Ecological economics - Ecological economics Ecological economics is a branch of economic theory, also known as human development theory or natural welfare economics, that assumes an inherent link between the health of ecosystems and that of human beings. It is commonly refered to as 'Green Economics' Its primary argument is that economics is itself a strict subfield of ecology, in that ecology deals with the energy and matter transactions of life and the earth, and the human economy is by definition contained within this system. Chief among the critiques of current normative economics by ecological economists is its approach to natural resources and capital. Analyses from the standpoint of conventional and environmental economics undervalue natural capital in that it is treated as a factor of production interchangable with labor.
Green economics - Green economics Green economics loosely defines a theory of economics by which an economy is considered to be component of the ecosystem in which it resides. A holistic approch to the subject is typical, such that economic ideas are commingled with any number of other subjects, depending on the particular theorist. Proponents of feminism, postmodernism, the ecology movement, peace movement, Green Political movements, green anarchism and the anti-globalization movement have used the term to describe very different ideas. Accordingly, green economics has been viewed as external to mainstream economics, although there are varying degrees of diffusion and debate on what are the points of contention. It is thus preferable to refer to a loose school of "green economists" rather than any single "green economics". Table of contents.
Feminist economics - Feminist economics Feminist economics is not a single study but more a set of observations by feminist ethicists, economists, political scientists and systems scientists, that women's traditional work (e.g. child-raising, caring for sick elders) and occupations (e.g. nursing, teaching) are systematically undervalued with respect to that of men. It is often considered part of Green economics since Greens list feminism as an explicit goal of their political measures, often seeking higher valuations for such work. It is also often considered part of welfare economics or labour economics, since it emphasizes child welfare, and the value of labour in itself, as opposed to production for a marketplace, the focus of classical economy. Measures such as employment equity were implemented in developed nations in the 1970s to 1990s, but.
Ecological model of competition - Ecological model of competition The ecological model of competition is a reassessment of the nature of competition in the economy. Traditional economics models the economy on the priciples of physics (force, equilibrium, inertia, momentum, and linear relationships). This can be seen in the economics lexicon : terms like labour force, market equilibrium, capital flows, and price elasticity. This is probably due to historical coincidence. Classical Newtonian physics was the state of the art in science when Adam Smith was formulating the first principles of economics in the 1700's. According to the ecological model, it is more appropriate to model the economy on biology (growth, change, death, evolution, survival of the fittest, complex inter-relationships, non-linear relationships). Businesses operate in a complex environment with interlinked sets of determinants..
Ecological footprint - Ecological footprint An ecological footprint (also called city footprint in connection to cities) is the measure of the amount of imagined arable and agricultrually or ecologically productive land area it takes to sustain one human or group of humans, say in a family or city, based on their use of energy, food, water, building material and other consumables. It is a way of determining relative consumption. It can be combined with overpopulation concerns and stated as "the number of Earths it would take to support every human living exactly the way you do." Ecological footprints have been used to argue that current lifestyles are not sustainable. The concept of ecological footpriniting has been challenged on several grounds. Firstly, many factors of the calculations are based on.
Ecological health - Ecological health Ecological health or ecological integrity or ecological damage is used to refer to symptoms of a ecosystems pending loss of carrying capacity, ability to perform nature's services, or pending ecocide due to cumulative causes such as pollution. The term health is used to be remniscent of human environmental health concerns, which are often closely related (but as a part of medicine not ecology). As with ecocide, that term assumes that ecosystems can be said to be alive (see also Gaia philosophy on this issue). While the term integrity or damage seems to take no position on this, it does assume that there is a definition of integrity that can be said to apply to ecosystems. The more political term ecological wisdom refers not only.
Ecological yield - Ecological yield Ecological yield is the harvestable growth of an ecosystem. It is most commonly measured in forestry - in fact sustainable forestry is defined as that which does not harvest more wood in a year than has grown in that year, within a given patch of forest. However, the concept is also applicable to water, and soil, and any other aspect of an ecosystem which can be both harvested and renewed - the so-called renewable resources. The carrying capacity of an ecosystem is reduced over time if more than the amount which is "renewed" (refreshed or regrown or rebuilt) is consummed. Nature's services analysis calculates the global yield of the Earth's biosphere to humans as a whole. This is said to be greater in size.
Urban economics - Urban economics The urban economy is the economy of urban areas, as opposed to rural ones. Contrast with rural lifestyle. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 List of terms in urban economics 1.1 urban economic and political autonomy, hazards, principles 1.2 Urban and building infrastructure and navigation 1.3 Urban local and micro-economics 1.4 Urban global and macro-economics 1.5 Famous urbanists 2 Related lists List of terms in urban economics urban economic and political autonomy, hazards, principles arts economy - autonomous village - banking - biohazard response - bioterrorism - casino capitalism - choice of life - city - - consumerism - de-material world - ecological health - environmental health - flash mob - human development theory - land ethic - new materialism - peace economy - political economy.
Environmental economics - Environmental economics Environmental economics refers to the application of economics to environmental issues. It is usually carried out within the framework of mainstream neoclassical economics. Central to environmental economics is the concept of an externality. This means that some effects of an activity are not taken into account when it is priced. Too much pollution may occur if the producer need not take the interests of those adversely affected by the pollution into account. Too little nature conservation may occur if those who undertake such activities are not rewarded in relation to the increase in the quality of life for the general population they help to bring about. In economic terminology, these are examples of market failures, and that is an outcome which is not efficient in.
Energy economics - Energy economics Energy economics is a subfield of economics that focuses on energy relationships as the foundation of all other relationships. It is a subfield of ecological economics in that it assumes that food chains in ecology are directly analogous to energy supply chains in human industries. Some theories go much further in assuming that these relationships are decisive, much as Marxist economics assumes that capital (economics) ownership relationships are decisive, in determining human actions on the largest scales. Buckminster Fuller, in his "Cosmic Costing", was an early advocate of energy economics. Modern theorists of energy economics are also often students of complexity theory, e.g. Joseph Tainter. The earliest energy economics was considered by some an offshoot of deep ecology movements - sharing the view that human.
Creditary economics - Creditary economics Creditary economics is a broad and inclusive term for all theories of economics and political economy that drastically de-emphasize or deny altogether a role for debt and assumptions of fixed yield for such financial capital instruments. These theories usually emphasize a role for local currency, especially in keeping a service economy functioning normally even during national or global depression. In neoclassical economics, nation-states are presumed to control and administer natural capital and human capital, and to grant credit according to a money supply system that reflects anticipated yield of these in financial capital under globalization. Creditary economics challenges these assumptions, especially that global market values reflect local value of life or global value of Earth. Although the name emerged relatively recently and is associated to.
List of economics topics - List of economics topics This aims to be a complete list of the articles on economics in Wikipedia. It does not include articles about economists, who are listed in the list of economists. This list is not necessarily complete or up to date - if you see an article that should be here but isn't (or one that shouldn't be here but is), please update the page accordingly. If you click on related changes on this page, you will see recent changes to all articles to which this page links. In order to include changes to this page itself among "related changes", this page links to itself. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T.
John McMurtry - resort, because as someone naturally disposed to question unexamined assumptions and conventional beliefs, I could find no other profession which permitted this vocation at the appropriate level of research." He calls value theory "my unifying field of research", but has also published and taught in social and political philosophy, Asian/Indian and Chinese philosophy, philosophy of economics, philosophy of education, philosophy and literature, philosophy of history, post-Kant continental philosophy, the logic of natural language, and, recently, philosophy of the environment. He is also part of the peace movement and international law study bodies, e.g. serving as Chair of Jurists, War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity Tribunal at the Alternative World Summit in Toronto, 1989. His professional work has been published in over 150 books and journals, including Inquiry, the Monist, the Canadian.
Ideology - When most people in a society think alike about certain matters, or even forget that there are alternatives to the current state of affairs, we arrive at the concept of Hegemony, about which the philosopher Gramsci wrote. The much smaller-scale concept of groupthink also owes something to his work. Modern linguists study the mechanism of conceptual metaphor, by which this 'thinking alike' is thought to be transmitted. Science as ideology Even when there is a discipline of challenging beliefs, as in science, the dominant paradigm or mindset can prevent certain challenges, theories or experiments from being advanced. The philosophy of science mostly concerns itself with reducing the impact of these prior ideologies so that science can proceed with its primary task (according to science) of creating knowledge. However, some view science.
Ideological assumption - is frequently laden with its old racist or supremacist tone and prejudice, sometimes biases. These axioms are now the cornerstones of the modern social sciences that cannot be revised, double-checked or disturbed, at least not without major career risk. Many of the old cornerstones of the classic philosophers have been omitted and Darwinism has became the strongest pillar of the system. Atheism has got a similar strong mandate, that makes any idea written by a religious scholar suspicious, funny, and unpublishable since its first appearance. Scientism itself, the idea that moral guidance can somehow arise from better understanding of nature and deeper application of mathematics, is present in many theories of human behavior - most notably in the one itself named "behaviorism." Economics is infamous for accepting the current political economy.
Individual rights - better at delivering positive rights. This justification was popular in the 1950s and 1960s. However in the 1980s, it appeared that judged from their own standard of providing positive rights such as the right to economic prosperity, socialist and communist regimes appeared lacking, and the inability of communist regimes to deliver on their promise of prosperity was one major factor in the collapse of many regimes in the late 1980s. The justification that economic prosperity overrides negative rights was also used to justify right wing East Asian regimes in the 1960s and is still used by the government of China to justify its political system. The issue remains unresolved, and such documents as the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights and Convention on the Rights of the Child reflect.
Industry or market research - intellegence on a broad range of issues including: Macroenvironment economy government legal technology ecological sociocultural Market Analysis and Competitor analysis market definition market size market segmentation industry structure and strategic groupings Porter 5 forces analysis supply chain competition and market share competitors' strengths and weaknesses market trends Consumer Analysis or Marketing research nature of the buying decision participants demographics psychographics buyer motivation and expectations loyalty segments see also: marketing, marketing research, marketing management List of Marketing Topics List of Management Topics List of Economics Topics List of Accounting Topics List of Finance Topics List of Economists.
Islamization of knowledge - in 1982, in response to what he called "the malaise of the ummah" (faithful). He argued that by using tools, categories, concepts and modes of analysis that originated wholly in the secular West (like Marxism), there was a disconnect between the ecological and social reality of Muslim nations, and worse, a total inability to respect or even notice violations of ethics of Islam itself. In his view, clashes between traditionalist ulama and reformers seeking to revive Muslim society with modern science and professional categories, were inevitable without the strong ethical constraints that applied to methods of early Muslim philosophy. He proposed therefore to revive those methods, restore ijtihad and integrate scientific method within Islamic limits. A body of modern knowledge that had been so 'Islamized' would not offend the traditionalists, since.
Human development theory - development theory merges older ideas from ecological economics, sustainable development, welfare economics, and feminist economics. It seeks to avoid the overt normative politics of most so-called "green economics" by justifying its theses strictly in ecology, economics and sound social science, and by working within a context of globalization. Like ecological economics it focuses on measuring well-being and detecting uneconomic growth that comes at the expense of human health. However, it goes further in seeking not only to measure but to optimize well-being by some explicit modelling of how social capital and instructional capital can be deployed to optimize the overall value of human capital in an economy - which is itself part of an ecology. The role of individual capital within that ecology, and the adaptation of the individual to live.
Global Resource Bank - product of Earth. Joseph Campbell - Seeded Earth - that Humans will either value her products or live in hell. Robert Mundell - that Earth needs a single currency. Apparently, the Bank's scheme removes consumption and demand management from monetary policy and works strictly from the production or supply-side but using nature's services, not the human economy, as the base. It is a form of creditary economics as it is central banking without debt or use of interest rates to control the money supply. Instead it simply accepts the variation in ecological yields as a constraint, and reflects the relative global wealth or poverty (say expressed as a shifting value of Earth). It was one of three schemes for such comprehensive reform of global currency and money markets actively promoted by.
