First Sale Doctrine - First Sale Doctrine First Sale doctrine is an exception to copyright codified in the US Copyright Act, section 109. The doctrine of first sale allows the purchaser to transfer a particular, legally acquired copy of protected work without permission once it has been obtained. That means the distribution rights of a copyright holder end on that particular copy once the copy is sold. Doctrine of first sale prohibits renting and leasing phonorecords (recorded music) and computer software although private non-profit archives and libraries are allowed to lend these items provided thay include a copyright notice on the copy. US courts upheld doctrine of first sale in Softman v. Adobe [1] and Novell, Inc. v. CPU Distrib., Inc when applied to software even if the software contains.
Doctrine - Doctrine Doctrine, from Latin doctrina, (compare doctor), means "a body of teachings" or "instructions", taught principles or positions, as the body of teachings in a branch of knowledge or belief system. The Greek analogy is the etymology of catechism. Often doctrine specifically connotes a corpus of religious dogma as it is promulgated by a church, but not necessarily: doctrine is also used to refer to a principle of law, in the common law traditions, established through a history of past decisions (such as the doctrine of self-defense, or the principle of Fair use, or the more narrowly applicable First Sale Doctrine) in the U.S., or to a statement of policy, especially in international relations, such as the Monroe Doctrine, a body of axioms fundamental to American.
Intellectual property education - infringing. When installing a program, a copy is made to the hard drive, when launching a copy is made into memory, when visiting a web page a copy is sent over the network. All these activities are allowed in the US under section 117 Limitations on exclusive rights: Computer programs of the US Copyright Act and do not violate US copyright law, provided that the sale of software is considered a sale under the Uniform Commercial Code, which has substantial case law to support this argument, and not a licesnse. The crux of the current debate on copyrights is actually due to the nature of electronic information systems themselves. The problem stems because transfixing a computer program into the memory of an electronic information system is not permanent without a storage.
Isaac Newton (in-depth biography) - is reported that in his examination for a scholarship at Trinity, to which he was elected on April 28, 1664, he was examined in Euclid by Dr Isaac Barrow, who was disappointed in Newton's lack of knowledge on the subject. Newton was convinced to read the Elements again with care, and formed a more favourable estimate of Euclid's merits. The study of Descartes's Geometry seems to have inspired Newton with a love of the subject, and introduced him to the higher mathematics. In a small commonplace book, dated of January 1664, there are several articles on angular sections, and the squaring of curves and "crooked lines that may be squared," several calculations about musical notes, geometrical propositions from Francis Vieta and Frans van Schooten, annotations out of John Wallis's Arithmetic of.
Harriet Martineau - her daughters soon after lost all their means by the failure of the house where their money was placed. Harriet had to earn her living, and, being precluded by deafness from tenching, took up authorship in earnest. Besides reviewing for the Repository she wrote stories (afterwards collected as Traditions of Palestine), gained in one year (1830) three essay-prizes of the Unitarian Association, and eked out her income by needlework. In 1831 she was seeking a publisher for a series of tales designed as Illustrations of Political Economy. After many failures she accepted disadvantageous terms from Charles James Fox, to whom she was introduced by his brother, the editor of the Repository. The sale of the first of the series was immediate and enormous, the demand increased with each new number, and.
History of the United States (1980-present) - 1 The Reagan Revolution 1.1 Changing demographics and the growth of the Sunbelt 1.2 The growth of conservatism, the assault on Détente, and the elections of 1980 1.3 Supply-side economics and the fiscal crisis 1.4 Reagan and the world 2 The post-Cold War era 2.5 Campaign '88 and the first Bush administration 2.6 The Persian Gulf War 2.7 The election of 1992 2.8 The Clinton years 3 Related Topics The Reagan Revolution Changing demographics and the growth of the Sunbelt The most widely discussed demographic phenomenon of the 1970s was the rise of the "Sunbelt," the Southwest, Southeast, and especially Florida and California (surpassing New York as the nation's most populous state in 1964). By 1980, the population of the Sunbelt had risen to exceed that of the industrial regions of.
Hillel the Elder - showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 His Position 2 Hillel and Shammai 3 The Golden Rule 4 Love of Peace 5 The Study of the Law 6 Hillel's Influence His Position According to the Mishnah Hillel went to Jerusalem with the intention of studying Biblical exposition and of tradition. The difficulties which Hillel had to overcome in order to be admitted to their school, and the hardships he suffered while pursuing his aim, are told in a touching passage (Talmud, tractate Yoma 35b), the ultimate purpose of which is to show that poverty can not be considered as an obstacle to the study of the Law. Some time later, Hillel succeeded in settling a question concerning the sacrificial ritual in a manner which showed his superiority over the Bene Bathyra, who were at that time.
Gun politics - gun related deaths are a result of domestic violence, accidents and suicides that guns are often of little use as self defense for the typical owner because in the incidents where a hostile encounter with an armed criminal occurs, the criminal is usually more experienced and skilled with his/her weapon that even against unarmed criminals, the presence of a gun serves most often simply to escalate the likelihood and/or severity of violence that citizens have no need to own guns to protect themselves against crime, since this is the task of the government that citizens of First World countries today have no need to protect themselves against their governments, or that even if such a need should arise, it would be hopeless anyway to take up individual small arms against the.
Edward Bouverie Pusey - to a fellowship at Oriel. He thus became a member of a society which already contained some of the ablest of his contemporaries--among them John Henry Newman and John Keble. Between 1825 and 1827 he studied Oriental languages and German theology at the University of Göttingen. His first work, published in 1828, as an answer to Hugh James Rose's Cambridge lectures on rationalist tendencies in German theology, showed a good deal of sympathy with the German "pietists who had striven to deliver Protestantism from its decadence; this sympathy was misunderstood, and Pusey was himself accused of holding rationalist views. In the same year (1828) the Duke of Wellington appointed him to the regius professorship of Hebrew with the attached canonry of Christ Church. The misunderstanding of his position led to the.
Dante Alighieri - Dolce Stil Novo. Brunetto later received a special mention in the Divine Comedy (Inferno, XV, 82), for what he had taught Dante. Other studies are reported, or deduced from Vita Nuova or the Divine Comedy, regarding painting and music. While still young he also met Beatrice Portinari, the daughter of Folco Portinari. It has been said that Dante had seen her only once and never spoke to her (but other versions may be equally valid). It is hard to decipher what this love consisted of, but something extremely important for Italian culture was happening: as it is in the sign of this love that Dante gave his imprint to the Stil Novo and would lead poets and writers to discover the themes of Love (Amore), which had never been so emphasized.
1999 - trial of John William King who is accused of dragging African American James Byrd Jr to death in an apparent hate crime. King was later convicted and sentenced to the death penalty. February 19 - Dennis Franz receives a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. February 22 - Moderate Iraqi Shiite cleric Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr is assassinated. February 23 - Kurdish rebel leader Abdullah Öcalan is charged with treason in Ankara, Turkey. February 23 - White supremacist John William King is found guilty of kidnapping and killing African American James Byrd Jr by dragging him behind a truck for two miles. February 24 - LaGrand Case: The State of Arizona executes Karl LaGrand, a German national involved in an armed robbery that led to a death. Karl's brother Walter is.
Affreightment - the contract involves trading with an enemy. The law interferes again with regard to the interpretation of the contract. The meaning to be given to the words of the contract, or, in other words, its construction, when a dispute arises about it, must be determined by the judge or court. The result is, that certain more or less common clauses in contracts of affreightment have come before the courts for construction, and the decisions in these cases are treated practically, though not perhaps quite logically, as rules of law determining the sense to be put upon certain forms of expression in common use in shipping contracts. A third way in which the law interferes is by laying down certain rules by which the rights of the parties are to be regulated.
August 2003 - into Islamic provinces. Jemaah Islamiyah is also shown to be a well-formed organization with a constitution, rules of operation, and leadership structure. [1] Afghanistan: Soldiers are killed in a remote region (near the town of Shkin) near the Pakistani border. Taliban reinforcements moved into mountainous region in southern Afghanistan where U.S. and Afghan forces have been attacking hideouts in a battle over the past week. [1] August 30, 2003 Software patents: After protests, the European Parliament has postponed its decision about legality of patents on software in the European Union from September 1st to September 22nd. [1] WTO deal to allow poor countries to bypass drug patents and import cheap copies to treat AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. [1] Natural disaster: French official first report from the Institut de Veille Sanitaire was.
Blacks and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints - 1849 to 1978, long after most religions in the United States had abandoned official policies of racial discrimination. This policy was unofficially known as the "Negro doctrine." Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Blacks in the early Latter Day Saint movement 2 Adoption of an Exclusionary Policy 3 Other early Latter-day Saint views on race 4 The Church's Modern Renunciation of Racial Exclusion 5 Related articles 6 External reference Blacks in the early Latter Day Saint movement Some early Latter Day Saints, including Joseph Smith, Jr, believed that black people were the descendants of Canaan, the son of Ham, upon whom Noah put a curse because Canaan laughed at Noah while Noah was intoxicated and naked. See Genesis 9:25, 26. At other times, early Latter Day Saints stated a common American belief.
Copyright - do these things; everyone else is prohibited from doing them without the copyright holder's consent. Copyright is often called a "negative right", to stress that it has less to do with permitting people (e.g. authors) to do anything, and more to do with prohibiting people (e.g. readers, viewers, or listeners) from doing something: reproducing the copyrighted work. In this way it is similar to the Unregistered Design Right in English Law and European Law. Note that copyright law does not restrict resale of copies of works, provided those copies were made by or with the permission of the copyright holder. Thus it is legal, for example, to resell a book or a CD that you have purchased, provided you do not keep a copy for yourself. In the US this is.
Counter-Reformation - or the Catholic Reformation was a strong reaffirmation of the doctrine and structure of the Catholic Church, climaxing at the Council of Trent, in reaction to the growth of Protestantism. Even before the posting of Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses in 1517, there had been evidence of internal reform within the Church, combating trends that heightened demands for radical demands to fundamentally alter the doctrine and structure of the Medieval Church and even contributed to anticlericalism of figures such as John Huss and John Wycliffe in the late fourteenth century. The Catholic Reformation, aimed at correcting the sources of the Reformation, and pronounced since the pontificate of Pope Paul III, was both retaliatory, committed to protecting Catholic institutions and practices from heresy and Protestantism, but also reformist, committed to reform the Church.
Company rule in India - dated from the Battle of Plassey. Robert Clive's victory was consolidated in 1764 at the Battle of Buxar (in Bihar), where the emperor, Shah Alam II, was defeated. As a result, Shah Alam was coerced to appoint the company to be the diwan (collector of revenue) for the areas of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa (this pretense of Mughal control was abandoned in 1827). The company thus became the supreme, but not the titular, power in much of the Ganges Valley, and company agents continued to trade on terms highly favorable to them. The area controlled by the company expanded during the first three decades of the 19th century by two methods. The first was the use of subsidiary agreements (sanad) between the British and the local rulers, under which control of.
Cold War (1962-1991) - and the United States kept an iron-gripped control over their spheres of influence. President Lyndon Johnson landed 22,000 troops in the Dominican Republic in 1965 to prevent the unlikely emergence of another Castro. Under Leonid Brezhnev, troops from the Warsaw Pact Allies—the Soviet Union, East Germany, Poland, and Hungary—intervened in Czechoslovakia in accordance with a new Soviet doctrine about the "international duty" of socialist countries to protect the gains of socialism, wherever they may be threatened. In the same year Johnson stationed 575,000 troops in South Vietnam to prop up the faltering anticommunist regime and curb Chinese influence in the region. The American public's faith in the "light at the end of the tunnel" was shattered, however, on January 30, 1968, when the enemy, supposedly on the verge of collapse, mounted.
Czechia: 1198 - 1526 - city. The royal castle, Hradcany, was rebuilt. Of particular significance was the founding of Charles University in Prague in 1348. Charles's intention was to make Prague into an international center of learning, and the university was divided into Czech, Polish, Saxon, and Bavarian "nations," each with one controlling vote. Charles University, however, would become the nucleus of intense Czech particularism. Charles died in 1378, and the Czech crown went to his son, Wenceslas IV. 15th century (Hussite Movement) The Hussite movement (1402 – 1485) was a national, as well as a religious, manifestation. As a religious reform movement, it represented a challenge to papal authority and an assertion of national autonomy in ecclesiastical affairs. As a Czech national movement, it acquired anti-imperial and anti-German implications and thus can be considered a.
Step-Saver Data Systems, Inc. v. Wise Technology - of computer EULAs was explored. The court noted, "When these form licenses were first developed for software, it was, in large part, to avoid the federal copyright law first sale doctrine" thus the intent of EULAs after 1990 were to preempt federal statutes using contract law and that they serve no purpose besides attempts to preempt consumer rights in other statutes. In this case, the United States Court of Appeals held that a EULA disclaimer waiving all express and implied warranties, printed on the outside of the box, was not binding. Step-Saver repeatedly bought Multilink Advanced, an allegedly MS-DOS compatible operating system, from The Software Link (TSL). On each box was a shrink wrap license disclaimer; "software sold AS IS, without warranty; TSL disclaims all express and implied warranties; if you.
