File sharing - File sharing File-sharing software is used to directly or indirectly transfer files from one computer to another over the Internet, over a smaller Intranet, or across simple networks following the peer-to-peer (P2P) model. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 File-sharing programs 2 File-sharing dynamics 3 Privacy concerns 4 Early models for file sharing 5 File sharing and copyright 6 List of file-sharing utilities 7 Categories of clients: 8 Communities and external links 8.1 Portals 8.2 Mailing Lists 8.3 Newsgroups 8.4 Papers, Articles and Infant Projects 9 Credit File-sharing programs A variety of file-sharing programss is available on several different networks. Availability depends partly on operating system, and different networks have different features (for example, multiple-source downloads, different sorts of search limiting, and so on). Several major file-sharing.
Direct connect file-sharing application - Direct connect file-sharing application Direct Connect is (originally) a peer-to-peer file sharing application written by NeoModus, and today is the general type of application used in a Direct Connect network. The Direct Connect network is not as de-centralised as gnutella or FastTrack, since it uses hubs which connect a group of users. Different hubs often have special areas of interest. Hubs often only admit users who share some set amount of bytes or files. Chatting is built into the protocol since the start, and so most hubs are actually small communities, more than just anonymous filesharing. The original Neo-modus client has, in a lot of users' eyes, been superseded by other clients (DC++, DC:PRO), but still continues to be in wide use. The alternative clients share the common.
Incompatible Timesharing System - was another early, revolutionary, and influential MIT time-sharing operating system; it was developed principally by the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at MIT, with some help from Project MAC. It was the system with the first full inter-computer shared file access, the first device-independent graphics terminal output, and numerous other significant advances. Among countless other oddities, its top-level command interpreter was a debugger (DDT) whose commands looked like line noise, and its main editor, TECO, was programmable in a similar-looking gibberish. ITS was developed on the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-6 and PDP-10 mainframe computers. ITS was produced by people who disagreed with the direction taken by Multics; the name was a hack on CTSS. Further Reading Donald E. Eastlake, ITS Reference Manual, Version 1.5, (MIT AI Laboratory, 1969) documents a very early version.
File transfer protocol - File transfer protocol The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a part of the Internet protocol suite that is able to transfer computer files between machines with widely different operating systems. It is an 8-bit protocol, capable of handling any type of file without further processing such as MIME or UUEncode. However, FTP has extremely high latency; that is, the time between beginning the request and starting to receive the required data can be quite long, and a sometimes-lengthy login procedure is required. OSI model Application layer FTP SMTP HTTP ... Transport layer TCP UDP Network layer IP ICMP ARP data link layer Ethernet Token Ring FDDI ... FTP is standardized in RFC 0959 by the IETF as: RFC 0959 File Transfer Protocol (FTP). J. Postel, J..
Coda (file system) - Coda (file system) Coda is an experimental distributed file system, developed at Carnegie Mellon University since 1987, under the direction of M. Satyanarayanan. It is based on the older AFS, a similar but less advanced distributed file system. Major features include: Disconnected operation - Disconnect from the file server and carry on working Client-side caching - Improves performance by reducing the need to fetch data from the server Replication - Store and manipulate the same data on multiple servers, to improve reliability and scalability Security - Uses a security system derived from Kerberos Well-defined semantics of sharing, even with network failures Coda is still under development, and the emphasis appears to be on moving from a very good research project to a useful filesystem ready for large-scale.
Kendra initiative - films, by creating compromises between the desires of producers and consumers of digital media. See also: micropayments metadata intellectual property copyright file sharing MusicBrainz.
January 2003 - Party of Canada picks Toronto city councillor Jack Layton as its new leader, replacing Alexa McDonough, at its convention in Toronto. Layton wins on the first ballot, beating veteran MP Bill Blaikie. January 24, 2003 War on Terrorism: The United States Department of Homeland Security officially begins operation and former governor Tom Ridge takes command. Reorganization of other departments effected by its creation in the United States Government will continue for some time. This represents the largest reorganization of the United States Government since the creation of the United States Department of Defense during World War II. January 22, 2003 The RIAA, a music industry lobbying group, announces that Hilary Rosen will step down as head of the organization at the end of 2003. Rosen achieved notoriety on the Internet for.
Janus Friis - is a Danish entrepreneur best known for co-founding the file-sharing applications Kazaa and Skype, the peer-to-peer telephony application..
Virtual Memory System - (now owned by Hewlett-Packard) in conjunction with their 32-bit VAX processor for use in time sharing, batch processing, and transaction processing. OpenVMS also runs on the 64-bit Alpha processor, and an upcoming port has been demonstrated on the Itanium processor. OpenVMS also supports clustering (called VAXcluster or later VMScluster), where multiple systems share processing, job queues, print queues, and disk storage, connected either by specialized hardware or Ethernet. An Ethernet-based cluster is called a LAVC, for local area network VMScluster. OpenVMS supports up to 96 nodes in a single cluster. OpenVMS can be divided into three layers the kernel, made up of input/output, memory management, and process/time management subsystems core services, made up of DCL, RMS, DECwindows (OpenVMS's X11 compliant windowing system), and the RTLs utility programs for support, system management,.
IANAL - give legal advice, or otherwise practicing as a lawyer without legal qualifications and official registration. This expression became more and more common on online web forums starting from the year 2000, when debate about file sharing and peer-to-peer applications started to focus on copyright, privacy and fair use issues. Frequently, people start their comments with IANAL to say that they are not a legal professional before stating their opinion. Sometimes, in a somewhat humorous way, one of the chat participants is actually a lawyer, and will start his message with IAAL (I am a lawyer). On Slashdot it is popular to start postings with "IANAL, but...". Note: Most Wikipedians are not lawyers, and Wikipedia does not give legal advice.
IMesh - IMesh iMesh is a sharing service that uses the FastTrack protocol, founded by Israeli company iMesh.com. On September 18, the RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America) has sued iMesh for copyright infringement as the 3rd largest file sharing network. External Links iMesh home/download page news about sueing from wire (in German).
Internet pornography - to make more personal decisions about what is appropriate for their children, according to the individual beliefs of the parent and the maturity of the child. A significant concern has been the distribution of child pornography, one of the few areas which has been subject to significant law enforcement activity in many countries. Unlike normal pornography, the production and possession of child pornography is a crime in many jurisdictions, leading to a substantial number of prosecutions. Child pornography is today mostly distributed on the Internet in online communities that are by-invitation-only. Today there are many sources of internet pornography; the most common are the web, usenet, IRC, instant messaging, and various peer-to-peer file sharing networks such as GNUtella and KaZaA. Efforts by some large copyright groups to restrict distribution of their.
InfoAnarchy wiki - subject of information retrieval, distribution and management. It is part of the infoAnarchy website. The wiki states it is dedicated to: information related to file sharing, copyright, the gift economy, cyber liberties, peer to peer research, information tools, and similar topics which are discussed on infoAnarchy. [1] The website slogan is: "Which future do you want to live in?" This alludes to the perspective that, if traditional intellectual property laws are rigidly enforced, the digital commons of the Internet might be destroyed. The infoAnarchy wiki uses the UseMod software. The rest of the infoAnarchy website is based on Scoop. All content contributed to the wiki is in the public domain and may therefore be freely used for any purpose..
Information good - typical examples of information goods include a CD containing pieces of music, a DVD containing a movie, a computer file which is a piece of program, a book containing short stories, and so on. In information goods, the valuable part is a pattern in which the material is arranged - the arrangement of ink on paper, paint on canvas, magnetic elements on a tape, a series of dents (pits) on a compact disc, etc. Those patterns might be either directly consumed by humans (through reading, viewing, etc.) or may be used to operate other devices such as a cassette player or a computer. The working of device, in turn, may produce some consumable pattern of information (such as visual, sound, or text), another pattern for the use of other devices, or.
Information science glossary of terms - to a text. Reference lists are often annotated with comments about what each resource covered and how useful it was. An appendix is a group of supplementary material appended to a text. It is usually related to the material in the main part of the text but not so closely related to it that it should be put into the main text. Put background information and supporting facts in the appendices. An example of a file that should be put in an appendix is a file of detailed charts and graphs of resent research closely related to the paper's main topic. An archive is a place in which historical documents and other records are preserved. Usually operated by large organizations, they may or may not be open to the public. The.
Health economics - internal value, to estimate the own progress, to control its functioning and its dysfunctions, to settle tensions between its members and the other groups of the environment. By these tools the study group controls itself, is reflected and controls itself in least costs and for the best possible result. Three levels of strategic control of health depenses A system of strategy is generally divided into four levels of control of piloting of the chain of internal value -Software packages of control of the global management of the functions of the centre of health -Software packages of global strategic regulation of costs - performances in real time -Software packages specialized of the extension of particular functions ABC-ABM Software packages of control of the global management of the functions of the.
History of the Internet - separate MILNET network, and the ARPANET was shut down. Commercialization and Privatization Parallel to the ARPANET, other networks were growing. Some were educational and centrally-organized like BITNET and CSNET. Others were a grass-roots mix of school, commercial, and hobby like the UUCP network. During the late 1980s the first Internet Service Provider companies were formed. Companies like PSINet, UUNET, Netcom, and Portal were formed to provide service to the regional research networks and provide alternate network access (like UUCP-based email and Usenet News) to the public. The interest in commercial use of the Internet became a hotly-debated topic. Although commercial use was forbidden, the exact definition of commercial use could be unclear and subjective. Everyone agreed that one company sending an invoice to another company was clearly commercial use, but anything.
History of Microsoft Windows - counterparts could. Although the Operating System itself would no longer use Real Mode, its API used the 16-bit Protected Mode (the smallest common denominator), and so applications also had to be compiled in a 16-bit environment, without ever using the full 32-bit capabilities of the 386 CPU. However, the features listed above, as well as the growing market support made Windows 3.0 wildly successful; selling around 10 million copies in the two years before the release of version 3.1, Windows 3.0 became a major source of income for Microsoft, and led the company to revise some of its earlier plans. A step sideways: OS/2 During the mid to late 1980s, Microsoft and IBM had co-operatively been developing OS/2 as a successor to DOS, to take full advantage of the aforementioned Protected.
Hilary Rosen - During her tenure, the RIAA and similar lobbying groups have achieved many legal victories in the United States, including: The dismantling of the Napster and Audiogalaxy Internet file-trading services. Passage of the controversial Digital Millennium Copyright Act. The Supreme Court's decision in the Eldred v. Ashcroft case, which rules that the United States Congress has the authority to extend copyrights indefinitely. Rosen also created initiatives designed to encourage industry adoption of new digital copyright protection technologies, including copy protected CDs and a number of digital rights management-enabled media formats for personal computers. Copy protected CDs did not prove popular with consumers as they cannot be played in most car CD players or on PCs, and only a few pilot titles were ever distributed with the technology. DRM enabled media formats, which.
Hotline - the Cold War. It was established in 1963 after the Cuban missile crisis made it clear that reliable, direct communications between the two great powers was a vital necessity. Source: from Federal Standard 1037C Hotline Connect is a pioneering file sharing and peer-to-peer tool which offers central servers over the Hotline protocol, and several clients. The Hotline Software, now under the company Hotsprings Inc., services version 1.9.1 and has released the source code to the public. OpenSprings.org is the web site devoted to public input to the software External Link Hotsprings Inc. OpenSprings.
