Epistemology - Epistemology Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature, origin and scope of knowledge. For a less academic treatment see methods of obtaining knowledge. Philosophers of all schools of thought agree that people have the capacity to think of questions which seem to have no answers. For instance: Is there an end to time? Is there a God? Is the God of the philosophers the same as the Biblical God? Is there a reality beyond that which we can sense? Such questions are termed transcendental, because they currently go beyond the limits of rational inquiry. In the 20th century Logical Positivists have declared such metaphysical questions to be devoid of cognitive significance. But others continue to ask and search, or already have an.
Constructivist epistemology - Constructivist epistemology The term “constructionism” is used in American philosophy mostly as a name for a new criticism directed against medieval realism and classical rationalism. Critical constructionism recognizes that all our knowledge is “constructed,” it does not reflect any external “transcendent” realities, but is contingent on convention, human perception, and social experience. It is believed that even physical and biological reality, including race, nation, gender, are socially constructed (Orthodox Marxism obviously pales in the face of such a ambitious expansion of social determinism). A series of articles published in 1991 in the journal "Critical Inquiry" served as a manifesto for this movement of critical constructionism in various disciplines including natural sciences. Not only truth and reality, but also “evidence,” “document,” “experience,” “fact,” “proof,” and other central categories.
Social epistemology - Social epistemology Social epistemology is essentially the study of what significant contributions are made by various social mechanisms to our gaining of knowledge or other epistemically valuable qualities (e.g., justified, warranted, or rational belief). One central topic in social epistemology is "testimony," construed broadly--i.e., the habit we have of learning stuff from other people. One central question in social epistemology is: assuming that we are very often justified in believing something based on the testimony of other people, where does this justification come from, and in particular, does it necessarily come from some observations we have of those other people's reliability? see: Wikipedia approval mechanism.
Platonic epistemology - Platonic epistemology Plato’s Foolishness 1Co 3:19 For the wisdom of this world is foolishness with God. 1 Co 3:19 I Jon 5:19 And we know that we are of God, and the whole world lieth in wickedness. The root our wickedness is found in the focus of Plato. Why is he so widely acclaimed? Because the world is guided by vain deceit as spoken of in the warning in the Bible in Col 2:8 “Beware lest any man spoil you through philosophy and vain deceit, after the tradition of men, after the rudiments of the world, and not after Christ.” To illustrate this from the beginning we see that the first principal of Socrates was foolish. He says that not any one knows anything. He had to.
Knowledge - philosophy. These include: Knowledge (philosophy): In philosophy it is of concern how to tell whether beliefs are justifiable and true. In this view, only if beliefs are justifiable and true are they deemed knowledge. Propositional knowledge refers to the knowledge, facts and beliefs that a person has; this entry also discusses ways that people gain such knowledge. A priori knowledge Empirical knowledge or a posteriori knowledge Procedural knowledge or Know-how: The term "know-how" refers to knowing how to perform some task. Distinguishing propositional knowledge from know-how Suppose that Fred says to you: "The fastest swimming stroke is the front crawl. One performs the front crawl by oscillating the legs at the hip, and moving the arms in an approximately circular motion". Here, Fred has propositional knowledge of swimming and how to.
Jack Cohen (scientist) - how to construct plausible alienss. He has also collaborated with Ian Stewart to write deep books on epistemology, and the science of Discworld. For his many services to the series The X-Files, he was affectionately lampooned in the series in the form of UFO-author Jose Chung. Books The Science of Discworld, with Ian Stewart and Terry Pratchett The Science of Discworld II: The Globe, with Ian Stewart and Terry Pratchett Wheelers, with Ian Stewart (fiction) Figments of Reality, with Ian Stewart (non-fiction) The Collapse of Chaos, with Ian Stewart (non-fiction) Evolving the Alien - the science of extraterrestrial life, with Ian Stewart.
Jürgen Habermas - Marcuse --, the sociological theories of Weber, Durkheim, and Mead, the linguistic philosophy and speech act theories of Wittgenstein, Austin, and Searle, the American pragamatist tradition of Peirce and Dewey, and the sociological systems theory of Parsons. Habermas's work focuses on the foundations of social theory and epistemology, the analysis of advanced capitalist industrial society and of democracy and the rule of law in a critical social-evolutionary context, and contemporary (especially German) politics. Habermas considers his own major achievement the development of the concept and theory of communicative reason or communicative rationality, which distinguishes itself from the rationalist tradition by locating rationality in structures of interpersonal linguistic communication rather than in the structure of either the cosmos or the knowing subject. He carries forward the tradition of Kant and the Enlightenment.
Justification - (jurisprudence) justification (typesetting) justification (theology) In epistemology, justification of a belief is what renders it worth believing in terms of its probable truth. See theory of justification. This is a disambiguation page. If you followed a link here, you might want to go back and fix that link..
Immanuel Kant - philosophy. Kant also proposed the first modern theory of solar system formation, known as the Kant-Laplace hypothesis. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Life 2 Kant's philosophy in general 3 Kant's metaphysics and epistemology 4 Kant's moral philosophy 5 Further reading 6 German texts on the Internet 7 English translations on the Internet 8 Other external links Life Kant was born, lived and died in Königsberg (now Kaliningrad). He spent much of his youth as a solid but not spectacular student, living more off playing pool than his writings. He was of the rather curious conviction that a person did not have a firm direction in life until their thirty-ninth year; when his came and passed and he was just a minor metaphysician in a Prussian University a brief mid-life crisis ensued;.
Internalism and Externalism - externalist would argue that there is no essential internal connection between moral beliefs and motives. An externalist would say that there's no essential reason that the belief "X is wrong" leads to a desire not to do X. It is likely that this use of these terms comes from W.D. Falk's paper Ought and motivation (1948). Epistemology: In contemporary epistemology the belief that everything necessary to provide justification for a belief is immediately available to the consciousness is called internalism. Externalism in this context is the view that there are factors other than those which are internal to the believer which govern whether one can be warranted in calling that belief knowledge. One strand of externalism is loosely called the causal theory of knowledge, and reliabilism is sometimes considered to be.
International relations theory - normative concerns. The movements within the discipline are marked by great debates which concerned themselves with a number of goals. The first great debate was one preoccupied with the ontological bases of IR. This involved Realists' and Idealists' competing conceptions of the subjects of IR. The second great debate was between traditionalists and behaviouralists, and focussed on the methods that would be employed to acquire knowledge. The third great debate, also known as the inter-paradigm debate was between Realism, Liberalism and Critical Perspectives. This debate concerned itself with the epistemological considerations of IR and resulted in a synthesis of neo-realism and neo-liberalism. Following this, we have entered a fourth debate between positivists and post-positivists. Here, the assumptions of the positivist approaches are questioned by post-positivists and concomitantly, the relevance of post-positivist.
Infallibility - it is only five, and the customer is always right." Government Without the ability to make a judgement on who won the Bush vs Gore election, who knows what could have happened. Realize, whether you agreed with the judgment or not, the judgement was infallible, Bush did become President. This should not be confused with a moral imperative for Bush to be president, but rather it should be noted that someone had to become president, and it's better to regard the decision as infallible than to have a civil war as would occur in some nations. Philosophical Aspects Philosophy is sometimes concerned with denying the ability to know anything at all, let alone obtaining certainty, see existentialism and skepticism. A cursory inquiry will produce a great deal of information arguing against.
Hans-Georg Gadamer - philosopher best known for his 1960 work on epistemology and the scientific method, Truth and Method (Wahrheit und Methode). Gadamer was influenced greatly by the works of Wilhelm Dilthey, and Martin Heidegger (with whom he studied). Gadamer is also noted for his debates with fellow philosopher Jürgen Habermas. He was born in Marburg, Germany, and died in Heidelberg, Germany. Quotes Nothing exists except through language. I basically only read books that are over 2,000 years old..
Homosexuality and medical science - history, covering many countries and stretching across a wide sprectrum of specialities, from psychology to epistemology to genetics. This article seeks to provide a brief summary of this history and a deal with some of the issues regarding homosexuality and medical science. History The real history of homosexuality and medical science begins with the European sexologist movement which eventually spawned modern psychology. For a detailed discussion of this please see the article 'Homosexuality and psychology'. World War II The period from the start of the twentieth century and World War II saw a period of sexual liberation, particularly for homosexuals. However, this was all to change with the rise of Fascism in Europe, particularly in Germany. The Nazi Party made use of medical science for the physical profiling to classify various.
George Pappas - professor of philosophy at Ohio State University. Pappas' specializations are epistemology, early modern philosophy, philosophy of religion, and metaphysics. He is author and editor of several books, including a new book about George Berkeley, and a widely-used epistemology anthology, Essays on Knowledge and Justification..
Gettier problem - The Gettier problem is a fundamental problem in contemporary epistemology (the philosophy of knowledge), issuing from counterexamples to the definition of knowledge as justified true belief. The problem owes its name to a remarkable three-page paper published in 1963, by Edmund Gettier, called "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?". In the paper, Gettier argues (most would say, proves) that it is not. Until Gettier's essay was published, most analytic philosophers took it for granted that something we might call the JTB account of knowledge was correct. The JTB account claims that knowledge can be conceptually analyzed as justified true belief--which is to say that the meaning of sentences such as "Smith knows that it rained today" can be given with the following set of necessary and jointly sufficient conditions: A subject S.
Unification Thought - (and credit) for the ideas was Sun Myung Moon. The main elements of Unification Thought are: Unification Theory of the Original Image Unification Theory of the Original Human Nature Unification Theory of Axiology Unification Theory of Education Unification Theory of Ethics Unification Theory of of Art Unification Theory of of History Unification Theory of Epistemology Unification Theory of Logic Unification Theory of Methodology Give and Take Give and take is a process of interaction in which one party (the subject) provides some sort of benefit to another party (the object), who upon taking in this boon reciprocates. The term give and take is often used in the context of conversations which spark new ideas. In Unification Theology, give and take (sometimes termed the action of giving and receiving is held to.
Gregory Bateson - a number of reasons, particularly his tendency to speak in the abstract. However, many scholars consider his works to contain a great deal of original thought and reward careful reading. One of the threads that connects Bateson's work is an interest in systems theory and cybernetics. Bateson's take on these fields is idiosyncratic and centers upon their relationship to epistemology. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Epigrams coined by or referred to by Bateson 2 Terms used by Bateson 3.
Understanding - he knows his anxieties and their causes, and can give him useful advice on how to minimise the anxiety. I understand a command if I know who gave it, what is expected, and whether the command is legitimate. Also one can understand a reasoning, an argument, and a language. See also knowledge, epistemology, and thought..
Foundationalism - Foundationalism Foundationalism is the general name for theories in epistemology (typically, theories of epistemic justification, but also of knowledge or other types of positive epistemic status) that hold that beliefs are justified (known, etc.) based on what are called basic beliefs (also commonly called foundational beliefs). Basic beliefs are beliefs that give justificatory support to other beliefs, and more derivative beliefs are based on those more basic beliefs. The basic beliefs are said to be self-justifying, that is, they are justified but not justified by other beliefs. Typically and historically, foundationalists have held that basic beliefs are justified by mental events or states, such as experiences, that do not constitute beliefs (these are called nondoxastic mental states). Hence, generally, a foundationalist might offer the following theory of justification: A belief is.
