Esquipulas Peace Agreement - Esquipulas Peace Agreement The Esquipulas Peace Agreement was an initiative in the mid-1980s to settle the military conflicts which had plagued Central America for many years, in some cases — Guatemala — decades. It built upon work laid by the Contadora Group from 1983 to 1985. The agreeement was named for the town in Guatemala, Esquipulas, where the initial meetings took place. In May 1986, a summit meeting, "Esquipulas I", took place, attended by the five Central American presidents. On February 15, 1987, Costa Rican President Oscar Arias submitted a Peace Plan which evolved from meeting. During 1986-87, the "Esquipulas Process" was established, in which the Central American heads of state agreed on economic cooperation and a framework for peaceful conflict resolution. The "Esquipulas II Accord".
Esquipulas - Esquipulas Esquipulas is a town in Guatemala famous for the Basilica of Esquipulas which houses the Shrine of the Black Christ. Every year, thousands of pilgrims from Guatemala and other Central American countries flock to pay homage to the dark wooden image of the crucified Christ, the most revered Catholic shrine in the region. Esquipulas was also the site of the initial meetings which led to the Esquipulas Peace Agreement, with which a measure of peace finally returned Central America started. Although the 1987 treaty was signed in Guatemala City, it bears the name Esquipulas. The city of Esquipulas was founded by the Spaniards between 1560 and 1570 with the name of Santiago de Esquipulas. The image of the Black Christ dates back to March 9,.
Foreign relations of Costa Rica - of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and became the first nation to recognize the jurisdiction of the Inter-American Human Rights Court, based in San Jose. Then-President Oscar Arias authored a regional peace plan in 1987 that served as the basis for the Esquipulas Peace Agreement. Arias' efforts earned him the 1987 Nobel Peace Prize. Subsequent agreements, supported by the United States, led to the Nicaraguan election of 1990 and the end of civil war in Nicaragua. Costa Rica also hosted several rounds of negotiations between the Salvadoran Government and the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN), aiding El Salvador's efforts to emerge from civil war and culminating in that country's 1994 free and fair elections. Costa Rica has been a strong proponent of regional arms limitation agreements. Former.
Contadora Group - for the presidents of Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela and Panama to act as mediators in the conflicts. The group first met on Contadora Island (Panama) in 1983. The initiative drew international attention to Central America's conflicts and pressured for a softening of the militarist stance of the United States in the region. The peace plan was supported by the United Nations Security Council, the General Assembly and many regional and international bodies. In September 1983, mediated by the Contadora group, the foreign ministers of the Central American countries adopted a Document of Objectives in Panama City. This document declared their intent to promote democratization and to end armed conflict in the region, to act in compliance with international law, to revitalize and restore economic development and co-operation in Central America, and to.
January 1 - bombardments in Lingayen Gulf. 1945 - Bahawalpur State issues its own stamps. 1948 - Nationalisation of UK railways to form British Railways. 1948 - Enrico De Nicola becomes President of the State of Italy 1956 - End of Anglo-Egyptian Condominium in Sudan. 1959 - Cuba: Fulgencio Batista overthrown by Fidel Castro. 1960 - Cameroon becomes independent 1960 - USS Raritan (LSM-540) is struck from the naval register. 1962 - Western Samoa becomes independent from New Zealand 1964 - Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland dissolved 1969 - Marien Ngouabi becomes President of the Republic of Congo 1970 - Unix epoch begins at 00:00:00 UTC. 1971 - Cigarette advertisements banned on United States television 1973 - United Kingdom, Ireland and Denmark join the EEC 1978 - An Air India Boeing 747 exploded and.
John Wyclif - led Simon Islip, Archbishop of Canterbury, to place him at the head of Canterbury Hall in 1365; there, twelve young men were preparing for the priesthood. Islip had designed the foundation for secular clergy; but when he died in 1366, his successor, Simon Langham, a man of monastic training, turned the leadership of the college over to a monk. Though Wyclif appealed to Rome, the outcome was unfavorable to him. This case would hardly have been thought of again had not contemporaries of Wyclif, such as William Woodford, seen in it the genesis of his later energetic assaults upon Rome and monasticism. Between 1366 and 1372 he became a doctor of theology; as such he made use of his right to lecture upon systematic divinity. But these lectures were not the.
John Knox - have had no strong objection to episcopacy itself, although he disapproved of "your proud prelates' great dominions and charge, impossible by one man to be discharged;" and on this, along with other grounds, he declined the bishopric of Rochester in 1552. The offices he held in the Church of England are briefly indicated in the History, which says, "He was first appointed preacher to Berwick, then to Newcastle; and last he was called to London and to the southern parts of England, where he remained till the death of King Edward VI of England" (Works,i., p. 280). From other sources it appears that in 1551 he was appointed one of the six chaplains in ordinary to the king; and in this capacity there was submitted to him, and, after revisal, he.
Viet Minh - Viet Minh tried to take control of the country and declared independence from France. The declaration of independence was followed by nearly ten years of war against France, with France's effort largely funded by the United States. The French surrendered in 1954 following the Battle of Dien Bien Phu. Shortly thereafter, as a result of peace accords worked out in Geneva, Switzerland, Vietnam was divided into North Vietnam and South Vietnam, ostensibly only as a temporary measure until unifying elections would take place in 1956. The Viet Minh took control of North Vietnam on October 11, 1954. Ho Chi Minh was appointed Prime Minister of North Vietnam, which became a communist state. South Vietnam and its chief supporter, the United States, reneged on the 1954 agreement and refused to hold unifying.
John Hume - 1983. He succeeded Gerry Fitt as leader of the SDLP in 1979. He has also served as one of Northern Ireland's three MEPss. Hume is credited with being the thinker behind many of the recent political developements in Northern Ireland, from Sunningdale power-sharing to the Anglo-Irish Agreement and the Belfast Agreement. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1999 alongside the leader of the Ulster Unionist Party, David Trimble. On his retirement from the leadership of the SDLP in the early 2000s he was praised across the political divide, with some of the warmest praise ironically coming from longtime opponent, fellow MP and MEP and friend the Rev. Ian Paisley..
Johann Patkul - thus forging the first link of the partition treaty, Patkul proceeded to Moscow, and, at a secret conference held at Preobrazhenskoye, easily persuaded Peter the Great to accede to the nefarious league on November 18, 1699. Thoughout the earlier, unluckier days of the Great Northern War, Patkul was the mainstay of the confederates. At Vienna, in 1702, he picked up the Scottish general George Benedict Ogilvie, and enlisted him in Peter’s service. The same year, recognizing the unprofitableness of serving such a master as Augustus, he exchanged the Saxon for the Russian service. Peter was glad enough to get a man so famous for his talents and energy, but Patkul speedily belied his reputation. His knowledge was too local and limited. On August 19, 1704 he succeeded, at last, in bringing.
John Hampden - its opposition to the grant of twelve subsidies in return for the surrender of ship money. Parliament was dissolved the next day, and on the 6th an unsuccessful search was made among the papers of Hampden and of other chiefs of the party to discover incriminating correspondence with the Scots. During the eventful months which followed, when Strafford was striving in vain to force England, in spite of its visible reluctance, to support the king in his Scottish war, rumour has much to tell of Hampden's activity in rousing opposition. It is likely enough that the rumour is in the main true, but we are not possessed of any satisfactory evidence on the subject. In the Long Parliament, though Hampden was by no means a frequent speaker, it is possible to.
John Hunyadi - Asia Minor) from recrossing into Europe, and the cardinal reminded the king that he had sworn to co-operate by land if the western powers attacked the Turks by sea. He then, by virtue of his legatine powers, absolved the king from his second oath, and in July the Hungarian army recrossed the frontier and advanced towards the Euxine coast in order to march to Constantinople escorted by the galleys. Branković, however, fearful of the sultan’s vengeance in case of disaster, privately informed Murad of the advance of the Christian host, and prevented Gjergj Kastrioti from joining it. On reaching Varna, the Hungarians found that the Venetian galleys had failed to prevent the transit of the sultan, who now confronted them with fourfold odds, and on the 10th of November 1444 they.
June 13 - police must inform suspects of their rights before questioning them 1967 - Thurgood Marshall is nominated as the first African American justice of the United States Supreme Court 1970 - "The Long and Winding Road" becomes the Beatles' last Number 1 song 1971 - Vietnam War: The New York Times begins to publish the Pentagon Papers 1973 - Vietnam War - Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho sign a peace agreement 1982 - Fahd becomes King of Saudi Arabia 1983 - Pioneer 10 becomes the first manmade object to leave the solar system Births 823 - Charles the Bald, Holy Roman Emperor and king of the West Franks (+ 877) 1786 - Winfield Scott, United States general (+ 1866) 1811 - Harriet Beecher Stowe, author (+ 1896) 1865 - William Butler.
June 9 - to face American invasion at Quebec Quebec. 1856 - 500 Mormons leave Iowa City, Iowa and head west for Salt Lake City, Utah carrying all their possessions in two-wheeled handcarts 1863 - American Civil War: Battle of Brandy Station, Virginia 1934 - Donald Duck debuts 1935 - Ho-Umezu Agreement: China under KMT administration recognized Japanese occupations in Northeast China. 1940 - World War II: Norway surrenders to Germany 1942 - World War II: The US Philippine Department surrenders to Japan 1944 - World War II: The Soviet Union invades the Eastern Karelia region of Finland 1954 - Joseph Welch, special counsel for the United States Army, lashes out at Senator Joseph McCarthy during hearings on whether Communism has infiltrated the Army 1957 - First ascent of Broad Peak (12th highest) 1973.
July 2003 - timeline July 2003 Dodgy Dossier Columbia investigation EU enlargement Hong Kong Basic Law Monkeypox North Korea crisis Occupation of Iraq: Timeline Road map for peace Same-sex marriage SARS: Timeline SCO v. IBM Linux lawsuit US v. EU on GM food War on Terrorism July 31, 2003 The Israeli parliament passed a law preventing Palestinians married to Israelis from gaining Israeli citizenship or residency rights. The law is thought necessary to maintain the Jewish character of the state of Israel, today inhabited by 20% Arabs.[1] It is reported that the United States is secretly negotiating with Iran to trade members of Mujahadeen al-Khalq captured by the U.S. in Iraq for members of al-Qaida being held by Iran. Admiral John Poindexter, former United States National Security Advisor, is rumored to be planning his.
International Criminal Court - Statute just before the deadline to do so; neither seems likely to ratify it in the near future. The Statute became a binding treaty after it received its 60th ratification, which was deposited at a ceremony at United Nations Headquarters on 11 April 2002. In fact, ten countries (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ireland, Jordan, Mongolia, Niger, Romania and Slovakia) submitted their ratifications at this time, bringing the total to 66, so that no one nation would hold the honor of depositing the 60th ratification. The ICC legally came into existence on 1 July 2002. When fully constituted, the ICC will have its headquarters in The Hague, Netherlands; but its Statute permits it to hold its proceedings anywhere. The court became operational when the signatory nations met in the.
International relations of Switzerland - Headquarters since 1948. Switzerland also is a member of the following international organizations: World Trade Organization, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, European Free Trade Association, Bank for International Settlements, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and INTELSAT. In 1992 Swiss voters approved membership in the Bretton Woods organizations but later that year rejected the European Economic Area agreement, which the government viewed as a first step toward EU membership. The new Swiss Constitution declares the preservation of Switzerland's independence and welfare as the supreme objective of Swiss foreign policy. Below this overarching goal, the Constitution sets five specific foreign policy objectives: further the peaceful coexistence of nations; promote respect for human rights, democracy, and the rule of the law; promote Swiss economic interests abroad, alleviate need.
Indonesian National Revolution - the huge archipelago, particularly in Java and Sumatra. In many parts, however, chaos reigned. Initially the United Kingdom sent in troops to take over from the Japanese and they soon found themselves in conflict with the fledgling Republic. Then the Netherlands were asked to take back control. Initially the Netherlands negotiated with the Republic and came to an agreement at Linggajati. A major point of concern for the Netherlands was that all Dutch in Indonesia had been put in rather awful concentration camps by the Japanese. The Indonesians were not very cooperative in liberating these people. Soon the agreement was violated on an ever greater scale in a way reminiscent of what would happen to the Oslo peace accords between Israel and the Palestinians several years later. The hawkish forces won.
International crime - international law. A crime against humanity, against peace and a war crime. A crime typified in an international agreement or resolution, like the European Union criminal law..
Irish Republican Army - Féin MPs elected in 1918 chose not to take their seats in Westminster but instead set up an independent 'Assembly of Ireland', translated from the Irish 'Dáil Éireann'. On the day in January 1919 this new unofficial parliament assembled in the Mansion House in Dublin (where it elected a prime minister (called Priomh Áire) and held initially by Cathal Brugha) and a ministry called the Áireacht) the first shots in the Irish War of Independence were fired. The newly renamed Irish Republican Army (IRA), under the leadership of Arthur Griffith and Eamon de Valera, which had been formed from the remains of the Irish Volunteers, shot dead two British policemen in Tipperary. This quickly escalated into guerrilla warfare by what were then known as the Flying Columns in remote areas. Attacks.
