Estrogen - Estrogen Estrogens (also called oestrogens) are a group of steroid compounds that function as the primary female sex hormone. They are produced primarily by developing follicles in the ovaries, the corpus luteum and the placenta. Some estrogens are also produced in the adrenals and the breasts, especially in post-menopausal women. The three naturally occurring estrogens are estradiol (estradiol), estriol (estriol) and estrone (estrone). In the body these are all produced from androgens through enzyme action. Estradiol is produced from testosterone and estrone from androstenedione. Estrone is weaker than estradiol, and in post-menopausal women more estrone is present than estradiol. While estrogens are present in both men and women, it is found in women in significantly higher quantities. They promote the development of female secondary sexual characteristics,.
Immunoperoxidase - The most common use is to sub-classify tumours. They are used to help diagnose skin conditions, glomerulonephritis, sub classify amyloid deposits etc. Related techniques are also useful in sub-typing lymphocytes which all look quite similar on light microscopy. One of the problems is the naming of stains. Polyclonal stains may not be repeatable and monoclonal antibodies can have a bewildering range of similar subtypes. The CK (cytokeratin) and CD (for lymphoid and haematological markers) are attempts to systematise nomenclature. Tables of synonyms are useful. http:www.immunoquery.com is a very useful online reference resource. Common immunoperoxidase stains: [[S100], [HMB45]],Vimentin, LCA, EMA, CAM5.1, WSK, CK7, [CK20]], Estrogen receptor, Progesterone receptor, CEA, AFP, BHCG, CD3, [CD20]], CD10, CD34, CD68, CD99, CD5 etc GH,PRO,ACTH,TSH,tau,chromogranin, NSE, GFA,C3, ..., ..., Ca125,Ca19.9.
Hormone replacement therapy - therapy (HRT) is a system of medical treatment for postmenopausal women, based on the assumption that it may prevent health problems caused by diminished circulating estrogen hormones. The treatment involves a series of drugs designed to artificially boost hormone levels. Estrogens and progestagens are the two main types of hormones involved. HRT is also used by transsexuals to aid them in attaining the secondary sex characteristics of their desired sex. HRT provides low dosages of an estrogen and a progestagen. In women who have had a hysterectomy only an estrogen is given, unopposed estrogen therapy. HRT treatment is by tablets taken either cyclically (estrogen daily and progestagen from around two weeks every month; sequentially combined HRT or scHRT) or continuously (constant dosage of both types of hormones; continuous combined HRT or.
Urinary incontinence - of the body. Incontinence will occur if your bladder muscles suddenly contract or muscles surrounding the urethra suddenly relax. What Are the Types of Incontinence? Stress Incontinence If coughing, laughing, sneezing, or other movements that put pressure on the bladder cause you to leak urine, you may have stress incontinence. Physical changes resulting from pregnancy, childbirth, and menopause often cause stress incontinence. It is the most common form of incontinence in women and is treatable. Pelvic floor muscles support your bladder. If these muscles weaken, your bladder can move downward, pushing slightly out of the bottom of the pelvis toward the vagina. This prevents muscles that ordinarily force the urethra shut from squeezing as tightly as they should. As a result, urine can leak into the urethra during moments of physical.
Endometriosis - health care provider may suggest that you have unprotected sex for six months to a year before you have any treatment for the endometriosis. The relationship between endometriosis and infertility is an active area of research. Some studies suggest that the condition may change the uterus so it does not accept an embryo. Other work explores whether endometriosis changes the egg, or whether endometriosis gets in the way of moving a fertilized egg to the uterus. Causes The exact cause of endometriosis remains unknown. Right now, a number of theories try to explain the disease. Endometriosis may result from something called "retrograde menstrual flow, in which some of the tissue that a woman sheds during her period flows into her pelvis. While most women who get their periods have some retrograde.
Digit ratio - fourth digits of the human hand (the index and ring fingers). There is evidence that this reflects fetal exposure to the hormones testosterone and estrogen. Some authors go further, suggesting that this is correlated to health and behavior (including sexuality) in later life..
Diethylstilbestrol - Diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a drug, a synthetic estrogen that was developed to supplement a woman's natural estrogen production. First prescribed by physicians in 1938 for women who experienced miscarriages or premature deliveries, DES was originally considered effective and safe for both the pregnant woman and the developing baby. In the United States, an estimated 5-10 million persons were exposed to DES during 1938-1971, including women who were prescribed DES while pregnant and the female and male children born of these pregnancies. In 1971, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a Drug Bulletin advising physicians to stop prescribing DES to pregnant women because it was linked to a rare vaginal cancer in female offspring. More than 30 years of research have confirmed that health risks are associated with DES exposure..
Dehydroepiandrosterone - from cholesterol by the adrenal glands. Dehydroepiandrosterone is chemically similar to testosterone and estrogen and can be easily converted into those hormones. In blood DHEA is found as its derivative dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S). The production of the hormone peaks in early adulthood and its production is declining with age. Interestingly it is the most abundant of all steroid hormones in humans. The significance of the hormone in health and disease is not fully established. It is postulated that substitution of it can be beneficial in a number of disorders like : cardiovascular disease diabetes hypercholesterolemia obesity multiple sclerosis Parkinson's disease Alzheimer's disease disorders of the immune system depression osteoporosis However there is too little scientific proof to advocate the use DHEA outside specialist centres under careful observation of experts in the.
DDT - DDT was overapplied, and its accumulation in the soil and in sensitive watersheds has been rigorously documented. There is little question that DDT accumulation in the environment led to the precipitous decline in raptor populations starting around 1960, with many birds including the bald eagle having been listed on the endangered species list for this reason alone. DDT accumulates through the food chain, with apex predators such as raptors having a higher concentration of the chemical than other animals sharing the same environment. When present at comparatively low levels in birds, DDT causes the birds to lay eggs with thin shells. Prior to the ban, raptors accumulated enough DDT in their bodies to lay eggs with thin, membraneous shells that would break before hatching. In time, populations declined. DDT is not.
Anorgasmia - acceptable, and private atmosphere (alone or in a relationship) in a situation that offers approval and support. A partner who ejaculates prematurely. A partner who has primary or secondary difficulty in achieving an erection. Dyspareunia, or painful intercourse. Genital mutilation ("female circumcision") that removes part or all of the clitoris, scars the genital area, or constricts the opening to the vagina. Often, vaginal intercourse is painful not only because of scarring from this procedure but also because of associated infection. Secondary Anorgasmia Secondary anorgasmia is the loss of the ability to have orgasms. The cause may be alcoholism, depression, grief, medication, illness, estrogen deprivation associated with menopause or an event that has violated the patient's sexual value system. Situational Anorgasmia Women who are orgasmic in some situations may not be in.
Anti-Scrunti Faction - 8. The guitarist is T. Thomas, and the drummer is only named as "E." The album continues to be popular among fans of "old-school punk" and fans of Tribe 8. The song "Slave to my Estrogen" is a stand-out favorite for radio airplay. Album Tracks "Boys Will be Boys" "Sugar and Spice" "Writhe Like Worms" "Big Dick" "Resist the Lies" "Martial Law" "War War War" "One Crashed Over the Cockoo's Nest" " Brain Transplant" "Ohpmyn" "3005 East Euclid" " Suicide Note" "Another Love Song" "Silent Death" "In my Heart" "Innocent Victim" "Slave to my Estrogen" "Johnny".
Atherosclerosis - blood pressure provides the shear force to produce tears in the fragile endothelium, the lining of the arteries. Cholesterol migrates into these torn sections when concentrations of LDL, or low density lipoprotein are high. Smoking has a direct toxic effect on the arterial wall, causing an inflammatory response. Exercise modifies many of these risk factors, ultimately lowering the inflammatory response of the arterial walls. Hormones, especially the presence of estrogen, has a healing effect on the arterial walls. The resident cells interpret this as an intrusion, "call for help", and inflammation results. Immune cells called monocytes circulating in the blood enter the artery wall, turn into macrophages and ingest the LDL particles, thereby turning into large "foam cells". The inflammation also causes a fibrous cap to be formed between the fatty.
Baldness - testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which inhibits hair growth. The age at which the enzyme appears, if it does at all, is genetically determined. Female pattern baldness, in which hair-loss is distributed evenly instead of forming a bald patch or a receding hairline, is less common. It is believed to result from a decrease in estrogen, a hormone that normally counteracts the balding effect of testosterone, which normally occurs in women's blood. Hair loss is a frequent side-effect of chemotherapy, in all ages and both sexes. Some mycotic infections can cause massive hair loss. Other forms of baldness: Alopecia areata.
Barbara Walters - anchor on news programs, on the Today show, for her years on the newsmagazine 20/20 and on the estrogen-chat program The View. She was the daughter of Lew Walters, who owned the famed nightclub "The Latin Quarter" in New York, and who was among other things a broadway producer (He produced the Siegfeld Follies of 1943), and his wife Dena. 1Barbara Walters' biographies often give her date of birth as September 25, 1931. That this is false can be demonstrated by making reference to the 1930 Federal Census for the Enumeration District 41-184, where her family is shown on page 198, with father Louis Walters aged 34, wife Dena Walters, aged 33, Jacqueline, daughter, aged 3 years and 11 months, and lastly Barbara, aged 6 months. This was recorded on April.
Breast - to feed babies. Maless also have breasts and are born with the main milk ducts intact, but while the gland that produces milk is present in the male, it remains undeveloped unless stimulated by the female hormone, estrogen. Milk production can also occur in both men and women as a rare side-effect of some medicinal drugs (such as some antipsychotic medication). Both sexes have a large concentration of blood vessels and nerves in their nipples. A woman's breasts sit over the pectoralis major muscle and usually extend from the level of the 2nd rib to the level of the 6th rib anteriorly. The superior lateral quadrant of the breast extends diagonally upwards in an 'axillary tail'. A thin layer of mammary tissue extends from the clavicle above to the seventh or.
Breastfeeding - Overview 2 Benefits 3 Exceptions 4 Miscellaneous 5 External Links Overview Throughout pregnancy a woman's body produces hormones which stimulate the growth of the milk duct system in the breasts: progesterone, estrogen, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, oxytocin, and human placental lactogen (HPL). By the fifth or sixth month of pregnancy, the breasts are sufficiently developed to produce milk. Near the time of birth, the breasts may begin to secrete a thick, yellowish fluid called colostrum (or "beestings"), which is the first milk the infant receives. It contains important antibodies from the mother's body providing immunological protection. Colostrum has no fat and little sugar - these substances appear three to four days after birth when the suckling action of the infant further stimulates the breast to produce mature.
Breast cancer - information.) The breast lump must be excised either as a local operation called lumpectomy (removal of the lump only) or as a larger operation called mastectomy (removal of the entire breast). In either case the surgeon must establish that the cancer has been completely excised (clear margins) by the operation. If the lumpectomy operation does not have clear margins, then the operation should be repeated until clear. The lymph nodes in the axilla also need to be studied. In the past, large axillary operations took out 10-40 nodes to establish whether cancer had spread. More recently sentinel lymph node dissection has become popular as it has far fewer side effects. In some cases at high risk, CT scans, chest X-rays and blood tests will also be advisable to look for any.
Cholesterol - adrenal glands and reproductive organs. Cholesterol is an important component of the membranes of cells, providing stability. It is the major precursor for the synthesis of vitamin D3, of the various steroid hormones, including cortisol, cortisone, and aldosterone in the adrenal glands, and of the sex hormones progesterone, estrogen, and testosterone. Cholesterol is excreted from the liver in the form of a secretion known as bile; it sometimes crystallizes in the gall bladder to form gallstones. Mostly insoluble in water, it travels in the blood stream in the form of lipoproteins. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) carries cholesterol from the liver and intestines to the body cells, while high-density lipoprotein (HDL) carries it back for excretion. It is interesting to note that the cholesterol in LDL cholesterol and the cholesterol in HDL cholesterol.
Turner syndrome - They are responsible for the difference in development between males and females. A Y-chromosome contains genes responsible for testis development; and the presence of a X-chromosome paired with a Y-chromosome will determine male development. On the other hand, two X-chromosomes are required for normal ovarian development in females. What can be done? As a chromosomal condition, there is no "cure" for Turner syndrome. However much can be done to minimize the symptoms. For example: Growth hormone, either alone or with a low dose of androgen, will improve growth and probably final adult height. Growth hormone is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treatment of Turner syndrome and is covered by many insurance plans. Estrogen replacement therapy has been used since the condition was described in 1938 to promote development.
Sexual reassignment surgery - of the facial features of persons identifying as female is more commonly referred to as facial feminization surgery or FFS. Other names include: sex change operation, gender reassignment surgery (less accurate), genital reassignment surgery. The person will have the apparent anatomical structures and function of the new sex and must take hormones (testosterone or estrogen) to maintain muscle and bone integrity and characteristic form. They are unable to reproduce due to the lack of actual sex glands (testes or ovaries), except through prior sperm banking or embryonic freezing, which still require a genetic female as the birth mother (See Reproductive technology.). People who pursue sexual reassignment surgery are usually referred to as transsexual; "trans" - to go or travel between points; "sexual" - pertaining to the sex of a person. More.
