English orthography - English orthography English spelling, although largely phonemic, has more complicated rules than many other spelling systems for languages written in alphabetic scripts, and contains inconsistencies that necessitate rote learning of the pronunciations of many words. There are two major reasons for this. The first is that the admirably consistent orthography of Old English was swept away by the Norman Conquest, and English itself was eclipsed by French for three centuries, eventually emerging with its spelling much influenced by French. English had also borrowed large numbers of words from French, which for reasons of prestige and familiarity kept their French spellings. Like most other languages with alphabetic scripts, English continues to preserve foreign spellings for loanwords, even when they employ completely exotic conventions, like the 'cz' in.
Esperanto orthography - Esperanto orthography Esperanto is written in an alphabet of twenty-eight letters. Twenty-two of these are identical in form to letters of the English alphabet (q, w, x, and y being omitted). The remaining six are accented letters, which appear as follows: ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ (c, g, h, j, and s with circumflex), and ŭ (u with breve). The full alphabet appears as follows:- a b c ĉ d e f g ĝ h ĥ i j ĵ k l m n o p r s ŝ t u ŭ v z The alphabet is phonetic in that each letter has a consistent sound, although the mapping from phonemes to letters is not always unique because certain letters are pronounced as combinations of other letters (c.
Digraph (orthography) - Digraph (orthography) A digraph or bigraph is a pair of letters used to write one sound. This is often, but not necessarily, a sound (or more precisely a phoneme) which cannot be expressed using a single letter in the alphabet used for writing. Sometimes, when digraphs do not represent a new phoneme, they are a relic from an earlier period in the language's history when they did. Transliteration makes extensive use of digraphs. There are three kinds of digraphs: sequences, reversals (really a special kind of sequence) and doubled letters. Sequences This is a group of two letters, both of which are different. English is full of these, for instance the ch and th used in English spelling. Ch is an affricate and rarely a fricative, th.
Three-letter vowel-less English word - Three-letter vowel-less English word Three-letter vowel-less word describes a word in the English language which contains three letters, none of which is generally recognized as a symbol representing a vowel. These words will usually contain voiced vowels that are represented or implied by the consonant letters. Examples: cwm -- A steep bowl-shaped hollow on a hill or mountain, for example the Western Cym on Mount Everest. (This is a Welsh word sometimes found as a loanword; more usually, it has been adapted and spelled in a more usual English manner as comb or combe. It should be noted that Welsh orthography considers w to be a vowel.) nth -- Relating to an unspecified ordinal number: ten to the nth power. Highest; utmost: delighted to the nth degree. Pronounced "enth"..
Trigraph (orthography) - Trigraph (orthography) Trigraph is three letters used to represent a single sound. For example, in the word schilling, 'sch' represents the 'sh' sound. In the word "weight", 'eig' represents the diphthong 'ei'. Other examples are "beautiful" (eau), "adieu"(ieu). Languages other than English also use trigraphs. Some languages use trigraphs to represent their native triphthongs when using plain Latin alphabet without diacritics. See Digraph (orthography) for more explanations. Longer "multigraphs" are also known. It is quite possible that the lognest one is a "heptagraph" schtchj used in German language to represent a Russian palatalized phoneme щь (which is, by the way, represented by a digraph in Russian language)..
Phonemic orthography - Phonemic orthography A phonemic orthography is a writing system where there is a one-to-one relationship between graphemes in the written form and phonemes in the spoken form of a language. These are sometimes termed true alphabets, but they needn't be alphabetic, a syllabary could do just as well. Commonly claimed examples include Georgian and Esperanto. One example of a phonemic orthography is the International Phonetic Alphabet, intended to accurately describe the pronunciation of a language. Other phonetic alphabets may be used for languages which have no standard written form; these orthographies are also phonemic. Creating a phonemic orthography for a language such as English would be impossible, as pronunciations differ far too much. Given a standard dialect of a language it is not too difficult to create.
Old Norse orthography - Old Norse orthography Old Norse orthography The orthography of the Old Norse language since the introduction of the Latin alphabet in Iceland is a thorny subject. In particular the names of Old Norse mythological characters often seem to have several different spellings. This article will explain the reasons for some of the confusions. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Manuscript spelling 2 Standardized spelling 3 Icelandic spelling 4 Anglicized spelling 5 List of names 5.1 Gods 5.2 Goddesses 5.3 Giants 5.4 Giantesses 5.5 Animals 5.6 Places 5.7 Other Manuscript spelling The original Icelandic manuscripts which are the source of our knowledge of Norse mythology did not employ a unified system of spelling. Thus the same name might be spelled several different ways even back then. In particular the length.
Orthography - Orthography simple:Orthography The orthography of a language is the set of rules of how to write correctly in the language. The term is derived from Greek ορθο ortho- ("correct") and γραφος graphos ("that writes") and, in today's sense, includes spelling and punctuation; it is distinct from typography. An example of an orthographic rule for English is A vowel that is not preceded immediately by another vowel, and is followed by an "E" at the end of the word, without any consonants between the vowel and the "E" may represent the "long" sound of the vowel. (This is the pronunciation rule "final E makes the vowel long" restated as a spelling rule.) Kinds of writing: Ideogram Syllabary Alphabet Calligraphy Penmanship Majuscule letter Minuscule letter Graphology Spelling Punctuation.
List of archaic English words and their modern equivalents - List of archaic English words and their modern equivalents The following is a list of words and spellings which are now considered archaic or obsolescent for one reason or another within the current conception of the English language. Given both the rapidity of change in modern English and the number of versions espoused by various nations and cultures, it should be strongly borne in mind that dates are approximate and intimations of obsolescence may be localised. It should further be noted that obsolescence is a relative term, and that English language as it has evolved over the years is characterised by four phases, the edges of which are rather more blurred than perhaps the nomenclature would suggest. The first period dates from approximately 450 to 1150 AD. At.
Klingon language - Some Trekkers take the time to learn it and at some Star Trek conventions you can hear enthusiasts use it amongst themselves. They often greet each other with the Klingon word "nuqneH" (literally: "What do you want?"), which is said to be the closest thing to a greeting that exists in the language. There was an attempt by a male Trekkie to raise a child bilingually in English and Klingon; it was decided that the father would speak in Klingon and the mother would speak in English. A few years into its life, the child began rejecting Klingon and gravitating towards English. Klingon had lacked any words for things that were important in a baby's life, such as "diaper" and "pacifier". At the time, it even lacked words for many objects.
Icelandic language - particularly in noun declension, Icelandic retains an inflectional grammar comparable to that of Latin, Ancient Greek, or more closely, Old English. Written Icelandic has changed very little since the Viking era. As a result of this, and of the grammatic similarity between the modern and ancient grammar, modern speakers can still read, more or less, the original sagas and Eddas that were written some eight hundred years ago. This old form of the language is called Old Icelandic, but also commonly equalled to Old Norse (an umbrella term for the common Scandinavian language of the Viking era). Icelandic orthography is notable for its retention of two old letters: and , representing the voiceless and voiced "th" sounds. The preservation of the Icelandic language has been taken seriously by the Icelanders.
Ilocano - of the Ilocano are in northwestern Luzon and is the defining identity for the Ilocos Region Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 People and Culture 2 Language 2.1 Orthography, Phonology & Morphology 2.2 Written Script (see Baybayin) 2.3 Common expressions 2.4 Numbers (Bilang), Days, Months 3 Related Articles 4 External Link People and Culture Ilocanos are of Malay stock, descendants of Southeast Asian migrants that settled the Philippines in successive waves for centuries. The term Ilocano come from i-, meaning "from", and loöc, meaning "cove or bay", thus "people of the bay." Ilocanos also refer to themselves as Samtoy, a contraction from the Ilocano phrase sa mi ditoy, meaning "our language here". Ilocanos occupy the narrow, barren strip of land in the northwestern tip of Luzon, squeezed in between an inhospitable mountain.
Inon Bu - Bhuidhe indicating the pronunciation in a form that can be more easily understood by English readers than the original Gaelic orthography..
Irish language - Goidelic language spoken in Ireland. The language is sometimes referred to in English as Gaelic (SAMPA: /"geIlIk/) or Irish Gaelic but is more generally referred to in Ireland simply as the Irish language or simply Irish. Use of the term Irish also avoids confusion with Scottish Gaelic (Gidhlig na h-Alba), the closely-related language spoken in Scotland and usually referred to in English as simply Gaelic (SAMPA: /"gAlIk/). Irish has recently received a degree of formal recognition in Northern Ireland, under the Good Friday Agreement alongside a small minority language called Ulster Scots (though some critics have pointed out that Ulster Scots is not a language in its own right but simply a dialect of Lowland Scots). There is an Irish language version of Wikipedia at [1]. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1.
ISO 8859 - the most widely used 7-bit character encoding. While the 128 ASCII characters are sufficient to exchange information in English without preventing comprehension, most other languages that use the Roman alphabet need additional symbols not covered by ASCII, such as (German), (Swedish and other Nordic languages), etc. ISO 8859 sought to remedy this problem by extending 7-bit ASCII to eight bits, allowing positions for another 128 characters. However, more characters were needed to achieve this than could fit in a single 8-bit character encoding, so several were developed. All the encodings, however, encode the first 128 positions (from 0 to 127) in the same way as each other and the same way as ASCII. Positions 128 to 159 contain control characters. The upper 96 code points of each ISO 8859.
Hepburn - sounds of the Japanese language into the Roman alphabet (in Japanese, "Romaji"). It is widely used today both in the English-speaking world and in Japan, where many younger people are most familiar with the Roman alphabet through the study of English and thus find its spelling conventions more comfortable than the official Monbusho romanization standard. Compared to the Kunrei (Monbusho) system, it compromises with English phonography rather than adheres to Japanese phonological system. Salient features: Vowels are based on "continental" European values, as one might find in Italian, and definitely unlike English: a, i, u, e, o Long vowels are marked with a macron The consonants are generally standard: k/g, s/z, t/d, n, h, b, p, m, y (/j/), r, w, n' (syllabic n is n' before vowels, or n before.
Vulgar Latin - Latin", Latinists mean a number of not necessarily identical things. First, they mean the spoken Latin of the Roman Empire. Classical Latin was always a rather artificial literary language. Just as in contemporary English, the grammar used in written English varies from that used in extemporaneous speech; and the orthography fossilizes an early Modern English phonology that is no longer anyone's standard speech. The Latin brought by Roman soldiers to Gaul or Dacia was not necessarily the Latin of Cicero. By this definition, Vulgar Latin was a spoken language, "late" Latin being used for writing (the general style being a bit different from the "classic" standards, usually considered as referred to texts of first century AD). Second, they mean the hypothetical ancestor of the Romance languages. This is a language which.
Ubykh language - reaching eight or nine syllables in length. Affixes rarely fuse in any way. It has a simple nominal system, contrasting just four noun cases, and not marking grammatical number in the direct or locative cases. Its system of verbal agreement is frighteningly complex. English verbs must agree only with the subject; Ubykh verbs, by contrast, must agree with the subject, the direct object and the indirect object, and benefactive objects must also be marked in the verb. It is phonologically complex as well, with 83 distinct consonants (three of which, however, appear only in loan words). It only has two phonological vowels, but these vowels have a large range of allophones because the range of consonants which surround them is so large. Ubykh is known in the linguistic literature by many.
Given name - collective over individualism. The etymology of given names includes: Aspiring personality traits, e.g., beauty (external and internal) Objects: rock (Peter), spear Literary characters: Wendy Physical characteristics: Calvin (means the bald king) Unknown or disputed etymoloy: Keisha Another name: Pauline (especially to change the sex of the name) Surnames: Ralph Places: Brittany Combination of the Above: Ashley (means by the ash tree) However, in many cultures, given names are reused, especially to commemorate the dead (namesake), resulting in a virtually limited repertoire of names that sometimes vary by orthography. And those namesakes, in turn, were often named after Biblical characters, except Jesus, the use of his name is almost always considered a taboo or sacrilege in English-speaking regions. However, "Jesus" is a very popular name in Latin America, without any negative implication..
Great Vowel Shift - Shift was a major change in the pronunciation of the long vowels of the English language (i.e. a vowel shift), which began in the 15th century and was mostly completed in the 16th century, although it continued for some time after that. The values of the long vowels form the main difference between the pronunciation of Middle English and Modern English. Originally, they were essentially the same as those found in Latin. However, during the Great Vowel Shift, the two highest long vowels became diphthongs, and the other five underwent an increase in tongue height and one of them came to the front. The principal changes are roughly the following, though of course exceptions occur, the transitions were not always complete, and there were sometimes accompanying changes in orthography:- /a:/ ->.
