Diocletian - Diocletian Diocletian (born Diocles) Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletian (245-313) was Roman Emperor from November 20, 284 to May 1, 305. This bronze coin, showing his profile, was minted during Diocletian's rule. An Illyrian of low birth, Diocles rose through the ranks to the consulship. He was chosen by the Army in 284 to replace Numerian and after the assassination of Carinus became sole ruler of the Roman Empire. He changed his name to Diocletian upon his ascension. Diocletian felt that the system of Roman imperial government was unsustainable in the face of internal pressures and a military threat on two fronts. He gave Maximian the title of Caesar, which was the traditional form in which an emperor (Augustus) designated a successor. However, Diocletian soon made Maximian.
Julian calendar - BC, 26 BC, 23 BC, 20 BC, 17 BC, 14 BC, 11 BC, 8 BC, AD 4, AD 8, AD12 etc., very close to that proposed by Matzat. The Romans eventually named months after Caesar and Augustus, renaming Quintilis [Fifth month, with March = month 1] as Iulius (July) and Sextilis [Sixth Month] as Augustus (August). Other months were renamed from time to time (e.g. Septembris [Seventh Month] was renamed Germanicus) but these changes did not survive long. According to the 13th century scholar Sacrobosco, the original scheme for months in the Julian Calendar was very regular, alternating long and short with an exception at the end of the year at the end of February. From January through December, the month lengths according to Sacrobosco were originally: 31, 29(30), 31, 30,.
Illyria - made new gains in 168 BC, and Roman forces captured Illyria's King Gentius at Shkoder, which they called Scodra, and brought him to Rome in 165 BC. A century later, Julius Caesar and his rival Pompey fought their decisive battle near Durrės (Dyrrachium). Rome finally subjugated recalcitrant Illyrian tribes in the western Balkans during the reign of Emperor Tiberius in 9 AD. The Romans divided the lands that make up present-day Albania among the provinces of Macedonia, Dalmatia, and Epirus. For about four centuries, Roman rule brought the Illyrian-populated lands economic and cultural advancement and ended most of the enervating clashes among local tribes. The Illyrian mountain clansmen retained local authority but pledged allegiance to the emperor and acknowledged the authority of his envoys. During a yearly holiday honoring the Caesars,.
History of Europe - India, but also favoured contact with the older learnings of those countries, opening up a new period of development, known as Hellenism. Rome Much of Greek learning was assimilated by the nascent Roman state as it expanded outward from Italy, taking advantage of its enemies' inability to unite: the only real challenge to Roman ascent came from the Phoenician colony of Carthage, but its defeat in the end of the 3rd century B.C marked the start of Roman hegemony. First governed by kings, then as a senatorial republic (see Roman republic), Rome finally became an empire at the end of the 1st century B.C, under Augustus and his authoritarian successors. The Roman Empire had its centre in the Mediterranean Sea, controlling all the countries on its shores; the northern border was.
History of San Marino - a Christian stonemason named Marinus the Dalmatian fled to the island of Arbe to escape the anti-Christian Roman Emperor Diocletian. Marinus hid on the peak of Mount Titano and founded a small community of people following their Christian beliefs. It is certain that the area had been inhabited since prehistoric times, although evidence of existence on Mount Titano dates back only to the middle ages. In memory of the stonecutter, the land was renamed "Land of San Marino," and was finally changed to its present-day name, "Republic of San Marino." The original government structure was composed of a self-governed assembly known as the Arengo, which consisted of the heads of each family. In 1243, the positions of Captains Regent (Capitani Reggenti) were established to be the joint heads of state. The.
Hierocles - of Bithynia and Alexandria, lived during the reign of Diocletian (AD 284-305). He is said to have been the instigator of the fierce persecution of the Christians under Galerius in 303. He was the author of a work (not extant) in two books, in which he endeavoured to persuade the Christians that their sacred books were full of contradictions, and that in moral influence and miraculous power Christ was inferior to Apollonius of Tyana. Our knowledge of this treatise is derived from Lactantius (Instit. div. v. 2) and Eusebius, who wrote a refutation..
History of Greek and Roman Egypt - was driven out by the Alexandrian mob, but the Romans restored him to power three years later. He died in 51 BC, leaving the kingdom to his ten-year-old son, Ptolemy XIII, who reigned jointly with his 17-year-old sister and wife, Cleopatra VII. During Cleopatra's reign Egyptian history merged with the general history of the Roman world, owing to the murder of Pompey in Egypt in 48 BC and the appearance in the country of Julius Caesar in 47 BC. In the wars of that period the young king perished and his younger brother, Ptolemy XIV Philopator, was nominally king with Cleopatra till 44 BC, when she had him murdered. From then till her death in 30 BC, Cleopatra's nominal co-ruler was her infant son by Caesar, Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar,.
Gallienus - Claudius II Gothicus gained the loyalty of his army and succeeded Gallienus to the Imperium. In the months leading up to his mysterious death in September of 268, Gallienus was ironically orchestrating the greatest achievements of his reign. An invasion of Goths into the province of Pannonia was leading to disaster and even threatening Rome, while at the same time, the Alamanni were raising havoc in the northern part of Italy. Gallenius halted the Goths' progress by defeating them in battle in April of 268, then turned north and won several victories over the Alamanni. That fall, he turned on the Goths once again, and in September, either he or Claudius, his leading general, led the Roman army to victory (although the cavalry commander Aurelian was the real victor) at the.
Galerius - with distinction as a soldier under Aurelian and Probus, and in 293 was designated Caesar along with Constantius Chlorus, receiving in marriage Diocletian’s daughter Valeria, and at the same time being entrusted with the care of the Illyrian provinces. In 296, at the beginning of the Persian War, he was removed from the Danube to the Euphrates; his first campaign ended in a crushing defeat, near Callinicum, but in 297, advancing through the mountains of Armenia, he gained a decisive victory over Narses and compelled him to make peace. In 305, on the abdication of Diocletian and Maximian, he at once assumed the title of Augustus, with Constantius his former colleague, and having procured the promotion to the rank of Caesar of Flavius Valerius Severus, a faithful servant, and Daia (Maximinus),.
George Syncellus - capital after the patriarch himself, and often the patriarch's successor. However George did not succeed Tarasius, and he retired to a monastery where he wrote his "Extract of Chronography" (Ekloge chronographias), which covered events of the world from Adam to the beginning of Diocletian's reign. His chronicle, as its title implies, is more of a chronological table with notes than a history. George continued the chronological structure of Sextus Julius Africanus, arranging his events strictly in order of time, and naming them in the year which they happened. The text is continually interrupted by long tables of dates, so markedly that Krumbacher described it as being "rather a great historical list [Geschichtstabelle] with added explanations, than a universal history." George reveals himself as a staunch upholder of orthodoxy, and quotes Greek.
Gog - the world". Outside of the Bible, Gog is most commonly identified as Central Eurasia. Legends present in countries throughout Eastern Europe and the Middle East mention that massive copper, iron, or brass gates were built on its southern borders with the Persian Empire; this would support the identification of these "four corners of the world" as Central Eurasia, the westernmost of these gates having been built at Derbent. (These gates are usually called the "Gates of Alexander" or "Alexander's Wall", after their supposed builder Alexander the Great.) However, Magog was supposed to have a grandchild called Heber, who spread throughout the mediterranean and Greeks called such Iberes mentioning that they were refugees from Atlantis who had come to settle the Caucasus. The result is that Gog -- the land of the.
Great Apostasy - as 2 Thessalonians (referenced above) as referring to a reconstructed Temple in Jerusalem, in the last days. The great "Falling Away", they tend to view as a present or future affair, in which not only Rome but all of the world's religions join against the truth, for the sake of a false peace and prosperity. For an extensive, 18th century, Protestant perspective on the Great Apostasy, see the treatment on that subject by the German historian J. L. Mosheim, a Lutheran, whose six volume work in Latin on Ecclesiastical History is referred to by some protestants who emphasize a great apostasy. Anglicans and Episcopalians The reception of the Reformation views of a general falling away from the Christian faith, by the Church of England and other churches of the Anglican and.
Edessa - however, that the Christian community was at first made up from the Jewish population of the city. According to an ancient legend, King Abgar V, Ushana, was converted by Addai, who was one of the seventy-two disciples. In fact, however, the first King of Edessa to embrace the Christian Faith was Abgar IX (c. 206). Under him Christianity became the official religion of the kingdom. As for Addai, he was neither one of the seventy-two disciples as the legend asserts, nor was he the Apostle Thaddeus, as Eusebius says (Hist. Eccl., IV, xiii), but a missionary from Palestine who evangelized Mesopotamia about the middle of the second century, and became the first bishop of Edessa. He was succeeded by Aggai, then by Palout (Palut) who was ordained about 200 by Serapion.
Eusebius of Caesarea - forth by its king Abgar and Jesus Christ. His exact date and place of birth are unknown, and little is known of his youth. He became acquainted with the presbyter Dorotheus in Antioch and probably received exegetical instruction from him. In 296 he was in Palestine and saw Constantine who visited the country with Diocletian. He was in Caesarea when Agapius was bishop and became friendly with Pamphilus, with whom he seems to have studied the text of the Bible, with the aid of Origen's Hexapla, and commentaries collected by Pamphilus, in an attempt to prepare a correct version. In 307 Pamphilus was imprisoned, but Eusebius continued their project. The resulting defence of Origen, in which they had collaborated, was finished by Eusebius after the death of Pamphilus and sent to.
Donatist - Their primary disagreement with the rest of the Church was over the treatment of individuals who forsook their faith during the Persecution (303 - 305 AD) of Diocletian. The rest of the Church was far more forgiving of these people than were the Donatists. As a result, many towns were divided between Donatist and non-Donatist congregations. The Donatists also drew their beliefs from the writings of Tertullian and Cyprian. The bishop Augustine campaigned against this alternative belief throughout his tenure as bishop of Hippo, and through his efforts the Church gained the upper hand. His successes were reversed when the Vandals conquered North Africa. Donatism survived the Vandal occupation and the Byzantine reconquest under Justinian. It is unknown how long this belief persisted into the Moslem period..
Diocese - AD, a diocese was a city district or part of a province. Since the time of Diocletian (end of the 3rd century), it was a large administrative unit constituted by up to 16 provinces. The Empire was separated into 12 dioceses (later 15). The diocese was governed by praetor vicarius who was subjected to the praefectus. Between the 4th and 6th centuries, Rome became more and more Christian. At the same time, the older administrative structure began to crumble. The senatorial aristocracy, especially in the provinces, remained a source of local authority. By this time, however, that authority was often vested in the spiritual office of bishop. It is therefore of little surprise that, as the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches began to define their administrative structure, they relied on the.
Dionysius Exiguus - his Liber de Paschate. It starts with a letter to a bishop Petronius introducing the work. Then follow the tables and an explanation on how to use and compute them. Letters from the Alexandrian bishops to Pope Leo, and by Dionysius form appendices to this work. The previous tables had been based on a method by the Alexandrian bishops Theophilus and St. Cyrillus, which covered a period of 95 years. The first part of Dionysius tables covered the last 19 years of the running 95-year period, and had the years labeled according to the era of the accession of Roman Emperor Diocletian (August 28, September 29, or November 17, 284 - sources disagree on the exact date), as had been the custom since the First Council of Nicaea (325); this table.
245 - Messius Quintus Trajanus with an important command on the Danube Births Diocles, who would become the Roman Emperor Diocletian. Cao Huan, last emperor of the Kingdom of Wei (possible date) Deaths Ammonius Saccas, Greek philosopher (possible date)\n.
286 - 285 - 286 - 287 288 289 290 291 Events March 1 - Diocletian elevated Maximian as Caesar, or junior Roman Emperor. Later that year, Maximian is promoted to Augustus or co-Emperor. The revolt of the Bagaudae in Gaul is crushed. Births Deaths Tuoba Xi Lu, chieftian of the Tuoba tribe, a member of Xianbei people in today Mongolia.
284 - - 284 - 285 286 287 288 289 Events November 20 - Diocletian becomes Emperor of Rome Patriarch Rufinus I succeeds Patriarch Dometius as Patriarch of Constantinople Year 1 of the Coptic calendar (or 285) The Bagaudae revolt against the Roman Empire in Gaul. Births Deaths November - Numerian, Roman emperor Diophantus, Greek mathematician (approximate date).
