Digraph (orthography) - Digraph (orthography) A digraph or bigraph is a pair of letters used to write one sound. This is often, but not necessarily, a sound (or more precisely a phoneme) which cannot be expressed using a single letter in the alphabet used for writing. Sometimes, when digraphs do not represent a new phoneme, they are a relic from an earlier period in the language's history when they did. Transliteration makes extensive use of digraphs. There are three kinds of digraphs: sequences, reversals (really a special kind of sequence) and doubled letters. Sequences This is a group of two letters, both of which are different. English is full of these, for instance the ch and th used in English spelling. Ch is an affricate and rarely a fricative,.
Digraph - Digraph Directed graph, or digraph Digraph (orthography) Digraph (computing) This is a disambiguation page; that is, one that just points to other pages that might otherwise have the same name. If you followed a link here, you might want to go back and fix the link, so that it points to the appropriate page..
Trigraph (orthography) - Trigraph (orthography) Trigraph is three letters used to represent a single sound. For example, in the word schilling, 'sch' represents the 'sh' sound. In the word "weight", 'eig' represents the diphthong 'ei'. Other examples are "beautiful" (eau), "adieu"(ieu). Languages other than English also use trigraphs. Some languages use trigraphs to represent their native triphthongs when using plain Latin alphabet without diacritics. See Digraph (orthography) for more explanations. Longer "multigraphs" are also known. It is quite possible that the lognest one is a "heptagraph" schtchj used in German language to represent a Russian palatalized phoneme щь (which is, by the way, represented by a digraph in Russian language)..
Greek alphabet - [ro] [r] [r] 100 ר Resh ρ Σ σ σῖγμα / σῖγμα Sigma [si:gma] [sigma] [s] [s] 200 ש Shin σ ς Sigma (final) 6 (modern) ς Τ τ ταῦ / ταῦ Tau [tau] [taf] [t] [t] 300 ת Tav τ Υ υ ὒ ψιλόν / ὖ ψιλόν Upsilon [y: psilon] [i psilon] [u] [y] [y:] [i] 400 from Vav υ Φ φ φῖ / φῖ Phi [fi:] [fi] [p_h] [f] [f] 500 origin disputed (see text) φ Χ χ χῖ / χῖ Chi [Ci:] [Ci] [k_h] [ks] [C] [C] 600 χ Ψ ψ ψῖ / ψῖ Psi [psi:] [psi] [ps] [ps] 700 ψ Ω ω ὦ μέγα / ὦ μέγα Omega [O: mega] [o meGa] [O:] [o] 800 ω Ϡ ϡ (1) Sampi.
Cheyenne language - pitch, and voiceless[1]. The high and low pitches are phonemic, while vowel devoicing is governed by environmental rules, making voiceless vowels allophones of the voiced vowels. The digraph ‘ts’ represents assibilated /t/; a phonological rule of Cheyenne is that underlying /t/ becomes assibiliated before an /e/ (t > ts / __e). Therefore, ‘ts’ is not a separate phoneme, but an allophone of /t/. The standard Cheyenne orthography is neither a pure phonemic system nor a phonetic transcription; it is, in the words of linguist Wayne Leman, a "pronunciation orthography." In other words, it is a practical spelling system designed to facilitate proper pronunciation. Some allophonic variants, such as voiceless vowels, are shown. Consonants bilabial dental palatal velar glottal stop p t k ? fricative v s S x h.
Phoneme - all languages. Polynesian has 11, Khoisan has 140. When representing phonemes in linguistic writing, it is common to use 'slash' markers as quotes around the symbol that stands for the sound. For example, the phoneme for the initial consonant sound in the word "phoneme" would be written as /f/. In other words, the English grapheme is , but this digraph represents one sound /f/. Allophones, real speech variants of a phoneme, are often denoted in linguistics by the use of diacritical or other marks added to the phoneme symbols and then placed in square brackets [ ] to differentiate them from the phoneme in slant brackets / /. The conventions of orthography are then kept separate from both phonemes and allophones by the use of the markers < > to enclose.
English orthography - English orthography English spelling, although largely phonemic, has more complicated rules than many other spelling systems for languages written in alphabetic scripts, and contains inconsistencies that necessitate rote learning of the pronunciations of many words. There are two major reasons for this. The first is that the admirably consistent orthography of Old English was swept away by the Norman Conquest, and English itself was eclipsed by French for three centuries, eventually emerging with its spelling much influenced by French. English had also borrowed large numbers of words from French, which for reasons of prestige and familiarity kept their French spellings. Like most other languages with alphabetic scripts, English continues to preserve foreign spellings for loanwords, even when they employ completely exotic conventions, like the 'cz' in 'Czech'..
Esperanto orthography - Esperanto orthography Esperanto is written in an alphabet of twenty-eight letters. Twenty-two of these are identical in form to letters of the English alphabet (q, w, x, and y being omitted). The remaining six are accented letters, which appear as follows: ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ (c, g, h, j, and s with circumflex), and ŭ (u with breve). The full alphabet appears as follows:- a b c ĉ d e f g ĝ h ĥ i j ĵ k l m n o p r s ŝ t u ŭ v z The alphabet is phonetic in that each letter has a consistent sound, although the mapping from phonemes to letters is not always unique because certain letters are pronounced as combinations of other letters (c.
Digraph (computing) - Digraph (computing) Digraphs are two-character sequences used to enter single characters that cannot be entered from the computer keyboard for various reasons: obsolete keyboard, input of special characters is required, the text editor reserves some characters for special use, etc. Different systems have different sets of defined digraphs. C programming language supports digraphs in ISO C 94 mode of compiling. Vim text editor uses digraphs..
Case (orthography) - Case (orthography) In orthography and typography, case is the distinction between majuscule (capital, uppercase) and minuscule (lowercase) letters. Only alphabetic writing systems have case, and not all of them. Examples are the modern Greek, Latin, Cyrillic, and Armenian alphabets. If an alphabet has case, all or nearly all letters have both a majuscule and minuscule form. Both forms in each pair are considered to be the same letter: they have the same name, same pronunciation, and will be treated identically when sorting in alphabetical order. Languages have capitalisation rules to determine whether majuscules or minuscules are to be used in a given context. An example of a letter without both forms is the German (ess-tsett), which exists only in minuscule. When capitalized it becomes two letters,.
Phonemic orthography - Phonemic orthography A phonemic orthography is a writing system where there is a one-to-one relationship between graphemes in the written form and phonemes in the spoken form of a language. These are sometimes termed true alphabets, but they needn't be alphabetic, a syllabary could do just as well. Commonly claimed examples include Georgian and Esperanto. One example of a phonemic orthography is the International Phonetic Alphabet, intended to accurately describe the pronunciation of a language. Other phonetic alphabets may be used for languages which have no standard written form; these orthographies are also phonemic. Creating a phonemic orthography for a language such as English would be impossible, as pronunciations differ far too much. Given a standard dialect of a language it is not too difficult to create.
Old Norse orthography - Old Norse orthography Old Norse orthography The orthography of the Old Norse language since the introduction of the Latin alphabet in Iceland is a thorny subject. In particular the names of Old Norse mythological characters often seem to have several different spellings. This article will explain the reasons for some of the confusions. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Manuscript spelling 2 Standardized spelling 3 Icelandic spelling 4 Anglicized spelling 5 List of names 5.1 Gods 5.2 Goddesses 5.3 Giants 5.4 Giantesses 5.5 Animals 5.6 Places 5.7 Other Manuscript spelling The original Icelandic manuscripts which are the source of our knowledge of Norse mythology did not employ a unified system of spelling. Thus the same name might be spelled several different ways even back then. In particular the length.
Orthography - Orthography simple:Orthography The orthography of a language is the set of rules of how to write correctly in the language. The term is derived from Greek ορθο ortho- ("correct") and γραφος graphos ("that writes") and, in today's sense, includes spelling and punctuation; it is distinct from typography. An example of an orthographic rule for English is A vowel that is not preceded immediately by another vowel, and is followed by an "E" at the end of the word, without any consonants between the vowel and the "E" may represent the "long" sound of the vowel. (This is the pronunciation rule "final E makes the vowel long" restated as a spelling rule.) Kinds of writing: Ideogram Syllabary Alphabet Calligraphy Penmanship Majuscule letter Minuscule letter Graphology Spelling Punctuation.
Ubykh language - Consonants Voiced Voiceless Ejective Nasal Approximant Bilabial stop b p p' m w Phar. bilabial stop b p p' m w Bilabial fricative v f Alveolar stop d t t' n r Alveolar fricative z s Alveolar affricate j c c' Alv. labialised stop dw tw tw' Alveolar lateral lh lh'/l' l Postalveolar fric. zh sh y Postalveolar affr. jh ch ch' Postalv. lab. fric. zhw shw Alveolopalatal fric. zj sj Alveolopalatal affr. jj cj cj' Alv-pal. lab. fric. zy sy Alv-pal. lab. affric. jy cy cy' Retroflex fric. zr sr Retroflex affr. jr cr cr' Velar stop g * k * k' * Velar fricative g k Palatalised velar stop gj kj kj' Labialised velar stop gw kw kw' Uvular stop q q' Uvular fricative gh qh Pal. uvular stop.
Esperanto - of Esperanto: Some key persons within the Esperanto movement have lamented how few of the speakers then progress to a high level of fluency. Most notably, the author Julio Baghy critiqued mediocre Esperantists in his ironic poem Estas mi Esperantisto ("I am an Esperantist"). Also the author Kazimierz Bein, while attending a conference at which it was generally agreed that everyone should learn Esperanto, remarked that the first who ought to learn it were the Esperantists themselves. Esperanto contains six letters not included in any standard European character set. The missing letters cause some difficulty in using Esperanto on a computer, as they are not available in most standard European character sets. Esperanto uses sexist suffixes by adding -in to express the female version of the concept, similarly to German. This.
Spelling reform - on dialect, and 26 or 27 consonants. Representing this language with the twenty-six inadequate letters of the Latin alphabet is going to be a challenge no matter what sort of system is chosen. Many digraphss or diacritical marks would be needed to create a phonetic spelling for English. Language reformers propose new systems of simplified spelling to make it more phonetic, sometimes even a full phonemic orthography is suggested. They argue that this will make their language more useful for international communications and easier to learn for immigrants and school children. However, their efforts are faced with concerns that old literature will become inaccessible. Their efforts are further hampered by habit and a lack of a central authority to set new spelling standards. The idea of phonetic spelling has faced more.
Klingon language - towards English. Klingon had lacked any words for things that were important in a baby's life, such as "diaper" and "pacifier". At the time, it even lacked words for many objects common around the house, such as "table". Paramount owns a copyright to the official dictionary and other canonical descriptions of the language. Some people dispute the validity of Paramount's claim of copyright on the language itself in light of the Feist v. Rural decision, but no challenge has actually been brought to court. A programming language called Var'aq was inspired by Klingon. SAMPA representation This is a tentative list of the SAMPA transcription of the Klingon phonemes as listed in Okrand's book. (As is standard in ASCII phonetic representation, represent orthography whereas /slashes/ represent phonemes.) /b/ .
J-circumflex - consistent sound, this letter is always pronounced the same; its sound is represented by [Z] in SAMPA. See also: Esperanto orthography, Ĉ, Ĝ, Ĥ, Ŝ, Ŭ.
Icelandic language - less, the original sagas and Eddas that were written some eight hundred years ago. This old form of the language is called Old Icelandic, but also commonly equalled to Old Norse (an umbrella term for the common Scandinavian language of the Viking era). Icelandic orthography is notable for its retention of two old letters: and , representing the voiceless and voiced "th" sounds. The preservation of the Icelandic language has been taken seriously by the Icelanders - rather than borrow foreign words for new concepts, new Icelandic words are diligently forged for public use. Phonology Icelandic phonology is somewhat unusual for European languages in having an aspiration contrast in its stops, rather than a voicing contrast. However, Icelandic continuant phonemes exhibit regular contrasts in voice, including in nasals (rare in.
Igloo - door is opened. Due to snow's excellent insulative properties, inhabited igloos are surprisingly comfortable inside. Sideview diagram: opening to the right yellow signifies ground Central Eskimos, especially those around the Davis Strait, line the living area with skin, which can increase the temperature within from around 2C to 10-20C. Architecturally the igloo is unique in that it is a dome that can be raised out of independent blocks leaning on each other and polished to fit without an existing supporting structure. Because "igloo", or iglu'\' in standard orthography, simply means "house" in Inuktitut, since the twentieth century, a snowhouse in Inuktitut is frequently called an igluvigaq, or igluvigait'' in plural, in distinction. See also Eskimo Greenland snow sled snowman Igloolik.
