Etruscan civilization - Etruscan civilization The Etruscan civilization existed in Etruria in the northern part of what is now Italy prior to the formation of the Roman Republic. Etruscans were a non-Indo-European folk who inhabited northern and central Italy before 800 BC. Some scholars believed they migrated from the eastern steppes; Herodotus records the legend that they came from Lydia, which has support from non-Greek inscriptions found on the island of Lemnos that appear to be in a language related to Etruscan, and have been dated to the sixth century BC. During the 700s BC, the Etruscans developed into a series of autonomous city-states: Arretium (Arezzo), Caisra (Caere or modern Cerveteri), Clevsin (Clusium or modern Chiusi), Curtun (modern Cortona), Perusna (Perugia), Fufluna or Pupluna (Populonia), Veii, Tarchna (Tarquinii or.
Etruscan language - Etruscan language Etruscan was a language spoken and written in the ancient region of Etruria (current Tuscany in Italy). However, Latin completely superseded Etruscan, leaving only a few documents and a few loanwords in Latin (e.g. persona from Etruscan phersu), and some place-names, like Parma. Although some scholars claim that Etruscan is distantly related to Indo-European, and others that it is part of some theoretical super-family like Nostratic, there is no conclusive evidence of either. Etruscan is thought to be related to Rhaetic and Camunic, two ancient but minor languages of northern Italy. Also, two inscribed stelae found on the island of Lemnos are written in a tongue much akin to Etruscan, though their relation is yet unknown. Due to its isolation, no significant certain translations.
Etruscan - Etruscan See: Etruscan civilization Etruscan language Etruscan alphabet Etruscan mythology This is a disambiguation page; that is, one that just points to other pages that might otherwise have the same name. If you followed a link here, you might want to go back and fix that link to point to the appropriate specific page..
Kings of Rome - later told in his epic poem the Aeneid. Romulus killed Remus, and became the first king of Rome (see founding of Rome). Most of the succeeding six kings had Etruscan names, suggesting that members of the mature Etruscan civilization to the north of Rome dominated the city. The last king was thrown out by the citizens and replaced by a republican government. The expulsion of the king and the founding of the Republic in 509 BC is sometimes presented as the breaking away of a Latin-speaking population from the control of an Etruscan ruling family. See also: Timeline of Ancient Rome.
Janus (mythology) - Janus) or Bifrons, with two faces looking in opposite directions. In some places he was Janus Quadrifrons (the four-faced). He was associated with Etruscan Ani. Symbolism: the god of change and transitions such as the progression of past to future, of one condition to another, of one vision to another, and of one universe to another. Janus was worshipped at the beginnings of the harvest and planting times, as well as marriages, births and other beginning. He was representative of the middle ground between barbarity and civilization, rural country and urban cities and youth and adulthood. He supposedly came from Thessaly in Greece and shared a kingdom with Camese in Latium. They had many children, including Tiberinus. Janus and his later wife, Juturna, were the parents of Fontus. He had another.
Greek alphabet - lacked breaths entirely, the letter eta was also used for a long e, and eventually the letter omega was introduced for a long o. Vowels were originally not used in Semitic alphabets, but even in the very old Ugaritic alphabet matres lectionis were used, i.e. consonant signs were used to denote vowels. Greek also introduced three new consonants, appended to the end of the alphabet as they were developed. The consonants were to mainly to make up for the lack of aspirates in Phoenician. In west Greek, actually, chi was used for /ks/ and psi for /k_h/ - hence the value of our letter x, derived from chi. Over the middle ages these aspirates disappeared, so now theta, phi, and chi stand for /T/, /f/, and /x/. The origin of those.
Zeus - in Greek mythology, equivalent to the Roman god Jupiter or Jove and associated in the syncretic classical imagination with various other deities, such as the Egyptian Ammon, Etruscan Tinia, and perhaps even in Hindu Dyaus Pitar. Worship of Zeus originated among the Mycenean heirs of Minoans, where he was known as the Earthshaker. Zeus Ceneus was a frequent epithet of Zeus', referring to a temple on Cape Canaeum of Euboea. Another epithet was Zeus Panhellenios, ('Zeus of all the Hellenes'), to whom Aeacus' famous temple on Aegina was founded as well as Zeus Lycaeus, in which he was the god of the sun and light (see also Lycaon and that section below). He (along with Dionysus) absorbed the role of the chief Phrygian god Sabazios in the syncretic deity known in.
Syncretism - religious movements have embraced syncretism while others have rejected the practice as devaluing real distinctions. Syncretism was a major feature of Greek and Roman paganism; imagining themselves as common heirs to a very similar civilization, they identified characters from Greek mythology with similar characters from Roman mythology. See Roman/Greek/Etruscan equivalency in mythology The fits were sometimes good, sometimes not as good; Diana is a better match for Artemis than, say, Ares is for Mars. From these identifications, the classical world acquired the habit of identifying gods of even more disparate mythologies with their own. The Egyptian god Amun deveolped into Zeus Ammon after Alexander the Great conquered Egypt. The Greek gods Apollo and Dionysus were imported into Rome; given this precedent, the Romans saw no hindrance to the worship of Isis.
Numbers in various languages - For numbers with several digits, one writes in increasing powers of ten (units first, then tens, and so on). As in the west, the units are on the right and the greater powers of ten are on the left, as shown for the Arabic ten in the table. In the transliteration, th must be read about like English th, although closer to the S than Z or V . kh is a guttural R, as in Khaled, similar to the German CH of Bach (IPA χ, ). 3There are two different characters which mean "2" èr (二) is used for numbers ("the year 2000") liăng (两) is used to describe ("I have two fruits") 4 the Japanese usually use the Arabic numerals, but still use Chinese characters (kanji) in calligraphy or.
Vedic civilization - Vedic civilization This article is part of the History of South Asia series. Indus Valley civilization Vedic civilization Middle kingdoms of India Islamic Empires in India Mogul Era Company rule in India British Raj Indian independence movement The Vedic civilization is the earliest civilization in Indian history of which we have written records. It is named after the Vedas, the early literature of the Vedic people. The Vedic texts have astronomical dates that some have claimed go back to the 5th millennium BC. The use of Vedic Sanskrit continued up to the 6th century BC. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The early Aryans 1.1 Political organization 1.2 Society and economy 1.3 Literature and Religion 2 The later Vedic period 2.4 Kingdoms 2.5 Society 3 References The early.
Indus Valley Civilization - Indus Valley Civilization This article is part of the History of South Asia series. Indus Valley civilization Vedic civilization Middle kingdoms of India Islamic Empires in India Mogul Era Company rule in India British Raj Indian independence movement The Indus Valley Civilization, 2600 BC- 1500 BC, was an ancient civilization situated primarily along the Indus river in the Indian sub-continent. This civilization probably influenced modern Hindu culture. The nomenclature Sindhu-Sarasvati Civilization is sometimes used based on speculative research which identifies the civilization's location with the Vedic Sarasvati river system mentioned in ancient literature. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Overview 2 Predecessors 3 Emergence of Civilization 4 Cities 5 Economy 6 Agriculture 7 Writing 8 Decline and Collapse 9 Legacy 10.
History of discovery and distribution of the remains of Aegean civilization - History of discovery and distribution of the remains of Aegean civilization Mycenae and Tiryns are the two principal sites on which evidence of a prehistoric civilization was remarked long ago by the classical Greeks. The curtain-wall and towers of the Mycenaean citadel, its gate with heraldic lions, and the great "Treasury of Atreus" had borne silent witness for ages before Schliemann's time; but they were supposed only to speak to the Homeric, or at farthest a rude Heroic beginning of purely Hellenic, civilization. It was not till Schliemann exposed the contents of the graves which lay just inside the gate, that scholars recognized the advanced stage of art to which prehistoric dwellers in the Mycenaean citadel had attained. There had been, however, a good deal of other evidence available before 1876,.
Galactic Civilizations - for the AI. Each planet has two build queues; one for social projects and one for ships. Sectors. The galaxy is divided into 12x12 sectors. The number of sectors can range from 4x4 (tiny map) to 24x24 (gigantic map). One sector may contain more than one star. Money. The unit of currency is the BC (Billion Credits?). You start the game with 1000 BC, and can go into debt up to -500 before spending halts. You gain money by trade, tribute, or taxes. You spend money on tribute, maintenance, production, and research. Starbases. Starbases enhance all of your planets and ships that are in the same sector. Starbases grant bonuses to military, trade, production, and cultural influence. Starbases can be built on resources to provide a civilization-wide bonus. Starbases are built.
General features of Aegean civilization - General features of Aegean civilization The leading features of Aegean civilization, as deduced from the evidence, must be stated very briefly. (1) Political Organisation.--The great Cretan palaces and the fortified citadels of Mycenae, Tiryns and Hissarlik, each containing little more than one great residence, and dominating lower towns of meaner houses, point to monarchy at all periods. Independent local developments of art before the middle of the 2nd millennium BC suggest the early existence of independent units in various parts, of which the strongest was the Cnossian. After that date the evidence goes strongly to show that one political dominion was spread for a brief period, or for two brief periods, over almost all the area (see later). The great number of tribute-tallies found at Cnossus perhaps indicates that.
General nature of the evidence of Aegean civilization - General nature of the evidence of Aegean civilization For details of monumental evidence the articles on Crete, Mycenae, Tiryns, Troad, Cyprus, etc., must be consulted. The most representative site explored up to now is Cnossus (see Crete) which has yielded not only the most various but the most continuous evidence from the Neolithic age to the twilight of classical civilization. Next in importance come Hissarlik, Mycenae, Phaestus, Hagia, Triada, Tiryns, Phylakope, Palaikastro and Gournia. A. The internal evidence at present available comprises-- Structures.---Ruins of palaces, palatial villas, houses, built dome- or cist-graves and fortifications (Aegean isles, Greek mainland and N.W. Anatolia), but not distinct temples; small shrines, however, and temene (religious enclosures, remains or one of which were probably found at Petsofa near Palaikastro by J. L. Myres in 1904).
Kardashev scale - Kardashev scale is a general method of classifying the magnitude of a civilization, first proposed in the 1960s by the Russian astronomer Nikolai Kardashev. It has three categories, based on the amount of usable energy a civilization has at its disposal and increasing logarithmically: Type I - A civilization that is able to harness all of the power available on a single planet. Type II - A civilization that is able to harness all of the power available from a single star. Type III - A civilization that is able to harness all of the power available from a single galaxy. Human civilization is currently somewhere below type I as of this writing, as it is able to harness only a portion of the energy that is available on Earth. A.
Karl Otfried Müller - remains of ancient Athens, visited many places of interest in Peloponnesus, and finally went to Delphi, where he began excavations. He was attacked by intermittent fever, of which he died at Athens. Among his historical works the foremost place belongs to his Geschichten hellenischen Stämme und Städte: Orchomenos und die Minyer (1820), and Die Dorier (1824; Eng. trans. by H Tufnell and Cornewall Lewis, 1830, including the essay Über die Makedonier, on the settlements, origin and early history of the Macedonians). He introduced a new standard of accuracy in the cartography of ancient Greece. In 1828 he published Die Etrusker, a treatise on Etruscan antiquities. His Prolegomena zu einer wissenschaftlichen Mythologie (1825; Eng. trans., J Leitch, 1844), in which he avoided the extreme views of GF Creuzer and CA Lobeck, prepared.
Vedic Sarasvati River - Sarasvati developed independently from the river itself. There is also a present-day Saraswati River in India which appears to be one of the branches of the ancient river. The identification of the 'original' Saraswati river has become embroiled in debates about the age of the Vedas and of the relation between Aryan culture and the Indus Valley civilization. In the enumeration of the rivers in Rigveda 10.75, the order is Ganga, Yamuna, Sarasvati, Shutudri. Hence it is quite clear that one of the rivers given the name 'Sarasvati' flowed through Haryana and Rajasthan. The question is whether this is the primal 'Sarasvati'. The Rigveda declares that this Saravati rises in the mountains and ends up in the sea. Recent finding suggest the Ghaggar-Hakra river did once flow in great strength, and.
Venus (mythology) - Botticelli Venus is the Roman goddess of love, equivalent to Greek Aphrodite and Etruscan Turan. Other figures possibly corresponding to Venus are: Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli in Aztec mythology Kukulcan in Maya mythology Sif in the Norse mythos Her cult began in Ardea and Lavinium, Latium. On August 18, 293 BC, her oldest temple was built. August 18 was then a festival called the Vinalia Rustica. On April 1, the Veneralia was celebrated in honor of Venus Verticordia, the protector against vice. On April 23 215 BC, a temple was built on the Capitol dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Lake Trasum. Julius Caesar introduced Venus Genetrix as a goddess of motherhood and domesticity. Venus was often depicted in painting and in sculpture. See also: Aphrodite, Suadela, Venus (planet), The.
Kabah - holy building in Mecca, Saudi Arabia; see: Kaaba A Maya civilization city in Yucatán, Mexico; see: Kabaah This is a disambiguation page, that is, one that just points to other pages that might otherwise have the same name. If you followed a link here, you might want to go back and fix that link to point to the appropriate specific page..
