peoples..
Kant and the Platypus: Essays on Language and Cognition - explores the Aztec encounter with the horse in terms of Cognitive Type, the private mechanism which allows identification of an object, and the Nuclear Content, which clarifies the relevant features inter-subjectively. To this is added Molar Content, which provides a much broader range of knowledge, even if resticted to specific competences. From these he develops an understanding of social elements in the organisation of knowledge. With chapter four he discusses the different ordering of knowledge with a dictionary and an encyclopedia - that is, the differences between categorical knowledge and knowledge by properties. Using the example of the arrival of the first platypus in Europe, Eco looks at the problem faced by scientists in their attempts to classify the creature for eighty years and the contractual nature of the negotiations which.
Kangxi Emperor of China - victory. The Russians invaded the northern frontier again in 1680s. After series of battles and negotiations, the two empires signed the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689. The Khalkha Mongols preserved their independence while they paid tribute to the Manchu Empire. A conflict between the Houses of Jasaghtu Khan and Tösheetü Khan led another dispute between the Khalkha and the Jüün Ghar about Tibetan Buddhism. In 1688 Galdan, Jüün Ghar chief, invaded and occupied Khalkha. The Khalkha royal families and the first Jebtsundamba Khutughtu crossed the Gobi Desert, sought help from the Qing Dynasty and, as a result, came under the empire. In 1690, the Jüün Ghar and the Manchu Empire clashed in Ulaan Butun, Inner Mongolia, where the Qing army were severely damaged by Galdan. In 1696, the Kangxi Emperor himself.
Ketone bodies - of the energy to heart tissue and during starvation also to the brain. In Type 1 diabetes, excessive ketone bodies can accumulate in the blood, causing diabetic ketoacidosis, a dangerous condition. The chemicals acetoacetate, acetone and beta-hydroxybutyrate are collectively known as ketone bodies; note that the first two are ketones while the third is not. Ketone bodies are formed in the mitochondria of liver cells from acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). Acetyl CoA results from the breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids. Normally, the acetyl group of acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle to generate energy in the form of ATP. Some of it can also leave the mitochondria in the form of citrate to participate in the synthesis of fatty acids. A third possible fate of acetyl CoA is.
Ketosis - ketones. It occurs during fasting, low carbohydrate diets and pregnancy but can also be caused by diabetes. See: Atkins Nutritional Approach.
Keith Morris - breakup he led the band Midget Handjob. In 1999, he was diagnosed with adult onset diabetes and many of his friends held benefit concerts to cover his large medical bills..
