First Babylonian Dynasty - First Babylonian Dynasty The chronology of the first dynasty of Babylonia is debated, because there is a Babylonian King List A and a Babylonian King List B. Hereby we follow temporarily the regnal years of List A, because those are widely used, although we believe that the other list is better, at least for one or two reigns out of the first six. (The reigns in List B are longer, in general. Unfortunately, it is not available for the editor. Please add the info here if you have it.) First Babylonian Dynasty: 1959-1945 Su-abu or Suum-abum 1945-1909 Sumula-ilum 1909-1895 Sabium or Sabum 1895-1877 Apil-Sin 1877-1857 Sin-muballit 1857-1814 Hammurabi 1814-1776 Samsu-ilana 1776-1748 Abi-eshuh or Abieshu 1748-1711 Ammi-ditana 1711-1690 Ammi-zaduga or Ammisaduqa 1690-1659 Samsu-ditana Hammurabi's other name was.
Kings of Babylon - Babylon, a major city of ancient Mesopotamia, in modern Iraq. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 First Dynasty of Babylon 2 Early Kassite Monarchs 3 Sealand Dynasty (Dynasty II of Babylon) 4 Kassite Dynasty (Third Dynasty of Babylon) 5 Dynasty IV of Babylon, from Isin 6 Dynasty V of Babylon 7 Dynasty VI of Babylon 8 Dynasty VII of Babylon 9 Dynasty VIII of Babylon 10 Dynasty IX of Babylon 11 Dynasty IX of Babylon 12 Dynasty X of Babylon (Assyrians and Chaldeans) 13 Dynasty XI of Babylon (Neo-Babylonian or Chaldean) First Dynasty of Babylon This uses the traditional Middle Chronology, although there is now reason to believe it may be too early by as much as a century. Sumu-abum 1894-1881 BCE Sumu-la-El 1880-1845 BCE Sabium 1844-1831 BCE Apil-S�n 1830-1813 BCE Sin-muballit.
Jewish history - Jewish history Ancient Israelites For the first two periods the history of the Jews is mainly that of Palestine. It begins among those peoples which occupied the area lying between the Nile river on the one side and the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers on the other. Surrounded by ancient seats of culture in Egypt and Babylonia, by the deserts of Arabia, and by the highlands of Asia Minor, the land of Canaan (later Judea, then Palestine, then Israel) was a meeting place of civilizations. The land was traversed by old-established trade routes and possessed important harbors on the Gulf of Akaba and on the Mediterranean coast, the latter exposing it to the influence of other cultures of the Fertile Crescent. Traditionally Jews around the world claim descendance mostly from.
History of Palestine - occupied by Jordan (the West Bank) and Egypt (the Gaza Strip) from 1948 to 1967, when Israel occupied those areas in the Six Day War. Since that time, the Palestinians have struggled to assert their own independence, either in all the territories of Palestine or in the West Bank and Gaza Strip particularly. To date, efforts to resolve the conflict have ended in deadlock, and the people of Palestine, Jews and Arabs, are engaged in a bloody conflict. In current usage, then, the term Palestine describes the geographical area, the geopolitical unit in its colonial boundaries, or, most frequently, the proposed state of the Palestinian people. The disputes of the last half century in Israel and Palestine have their immediate origins in the Zionist movement of the 19th century in Europe,.
History of ancient Israel and Judah - belief in the One God, which initiates the beginning of Judaism. Abraham marries Sarai (later named Sarah). Abraham and his extended clan move to the land of Canaan (Israel). Most modern historians now dispute the historical accuracy of all the patriarchal narratives in the Bible; these events are held by many to be largely, or perhaps entirely, mythical. Abraham's grandson Jacob was later renamed Israel, and according to the Biblical account his 12 sons became the fathers of the 12 tribes of Israel (see the article on Israelites for more info on this topic.) [1] [1] How did the descendants of the Israelites become slaves? Did they become slaves at all? The historical background behind this narrative is unclear. A few historians believe that this may have been due to the.
History of anti-Semitism - Hanukkah in commemoration of their victory. 2nd century BCE: Mnaseas of Patros, a Greek author, reports that the Jews worship a donkey's head in the Holy of Holies. (Repeated by Apollonius Molon, Democritus, Apion, Plutarch, Tacitus) 59 BCE Cicero denounces Judaism as barbara superstitio, describes Jews as people born to be slaves. 66-73 Great Jewish Revolt against the Romans is crushed by Vespasian and Titus Flavius. Titus refuses to accept a wreath of victory, as there is "no merit in vanquishing people forsaken by their own God". (Philostratus, Vita Apollonii) 1st century Fabrications of Apion in Alexandria, Egypt, including the first recorded blood libel. Tacitus writes in Histories that Jews regard "the rest of mankind with all the hatred of enemies", calls for their expulsion from Rome. Juvenal writes anti-Jewish poetry..
General features of Aegean civilization - who show in all their best work a strong sense of natural form and an appreciation of ideal balance and decorative effect, such as are seen in the best products of later Hellenic art. Architectural ornament was also highly developed. The richness of the Aegean capitals and columns may be judged by those from the "Treasury of Atreus" now set up in the British Museum; and of the friezes we have examples in Mycenaean and Cnossian fragments, and Cnossian paintings. The magnificent gold work of the later period, preserved to us at Mycenae and Vaphio, needs only to be mentioned. It should be compared with stone work in Crete, especially the steatite vases with reliefs found at Hagia Triada. On the whole, Aegean art, at its two great periods, in the.
Damascus - now a church Ommayad or Hammayad mosque Fountains History Damascus, settled about 2500 B.C., is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. It was the capital of a powerful Aramaic state in the 9th and 8th Centuries BC, before being captured and sacked by the Assyrians. At that point, it lost its independence for hundreds of years, falling under Neo-Babylonian, Persian, Seleucid, and Roman rule. Damascus was conquered by the Caliph Omar in A.D. 636. Immediately thereafter, the city's power and prestige reached its peak when it became the capital of the Omayyad Empire, which extended from Spain to India from A.D. 661 to A.D. 750, when the Abbasid caliphate was established at Baghdad, Iraq. After this, Damascus was ruled from Baghdad, and then, for a time, by.
Akkadian Empire - Kazalla and in Babylonia itself. Contract tablets have been found dated in the years of the campaigns against Palestine and Sarlak, king of Gutium or Kurdistan, and copper is mentioned as being brought from Magan or the Sinai peninsula. Sargon's son and successor, Naram-Sin, followed up the successes of his father by marching into Magan, whose king he took captive. He assumed the imperial title of "king Naram-Sin," of the four zones, and, like his father, was addressed as a god. He is even called "the god of Agade" (Akkad), reminding us of the divine honours claimed by the Pharaohs of Egypt, whose territory now adjoined that of Babylonia. A finely executed bas relief, representing Naram-Sin, and bearing a striking resemblance to early Egyptian art in many of its features, has.
Amorite - portion of earlier highland mountaineer, or hillmen, descendants of Canaan (Gen. 14:7) who inhabited that land. In early Babylonian inscriptions all western lands including Syria and Palestine, were known as "the land of the Amorites." The Amorites were warlike mountain people. They are represented on the Egyptian monuments with fair skins, light hair, blue eyes, aquiline noses, and pointed beards. In the Bible, they are supposed to have been a powerful people of great stature "like the height of the cedars," who had occupied the land east and west of the Jordan river; their king, Og, being described as the last "of the remnant of the giants" (Deut. 3:11). The old name is an ethnic term, evidently to be connected with the terms Amurru and Amar, used by Assyria and Egypt.
Arch - in spanning structural members into compression stresses only. Stone is weak in tension and cannot span signficant distances without collapsing under its own weight. By configuring it into an arch, signficant spans can be achieved. Arches were used by the Egyptian, Babylonian, Greek and Assyrian civilizations for underground structures such as drains and vaults, but the ancient Romans were the first to use them widely above ground. The so-called Roman arch is semicircular, and built from an odd number of arch bricks (in modern architectural parlance, these are called voussoirs). The capstone or keystone is the topmost stone in the arch. This shape is the simplest to build, but not the strongest. There is a tendency for the sides to bulge outwards, which must be counteracted by an added weight of.
Arts of the ancient world - 3.5 The Mycenaen Civilization 3.6 Hellenic Greece 3.7 Hellenistic Greece Arts of Ancient Mesopotamia Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq), is often considered the "cradle of civilization." Within its boundaries, the most ancient civilizations known to man first developed writing and agriculture. Many civilizations flourished there, leaving behind a rich legacy of ancient art. Sumeria Sumeria is considered by many to be the first civilization - archaeological evidence attests to their existence during the 5th millennium BC. The Sumerians were the first to develop pottery. They decorated their works with cedar oil paints. The Sumerians also developed jewellery. One of the most remarkable artifact remaining from the Sumerian civilization is known as the Standard of Ur. Dated to approximately 2500 B.C., the Standard is a wooden box inlaid with shells and lapis lazuli..
Baal - the occurrence of such names as Jerubbaal (Gideon), Eshbaal (one of Saul's sons) and Beeliada (a son of David). The last name also appears as Eliada, showing that El (plural Elohim, 'the gods') was regarded by the Hebrews as equivalent to Baal: compare the name Be’aliah, "Yahweh is baal" (or lord), which survives in 1 Chronicles 12:5. However, in the 7th century BCE, when the name Baal was restricted to contexts of idolatrous worship, abhorrence for the word was marked by writing the vowels of bosheth ('shameful thing') for baal in compound proper names, and thus we get the forms Ishbosheth, Mephibosheth. Baal and 'Baalim' The great difficulty which has been felt by investigators in determining the character and attributes of the god Baal mainly arises from the original appellative sense.
Cambyses II - (Chronicle of Nabonidus), and in the cylinder which contains Cyrus's proclamation to the Babylonians his name is joined to that of his father in the prayers to Marduk. On a tablet dated from the first year of Cyrus, Cambyses is called king of Babel. But his authority seems to have been quite ephemeral; it was only in 530 BC, when Cyrus set out on his last expedition into the East, that he associated Cambyses on the throne, and numerous Babylonian tablets of this time are dated from the accession and the first year of Cambyses, when Cyrus was "king of the countries" (i.e. of the world). After the death of his father in the spring of 528 BC Cambyses became sole king. The tablets dated from his reign in Babylonia go.
Chronology of Babylonia and Assyria - the lists, and in some of them the chief events of the year are added to the name of its archon, Assyrian chronology is, therefore, certain from 911 B.C. to 666, and an eclipse of the sun which is stated to have been visible in the month Sivan, 763 B.C., is one that has been calculated to have taken place on the 15th of June of that year. The system of reckoning time by limmi was of Assyrian. origin, and recent discoveries have made it clear that it went back to the first days of the monarchy. Even in the distant colony at Kara Euyuk near Kaisariyeh (Caesarea) in Cappadocia cuneiform tablets show that the Assyrian settlers used it in the 15th century B.C. In Babylonia a different system was adopted..
Chronological systems of Babylonia and Assyria - the chief schemes of chronology that have been suggested; a short account will then be given of the latest discoveries in this branch of research, and of the manner in Which they affect the problems at issue. It will be convenient to begin with the later historical periods, and then to push our inquiry into the earlier periods of Babylonian and Sumerian history. Up to certain points no difference of opinion exists upon the dates to be assigned to the later kings who ruled in Babylon and in Assyria. The Ptolemaic Canon gives a list of the Babylonian, Assyrian and Persian kings who ruled, in Babylon, together with the number of years each of them reigned, from the accession of Nabonassar in 747 BC to the conquest of Babylon by Alexander.
Xerxes I - 465 BC) of the Achaemenid dynasty. "Xerxes" is the Greek attempt to spell the Persian name Khshayarsha. In the Bible Xerxes I is known as Ahasuerus. A son of Darius I and Atossa, the daughter of Cyrus the Great, he was appointed successor to his father in preference to his eldest half-brothers, who were born before Darius had become king. After his accession in October 485 BC he suppressed the revolt in Egypt which had broken out in 486 BC, appointed his brother Achaemenes as henchman (or khshathrapavan, satrap) bringing Egypt under a very strict rule. His predecessors, especially Darius, had not been successful in their attempts to conciliate the ancient civilizations. This probably was the reason why Xerxes in 484 BC abolished the Kingdom of Babel and took away the.
Cyrus the Great - was a king of Persia, famous for his military prowess and mercy. He is considered to be the first significant king of Persia and the founder of the vast Persian Empire; he was however not the very first king of Persia, nor the first king of the Achaemenid Dynasty. The name "Cyrus" is the Greek version of the Persian Koroush or Khorvash meaning: "Like the sun" -- in Persian khour means "sun" and vash is a suffix of similarity. His ancestors of the Achaemenid Dynasty for several generations had ruled the kingdom of Anshan, in what is now southwestern Iran. In a cylinder inscription, Cyrus himself designates his predecessors in the throne of this small kingdom. The founder of this dynasty was King Achaemenes of Anshan (c. 700 BC) who was.
Tirhakah - - the last king of Egypt of the Ethiopian (the fifteenth) dynasty. The Bible states that he was the brother-in-law of So. He probably ascended the throne about 692 BC, having been previously king of Ethiopia (2 Kings 19:9; Isaiah 37:9), which with Egypt now formed one nation. He was a great warrior, but little is known of him. The Assyrian armies under Esarhaddon, and again under Assur-bani-pal, invaded Egypt and defeated Tirhakah, who afterwards retired into Ethiopia, where he died, after reigning twenty-six years. A revised new date has been offered for Tirkahah's reign. It is well-known that he had several wars with Esarhaddon king of Assyria, and one or two wars during the first four regnal years of Assurbanipal. The absolute dates are a function of Esarhaddon's reign that.
Timeline of invention - be invented in an impractical form many years before another inventor improves the invention into a practical form. Where there is ambiguity, the date of the first practical, fielded, version of the invention should be used here. 8th millennium BC Domestication of farm animals (sheep and goats, Persia) cultivation of cereals in Mesopotamia first walled town (Jericho) 7th millennium BC Pottery fabric the wedge use of metal (copper jewelry, Anatolia) 4th millennium BC 33rd century BC cuneiform writing in Sumer wheeled vehicles the potter's wheel the plow 31st century BC hieroglyphics in Egypt 3rd millennium BC ideographic writing in China bronze tents sledges - Scandinavia levers 27th century BC Pyramids in Ancient Egypt. See also Egyptology 23rd century BC clay maps in Babylon 22nd century BC Babylonian calendar modifications to account.
