Flavivirus Japanese Encephalitis Antigenic Complex - Flavivirus Japanese Encephalitis Antigenic Complex Flavivirus Japanese Encephalitis Antigenic Complex is a genus of the family Flaviviridae. This complex includes includes West Nile and several other viruses which cause encephalitis. It includes the Alfuy, Cacipacore, Japanese encephalitis, Koutango, Kunjin, Murray Valley encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, Rocio, Stratford, Usutu and Yaounde viruses..
Encephalitis - Encephalitis Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain, commonly caused by a viral infection. Victims are usually exposed to viruses resulting in encephalitis by insect bites or food and drink. The most frequently encountered agents are arboviruses (carried by mosquitoes or ticks) and enteroviruses (coxsackievirus, poliovirus and echovirus). Some of the less frequent agents are measles, rabies, mumps, varicella and herpes simplex viruses. Patients with encephalitis suffer from fever, headache, vomiting, confusion, drowsiness and photophobia. The symptoms of encephalitis are caused by brain's defense mechanisms being activated to get rid of infection (brain swelling, small bleedings and cell death). Neurologic examination usually reveals a stiff neck due to the irritation of the meninges covering the brain. Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid obtained by a lumbar.
Encephalitis lethargica - Encephalitis lethargica Encephalitis lethargica is a disease characterized by high fever, headache, double vision, delayed physical and mental response, and lethargy. In acute cases, patients may enter coma. Patients may also experience abnormal eye movements, upper body weakness, muscular pains, tremors, neck rigidity, and behavioral changes including psychosis. The cause of encephalitis lethargica is unknown. Between 1917 to 1928, an epidemic of encephalitis lethargica spread throughout the world, but no recurrence of the epidemic has since been reported. Postencephalitic Parkinson's disease may develop after a bout of encephalitis - sometimes as long as a year after the illness. Treatment for encephalitis lethargica is symptomatic. Levodopa and other antiparkinson drugs often produce dramatic responses. The course of encephalitis lethargica varies depending upon complications or accompanying disorders. See.
Viral classification - coinfection with adenoviruses for growth) Class III double stranded RNA. Reovirus (Diarrhea) Rotavirus Class IV positive single stranded RNA itself acting as mRNA. Coronavirus Picornavirus Poliovirus Rhinovirus (common cold) Enteric viruses Togavirus Rubella virus Yellow fever virus Encephalitis viruses hepatitis C virus Class V negative single stranded RNA used as a template for mRNA synthesis (Mononegavirales). Rhabdovirus Rabies vesicular stomatitis virus Paramyxovirus Measles Mumps human metapneumovirus henipaviruses Orthomyxovirus Influenza viruses Bunyaviruses Hantaviruses (Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Korean Hemorrhagic Fever) Arenaviruses Class VI positive single stranded RNA with a DNA intermediate in replication. Retrovirus RNA tumor viruses (e.g., leukemia) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Class VII double stranded DNA with an RNA intermediate in replication. hepatitis B virus.
Headache - a headache. Headaches have a wide variety of causes, ranging from eyestrain to inflammation of the sinus cavities to life-threatening conditions such as encephalitis. When the headache occurs in conjunction with a head injury the cause is usually quite evident; however, many causes of headaches are more elusive. The most common type of headache is a tension headache. See Also: Tension headache Migraine Cluster headache Rebound headaches.
Henipavirus - stablehand at a training complex in Hendra, a suburb of Brisbane, Australia. A second outbreak occurred in McKay, 1000km north of Brisbane resulting in the death of two horses and their owner (Field et al., 2001). Symptoms of infection include respiratory illness and encephalitis. The route of transmission from bats to horses and humans is unknown, however, as there is no evidence that Hendra virus is transmitted directly to humans, it is believed that human infection occurs via exposure to an infected intermediate host. Nipah virus was identified in 1999 when it caused an outbreak of neurological and respiratory disease on pig farms in peninsular Malaysia, resulting in 105 human deaths and the culling of one million pigs (Field et al., 2001). Symptoms of infection are primarily encephalitic in humans and.
Florence Nightingale - in May 16 at the Liverpool Workhouse Infirmary. She also campaigned and raised funds for the Royal Buckinghamshire Hospital in Aylesbury, near her family home. After the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, Union government approached her for advice to organize field medicine, although her ideas met official resistance there as well. Her ideas inspired the volunteer body of United States Sanitary Commission and US volunteers like Dorothea Dix, Clara Barton and Cornelia Hancock. Nightingale was also an expert statistician and pioneer in the nascent field of epidemiology. For example, she made a statistical study of sanitation in Indian rural life. She invented a diagram known as the coxcomb or polar area chart to depict changing patient outcomes in the military field hospital she managed. In 1858, Florence Nightingale.
Acanthamoeba - free-living amoebas capable of causing infection in humans, including encephalitis, keratitis and pneumonia. One nasty (but rare) disease acanthamoeba is associated with is keratitis of the cornea, in which the clear outside layer of the eye becomes invaded by the organism. This is nearly always associated with contact lens use. Acanthamoeba species are often present in rivers, sea water, and even water from the tap. It is harmless to humans if swallowed or with normal contact, however it can survive and reproduce in the space between the contact lens and the eye. For this reason, contact lenses should be washed with specially purchased saline, and deproteinised well. They should not be worn while swimming or surfing. To culture acanthamoeba in a laboratory, a plain agar plate, with a layer (a lawn).
Aedes albopictus - daytime rather than at night or at dusk and dawn. It is a container and puddle breeder, needing only a few ounces of water to breed. It has a short flight range (< 200 m), so breeding sites are likely to be close by where you find this mosquito (Nishida & Tenorio, 1993). It has not been implicated as a carrier of West Nile virus, but can carry Eastern Equine Encephalitis. It is also a known vector of dengue fever in the Pacific. Controlling Asian Tiger Mosquitoes A lot of futile and risky spraying has been done in the last few years because of the West Nile virus scare. If people are being bitten in the daytime, this is the mosquito that is their problem. Most mosquito spraying is done at.
Antiviral drug - cells. The best time to attack a virus is as early as possible in its life cycle. In a sense, this is exactly what vaccines do. Vaccines traditionally consist of a weakened or killed version of a pathogen, though more recently "subunit" vaccines have been devised that consist strictly of protein targets from the pathogen. They stimulate the immune system without doing serious harm to the host, and so when the real pathogen attacks the subject, the immune system responds to it quickly and blocks it. Vaccines have an excellent track record for effectiveness, but they are of limited use in treating a patient who has already been infected. That's where the new-fangled antiviral drugs come in. One approach is to interfere with the ability of a virus to get into.
Ataxia - muscles by the spinal cord and peripheral nerves, respectively. Therefore a disorder in either the spinal cord or in the peripheral nevers can cause ataxia. Ataxia may be caused by a congenital disease (Friedreichs ataxia), a viral infection (chicken pox), encephalitis, diseases and lesions of the central nervous system or spinal cord (including abscess, trauma, stroke etc.) or by various toxic substances, including drugs such as alcohol..
Awakenings - of a doctor who tries to help the comatose victims of a years-ago encephalitis epidemic with a new drug. It stars Robert De Niro, Robin Williams (uncredited), Julie Kavner, Ruth Nelson, John Heard and Penelope Ann Miller. The movie was adapted by Steven Zaillian from the book of neurologist Oliver Sacks where he tells about his real-life experiences with similar patients. It was directed by Penny Marshall. It was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Actor in a Leading Role (Robert De Niro), Best Picture and Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium..
Biological vector - gene attached to it within the construct. Because the constructs can be extracted from the cells by purification techniques, transformation with a vector is a way of making a small number of DNA molecules in to a much larger one. There is a possibility for confusion between the use of "vector" in gene therapy and its use in molecular biology more generally. Some transformation technologies, such as lipofectamine, enable the direct delivery of a DNA construct as therapy in a tissue. In such a situation, a plasmid vector may be regarded as serving as its own gene-therapy vector. When a speaker calls it "a vector," they may be referring to either of its vector aspects or often both. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 List of Vectors 2 Epidemiology 3 Cell transformation.
Biopreparat - the mid to late 1990's. Biopreparat was the number one producer of Anthrax for the USSR. Additionally, Biopreparat was a leader in the development of new bioweapons technologies. Pathogens that were successfully weaponized by the organization included (in order of completion): Smallpox Plague Anthrax Venezuelan equine encephalitis Tularemia Brucellosis Marburg (believed to be under development as of 1992) Ebola (believed to be under development as of 1992) Machupo (believed to be under development as of 1992) Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (believed to be under development as of 1992) Annual production capacities for many of the above listed pathogens were in the tens of tons, typically with redundant production facilities located throughout the Soviet Union. The anthrax production facility in Yekaterinburg (formerly Sverdlovsk) in 1979 has been prominently featured and studied. Dr. Kanatjan.
Brain tumor - aggressive brain tumors like glioblastoma may also be observed in more than one location but usually in the advanced stages of the disease. Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment are quite similar to those of primary tumors, however in case of secondary tumors the initial location of the tumor cells must be identified and treated, as well. Primary or secondary, brain tumors may cause herniation of the brain (displacement of one part of the brain tissue due to mass effect of a lesion, usually causing the compression of the neurons controlling the respiratory system in the brainstem and eventually death) and permanent neurologic changes including intellectual decline. Tumors located in distant locations may affect the nerve cells and cause neurologic changes by mechanisms other than directly invading the brain tissue. Diseases caused by.
Cerebral palsy - Little in 1860. Little raised the possibility of asphyxia during birth as a chief cause of the disorder. It was not until 1897 that Sigmund Freud suggested that a difficult birth was not the cause but rather only a symptom of other effects on fetal development. Modern research has shown that asphyxia is not found during birth in 75% of cases. Such research shows that Freud's view was correct, even though during the late 19th century and most of the 20th century Little's view was the traditional explanation. ("Conditions", 9) Cause Since cerebral palsy refers to a group of disorders, there is no exact known cause. Some major causes are asphyxia or hypoxia of brain, birth trauma or premature birth, genetic susceptibility, certain drugs or infections in the mother during and.
The Shangri-Las - the band in 1966, and the Shangri-Las subsequent two releases on Red Bird failed to make the top 50. That same year the band left Red Bird and Morton after the label folded, and despite signing to Mercury Records, the group had no further hits. Shortly afterwards they disbanded. Mary-Ann died of encephalitis in 1976, while Marge died of a drug overdose twenty years later..
Tick - briefly to feed, while hard ticks will embed themselves beneath the skin of a host for long periods of time. Ticks can transmit human diseases such as relapsing fever, Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularemia, equine encephalitis and several forms of ehrlichiosis. Additionally, they are responsible for transmitting livestock diseases, including babesiosis and anaplasmosis. Generally, tick-borne diseases correspond to a specific tick-host combination, and are limited in their geographical extent. Ticks are often found in tall grass, where they will rest themselves at the tip of a blade so as to attach themselves to a passing animal or human. They will generally drop off of the animal when full, but this may take several days. Ticks contain a structure in their mouth area that allows them to anchor themselves firmly.
Timeline of vaccines - First vaccine for Tuberculosis 1935 First vaccine for Yellow Fever 1937 First vaccine for Typhus 1945 First vaccine for Influenza 1952 First vaccine for Polio 1954 First vaccine for Japanese encephalitis 1962 First Oral Polio Vaccine 1964 First vaccine for Measles 1967 First vaccine for Mumps 1970 First vaccine for Rubella 1974 First vaccine for Chicken Pox 1977 First vaccine for Pneumonia (Streptococcus pneumoniae) 1978 First vaccine for Meningitis (Neisseria meningitidis) 1981 First vaccine for Hepatitis B 1985 First vaccine for Haemophilus influenzae type b (HiB) 1992 First vaccine for Hepatitis A 1998 First vaccine for Lyme Disease 1998 First vaccine for rotavirus.
Toxoplasmosis - may have had a toxoplasmosis infection in their lifetime, but the parasite rarely causes any symptoms in otherwise healthy adults. People with a weakened immune system are susceptible, such as people infected with HIV. The parasite can cause encephalitis (infection of the brain) and neurologic diseases and can affect the heart, liver, and eyes (chorioretinitis). Treatment is very important for infected pregnant women, to prevent infection of the foetus. But even with antibiotics the parasite cannot be killed completely and the infection can come back later. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 How can I get toxoplasmosis? 2 What are the symptoms of toxoplasmosis? 3 Who is at risk for severe toxoplasmosis? 4 Human prevalence 5 References How can I get toxoplasmosis? Through accidental ingestion of contaminated cat feces. This can occur.
