Etruscan language - Etruscan language Etruscan was a language spoken and written in the ancient region of Etruria (current Tuscany in Italy). However, Latin completely superseded Etruscan, leaving only a few documents and a few loanwords in Latin (e.g. persona from Etruscan phersu), and some place-names, like Parma. Although some scholars claim that Etruscan is distantly related to Indo-European, and others that it is part of some theoretical super-family like Nostratic, there is no conclusive evidence of either. Etruscan is thought to be related to Rhaetic and Camunic, two ancient but minor languages of northern Italy. Also, two inscribed stelae found on the island of Lemnos are written in a tongue much akin to Etruscan, though their relation is yet unknown. Due to its isolation, no significant certain translations.
Gaulish language - Gaulish language Gaulish is a now-extinct Celtic language that was spoken in Gaul before Gaul was conquered by the Franks. it is known from a few, quite small pieces of writing. It is a Continental Celtic language, with a fairly complicated inflecting morphology. It has six or seven cases. Unfortunately for the future of the language, it was, in fact, quite similar to Latin. This meant that the Gauls had little trouble learning Latin, and, as that was the dominant language at the time, the language died out, though not until after Gaul began to be conquered. Gregory of Tours mentions that there were still some people in his area who knew how to speak Gaulish at the time he wrote, in the sixth century. The language.
Etruscan civilization - Etruscan civilization The Etruscan civilization existed in Etruria in the northern part of what is now Italy prior to the formation of the Roman Republic. Etruscans were a non-Indo-European folk who inhabited northern and central Italy before 800 BC. Some scholars believed they migrated from the eastern steppes; Herodotus records the legend that they came from Lydia, which has support from non-Greek inscriptions found on the island of Lemnos that appear to be in a language related to Etruscan, and have been dated to the sixth century BC. During the 700s BC, the Etruscans developed into a series of autonomous city-states: Arretium (Arezzo), Caisra (Caere or modern Cerveteri), Clevsin (Clusium or modern Chiusi), Curtun (modern Cortona), Perusna (Perugia), Fufluna or Pupluna (Populonia), Veii, Tarchna (Tarquinii or.
Etruscan - Etruscan See: Etruscan civilization Etruscan language Etruscan alphabet Etruscan mythology This is a disambiguation page; that is, one that just points to other pages that might otherwise have the same name. If you followed a link here, you might want to go back and fix that link to point to the appropriate specific page..
Etruscan mythology - Etruscan mythology The Etruscanss were a race of northern Italians eventually integrated into Rome. Many of the deities listed below were eventually part of the Roman pantheon. Caveat: Since no written Etruscan literary texts have survived, two short incomplete texts, and only a modest number of inscriptions, the Etruscan language itself it not yet very well understood. The works of earlier Latin writers on Etruscan religious survivals would have filled the gap, if any of them had survived. Undaunted, modern Europeans looking for alternative cultural roots, embrace the dimly-perceived Etruscans, as everything that the Romans were not: not warlike, not patriarchal, not authoritarian. Consequently any list of Etruscan deities, with pronouncements concerning their character, must be taken in a spirit of caution Any modern discussion of.
Camunic Language - Camunic Language Camunic is an extinct language once spoken by the Camunni tribe that dwelt in the Val Camonica, Brescia, Italy. The language is of unknown classification, though the Etruscan and Rhaetic languages are thought to be related. Camunic writing is found mainly on rocks in a modified version of the Etruscan alphabet. About 70 short inscriptions, all dating from the first millennium BCE, are known. Most were found within the Val Camonica. The tongue likely died out some time in the 1st century BCE due to Latin expansion..
Sardinian language - Sardinian language Sardinian (Sardu) is the main language spoken in the island of Sardinia, Italy, and it is considered the most conservative of all Romance languages. The particular history of the island, practically isolated from the Continent for thousands of years, and only in recent times allowed to easily communicate with the mainland, made it possible to preserve with a certain vividness the distinct traces of the linguistic invasions or influences. These presumably met the original language of Nuragici people and interacted with it to build the essential structure of Sardinian. These cultural contacts are commonly identified in: (very concisely, and just for a rough scheme) Mediterranean influences Etruscan Phoenician and Euro-African Protohiberian and Hispano-Caucasican Ligurian Latin Catalan Spanish Italian The basic origins of Sardinian language (by.
Sacred language - Sacred language A sacred language is a language, frequently a dead language, that is cultivated for religious reasons by people who speak another language in their daily life. In particular, a liturgical language is a sacred language. The traditions involved in religious ritual and liturgy quite frequently provide a place where archaic forms of language occur. One of the last places the obsolescent English pronoun thou remains in frequent use is in religious liturgy; wherever the Authorised Version of the Bible is read, or older versions of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer are in use. The use of a sacred language represents a further development of this practice. Here, language has changed so far from the language of the sacred texts that the language of the.
Sumerian language - Sumerian language The Sumerian language of ancient Sumer (or, more accurately, Shumer) became extinct and was forgotten until the 19th century. It does not have any known affinities to other languages (though many theories, linking it to Hungarian, Basque, Etruscan and many other languages exist). This distinguishes it from other languages of the area such as Hebrew, Akkadian, which also comprises Babylonian and Assyrian, and Aramaic, which are Semitic languages. Sumerian was the first known written language. The script, called cuneiform, meaning "wedge-shaped", was later also used for Akkadian. It was even adapted to Indo-European languages like Hittite (which also had a hieroglyphic script, as did the Egyptians) and Old Persian, though the latter merely used the same instruments, and the letter shapes were unrelated. The language.
Numbers in various languages - a table of the numbers 0 through 10 in a sample of the languages and writings of the world. Language 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Indo-European languages ---- Germanic languages ---- English zero one two three four five six seven eight nine ten Dutch nul een twee drie vier vijf zes zeven acht negen tien German null eins zwei drei vier fünf sechs sieben acht neun zehn Swedish noll en (ett) två tre fyra fem sex sju åtta nio tio Italic and Romance languages ---- Latin unus duo tres quattuor quinque sex septem octo novem decem Catalan zero un dos tres quatre cinc sis set vuit nou deu French zéro un deux trois quatre cinq six sept huit neuf dix Italian zero uno due tre.
Language isolate - Language isolate A language isolate is a language with no clear relationship to or affinity with other languages. Unlike English, which is clearly related to other Germanic languages, or the various Chinese languages, isolates generally stand apart from their surrounding languages in terms of their phonology, grammar, and syntax. Examples include Basque, Ainu, Burushaski, and Japanese. Isolate languages are often the subject of intensive studies in order to attempt proof of genetic relationships between languages. Basque, for instance, has been the subject of comparisons to the South Caucasian languages and the Indo-European language family. Some languages are isolates because all the other languages in that language family have died. The Pirahã language of Brazil is one such language, the last language alive belonging to the Mura.
List of languages - languages is alphabetical by English name. For a more structured list, see Language families and languages, ISO 639 or List of languages by total speakers. Ethnologue lists about 6,800 main languages in its language name index (see the external link) and distinguishs about 41,000 alternate language names and dialects. This is a list of natural and constructed languages spoken by humans. See also a list of programming languages. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A Afrikaans Ainu Albanian Aleut Algonquin Amhara Amharic Anglo-Saxon Apache A-Pucikwar Arabic / عربية (Semitic) Aragonese Aramaic Arawak Armenian Assamese Assyrian Asturian Avestan Azerbaijani B Balochi Bambara Bavarian Basque Belarusian (Slavic) Bemba Berber Bété Biafran Bihari Blackfoot.
List of undeciphered languages - languages 2 Partially deciphered languages 3 Deciphered languages Undeciphered languages Etruscan Guanche Iberic language Linear A (Minoan script) Pictish language The language in Phaistos Disk Rongo rongo The language of the Voynich Manuscript Partially deciphered languages Maya Incan Quipus Deciphered languages Cuneiform (Sumerian) Ancient Egyptian Linear B (Minoan script) Sumerian language.
List of extinct languages - Tasmanian (late 1800s) Oceania Philippines Agta, Dicamay Ayta, Tayabas Papua New Guinea Aribwatsa Bina Taiwan Basay Europe Italy Camunic Dalmatian, Italy, Croatia Etruscan Faliscan Latin, Rome and the Roman Empire. Probably the most famous dead language of all (but it is still used for technical terms) Oscan Umbrian Romania Dacian, Romania, Moldova England Cornish, Cornwall Manx, (1974) (but is being revived as a second language) Spain Gothic, Iberia Germany Prussian Province of Prussia Please move these languages to the appropiate category Obodirits, Wends, Polabians Meklemburg, Rugen Catawba Kakadu (Gagadju), Big Bill Neidjie (July 2002) Shuadit or Judeo-Provençal See also: endangered language, list of endangered languages.
I - letter in the Latin alphabet, derived from the Greek iota (Ι, ι). It stood for the vowel /i/, the same as in the Etruscan alphabet. In Latin (as in Modern Greek) /j/ (as English Y in YOKE) was added. In Semitic, /j/ was the usual sound value of Jôd (probably originally a pictogram for an arm with hand), /i/ only in foreign words. In English, I represents different sounds, among them a diphthong that developed from /i:/ as well as short, open /I/ as in BILL. The dot over the lowercase 'i' is called a tittle. A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z India represents the letter I in the NATO phonetic.
Volsci - territory lay the little town of Velitrae (Velletri), the birthplace of Augustus. From this town we have a very interesting though brief inscription dating probably from early in the 3rd century BC; it is cut upon a small bronze plate (now in the Naples Museum), which must have once been fixed to some votive object, dedicated to the god Declunus (or the goddess Decluna). The language of this inscription is clear enough to show the very marked peculiarities which rank it close beside the language of the Iguvine Tables (see Iguvitum). It shows on the one hand the labialization of the original velar q (Volscian pis = Latin quis), and on the other hand it palatalizes the guttural c before a following i (Volscian facia Latin faciat). Like Umbrian also, but.
Heberite - (numbers 26:45) both of which may be refered to as Heberites. The researcher is thus advised to discern comments conncerning Heberites carefully. This article concerns itself with the wider category of Eberites and drops the aspirant except in cases where it is used in original sources. Eberites are thought to have been an agglutinative-language speaking people from the Northeast-Mesopotamian Northwest-Iranian & Caucasus areas closely related to the Hurrians. They apparently inhabited a vast teritory in the Caucasus and Anterior Asia in the third and second millennia BCE. Various terms for migrant mercenaries, animal herders and stateless wanderers in the languages of surrounding peoples may have stemmed from this nation's ethnicon. Terms possibly derived from peoples with a related ethnicon amongst later Turko-Slavonic peoples indicates these groups associated them with vulturey &.
V - has Semitic Waw as its letter of origin. The Etruscans somehow simplified the letter to V. Its Etruscan sound value was /u/; but since Latin lacked a letter for /w/, Romans used V for both /w/ and /u/. In Romance languages, V came to represent /v/ which developed from /w/; as German W -- which originally was pronounced as the English letter -- was pronounced /v/ since Middle High German times. At the same time, V was in German pronounced as in English, but the German Vau soon stood for /f/ again (the same is probably now happening in Dutch). See SAMPA Chart for pronunciation key. A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y,.
Geography of the Vatican City - (May to September) Terrain: Low hill. The hill has been called the Vatican Hill (in Latin, Vaticanus Mons) since long before Christianity existed. The name is suspected of belonging originally to the Etruscan language. Elevation extremes: lowest point: unnamed location 19 m highest point: unnamed location 75 m Natural resources: none Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% permanent pastures: 0% forests and woodland: 0% other: 100% (urban area) Irrigated land: 0 sq km (1993) Natural hazards: NA Environment - current issues: NA Environment - international agreements: party to: none of the selected agreements signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution, Environmental Modification Geography - note: urban; landlocked; enclave of Rome, Italy; world's smallest state; outside the Vatican City, 13 buildings in Rome and Castel Gandolfo (the pope's summer residence) enjoy.
Greek alphabet - Greek alphabet The Greek language is written in the Greek alphabet, developed in classical times (around the 9th century BC) and used down to the present. Its letters are nowadays used for a variety of other purposes: as mathematical symbols, as names of stars, and so forth. It is believed that the Greek alphabet was brought to Greece via Phoenician traders. The fact that the Greek alphabet derives from an earlier Semitic script is uncontested, the exact source(s) of the Greek alphabet are however controversial. Sass (94) mentions the Proto-Canaanite and the Phoenician scripts, Coulmas (1989: 142) and Naveh (1979: 55) mention only the Phoenician alphabet. Other theories include as its sources Egypt, Assyria, and Minoan Crete or even many different languages and nations (Polygenetic theory). The Greek letters.
