Fluidic logic - Fluidic logic Fluidic logic is the implementation of Boolean algebra functions using streams of fluid (such as water or air). A jet of fluid can be deflected by a weaker jet striking it at the side. This provides non-linear amplification, similar to the transistor used in electronic digital logic. It is used mostly in environments where electronic digital logic would be unreliable (e.g., systems exposed to high levels of electromagnetic interference or ionizing radiation). To build a flip flop, a nozzle is directed at a Y junction. A laminar flow of fluid will stick to one of the two sides. Weaker jets coming in from either side of the Y junction can switch the state of the flip flop. See also: Fluidic triode.
List of topics in logic - List of topics in logic This is a list of topics in logic, by Wikipedia page. See also list of rules of inference. There is a list of paradoxes on the paradox page. There is a list of fallacies on the logical fallacy page. Modern mathematical logic is at the list of mathematical logic topics page. There is a more complete list of logicians. For introductory set theory and other supporting material see the list of basic discrete mathematics topics. =A= Abacus logic -- Abduction (logic) -- Affirming the consequent -- Antecedent -- Antinomy -- Argument form -- Aristotelian logic -- Axiom -- Axiomatic system -- Axiomatization =B= Biconditional elimination -- Biconditional introduction -- Bivalence and related laws -- Boolean algebra =C= Categorial logic -- College logic --.
Digital circuit - on the supply voltage in use. These two levels are often represented as L and H. Levels The two levels are used to represent the binary integers or logic levels of 0 and 1. In active-high logic, L represents binary 0 and H represents binary 1. Active-low logic uses the reverse representation. It is usual to allow some tolerance in the voltage levels used; for example, 0 to 2 volts might represent logic 0, and 3 to 5 volts logic 1. A voltage of 2 to 3 volts would be invalid and would occur only in a fault condition or during a logic level transition, as most circuits are not purely resistive, and therefore cannot instantly change voltage levels. However, few logic circuits can detect such a fault, and most will.
Clanking replicator - Illinois Press, Urbana, IL. In 1980, NASA conducted a summer study entitled Advanced Automation for Space Missions, edited by Robert Freitas, to produce a detailed proposal for the use of self-replicating factories to develop lunar resources without requiring additional launches or the support of human workers on-site. The proposed system would have been capable of exponentially increasing productive capacity and, in the long run, exploration of the entire galaxy within a reasonable timeframe. Clanking replicators are mentioned briefly in the fourth chapter of K. Eric Drexler's book Engines of Creation. There was an article about a proposed clanking replicator system to be used for developing Earthly deserts in the October 1995 Discover Magazine, featuring forests of solar panels that powered desalination equipment to irrigate the land. In 1998, Chris Phoenix proposed.
Ideological assumption - apply their faith in different assumptions. In the other sciences, often two fierce camps can be distinguished in basic questions of anthropology, ancient history, Biblical studies, or linguistics. Usually one side condemns the theories of the other side as unscholarly, unscientific or ridiculous. The mere mention of these words is sometimes enough to get a final verdict; the advantages or the good logic in the opposing theory does not need to be examined scientifically. This is sometimes an empirical or political solution, and not related to real sciences except insofar as politics is always present in science in its funding and its governance. A close-knit network of assumptions or axioms has been widely and internationally accepted in every science, as an inheritance from the previous centuries. It is frequently laden with.
Inductive logic programming - Inductive logic programming Inductive logic programming (ILP) is a machine learning approach, which uses techniques of logic programming. From a database of facts and expected results, which are divided into positive and negative examples, an ILP system tries to derive a logic program that proves all the positive and none of the negative examples. Schema: positive examples + negative examples + background knowledge = rules. Inductive logic programming is particularly useful in natural language processing. Implementations Aleph ( http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/research/areas/machlearn/Aleph ) Foil ( ftp://ftp.cs.su.oz.au/pub/foil6.sh ) Lime ( http://cs.anu.edu.au/people/Eric.McCreath/lime.html ).
Inverse (logic) - Inverse (logic) In logic, if S is a statement of the form\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r P implies Q\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r then the inverse of S is the statement of the form \r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r \r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r (not P) implies (not Q). \r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r \r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r S and its inverse are not logical equivalents.\r For example,\r\r\r\r\r\r\r let S be the statement "If I am a human, then I am mortal",\r\r\r\r\r\r\r which is true.\r\r\r\r\r\r\r The inverse of S is the statement "If I am not a human, then \r\r\r\r\r\r\r I am not mortal," which is untrue.\r\r\r\r\r\r\r \r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r p q ~p ~q p->q ~p->~q ---------------------------- T T F F T T T F F T F T F T T F T F F F T T T T \r\r\r Clearly the two are not logically equivalent.\r\r\r\r\r\r\r \r\r\r\r\r\r\r See also:.
Intuitionistic logic - Intuitionistic logic Intuitionistic logic, or constructivist logic, is the logic used in mathematical intuitionism and other forms of mathematical constructivism. Roughly speaking, 'intuitionism' holds that logic and mathematics are 'constructive' mental activities. That is, they are not analytic activities wherein deep properties of existence are revealed and applied. Instead, logic and mathematics are the application of internally consistent methods to realize more complex mental constructs (really, a kind of game). In a stricter sense, intuitionistic logic can be investigated as a very concrete and formal kind of mathematical logic. While it may be argued whether such a formal calculus really captures the philosophical aspects of intuitionism, it has properties which are also quite useful from a practical point of view. Both notions of the term will be.
Informal logic - Informal logic Informal logic is the field of philosophy that attempts to describe the logic of natural language arguments that occur in for example, legal pleadings and newspaper opinion pieces. The treatment is necessarily less analytical than formal logic..
History of logic - History of logic While many cultures employ intricate systems of reasoning, it is generally agreed that logic as an explicit analysis of the methods of reasoning was independently developed by only three traditions: China, India and Greece. Although exact dates are uncertain, especially in the case of India, it is possible that logic emerged in all three societies in the 4th. Century BCE. In China, a contemporary of Confucius, Mo Zi, "Master Mo", is credited with founding the Mohist school, whose canons dealt with issues relating to valid inference and the conditions of correct conclusions. In particular, one of the schools that grew out of Mohism, the Logicians, are credited by some scholars for their early investigation of formal logic. Unfortunately, due to the harsh rule of.
Hoare logic - Hoare logic Hoare logic is a formal system developed by the British computer scientist C. A. R. Hoare, and published in his 1969 paper "An axiomatic basis for computer programming". The purpose of the system is to provide a set of logical rules which one can use to reason about computer programs. Let C be a line, or sequence of lines, in a computer program, and let P and Q be logical predicates such that if P is true before C is executed then Q will necessarily be true after C is executed. Then the following expression {P} C {Q} is an expression in Hoare logic, also known as a Hoare triple. Note that if C does not terminate, then there is no "after", so Q can.
Game of logic - Game of logic The games of logic are a supergroup of mathematical games, mind sport and some strategy games that are played against a pseudo artificial intelligence. mathematical games mind sport.
Gödel's ontological proof - as establishing God's existence beyond doubt. Instead, he only saw it as a logical investigation and a clean formulation of Leibniz' argument with all assumptions spelled out. He repeatedly showed the argument to friends around 1970 and it was published after his death in 1987. An outline of the proof follows. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Modal logic 2 Axioms 3 Critique of Definitions and Axioms 4 Derivation 5 Related Articles 6 Related Articles (Objections) 7 External Links 8 References Modal logic The proof uses modal logic, which distinguishes between necessary truths and contingent truths. A truth is necessary if it cannot be avoided, such as 2 + 2 = 4; by contrast, a contingent truth just happens to be the case, for instance "more than half of the earth is.
Karl Wilhelm Ramler - in Halle, he went to Berlin, where, in 1748, he was appointed professor of logic and literature at the cadet school. In 1786 he became associated with the author, Johann Jakob Engel, in the management of the royal theatre, of which, after resigning his professorship, he became (1790-96) sole director. He died at Berlin. This entry was originally from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica..
Very-large-scale integration - followed by integrated circuits. ICs had more than one device on a single chip - diodes, transistors, resistors and capacitors (no inductors though), making it possible to fabricate one or more logic gates on a single device. The fourth generation consisted of Large-Scale Integration, i.e. systems with at least a hundred logic gates. The natural successor to LSI was VLSI (thousands of gates on a single chip). Current technology has moved far past this mark and today's microprocessors have several million gates. Further Reading Carver Mead, Lynn Conway, Introduction to VLSI Systems (Addison-Wesley, 1980) External Links Design of VLSI Systems.
Very long instruction word - the same time (e.g. two multiplications). Since the very earliest days of computer architecture, some CPUs have added several additional arithmetic logic units (ALUs) to run in parallel. The earliest such architectures typically used hardware to decide which operations can run in parallel. A distinguishing feature of the VLIW philosophy is to have such scheduling be performed in the compiler. For instance, the CPU might have the ability to multiply two numbers at the same time. However, the results of the second may depend on the first. If so, the second of the two units "stalls" while it waits for the first one to finish. In a conventional CPU, such stalling is implemented in hardware. In a VLIW, the compiler predetermines the schedule of operations. This reduces the hardware complexity substantially..
Venn diagram - Ts All Ks are Vs Therefore All Ks are Ts. Venn, Johnston, and Euler diagrams may be identical in appearance. Any distinction is in their domains of application, that is in the type universal set that is being divided up. Johnston's diagrams are specifically applied to truth values of propositional logic, whereas Euler's illustrate specific sets of "objects" and Venn's concept is more generally applied to possible relationships. It is likely that the Venn and Euler versions have not been "merged" because Euler's version came 100 years earlier, and Euler has credit for enough accomplishment already, whereas John Venn has nothing left to his name but the diagram. The difference between Euler and Venn may be no more than that Euler's try to show relationships between specific sets, whereas Venn's try.
Kerberos - of unauthorized reading. The protocol can be specified as follows in security protocol notation, where Alice is authenticating herself to Bob using a server S: We see here that the security of the protocol relies heavily on Timestamps being reliable indicators of the freshness of a communication (see the BAN logic). Kerberos is freely available from MIT, under copyright permissions similar those used for BSD. There is an RFC for Kerberos 5: RFC 1510..
Verilog - 1.4 Superlog/System Verilog 2 Example History Beginning Verilog was first developed at Gateway Design Automation around 1984 as a hardware modeling language. Gateway Design Automation was later purchased by Cadence Design Systems in 1990. Cadence now had full proprietary rights to Gateway's Verilog and the Verilog-XL simulator logic simulators. Standard Opened With the increasing success of VHDL, Cadence moved down the Open Standards route. Cadence transferred Verilog into the public domain under the Open Verilog International (OVI) (now known as Accellera) organization. Verilog was later submitted to IEEE and became IEEE Standard 1364-1995, commonly referred to as Verilog-95. Verilog 2001 Extensions to Verilog-95 were submitted back to IEEE to cover the deficiencies that users had found in the original Verilog standard. These extensions became IEEE Standard 1364-2001 known as Verilog 2001.
Kimaris - is described as a goodly warrior riding a black horse, and his resume includes the ability to locate lost or hidden treasures, teach trivium (grammar, logic and rhetoric) and make a man into a warrior of his own likeness. He holds the rank of marquis, and is served by 20 legions. He also rules over all the spirits of Africa. Much the same description is found in the earlier text of Johann Weyer's catalog of demons, Pseudomonarchia Daemonum (published 1563). Earlier still is the Munich Handbook of Necromancy: Clm 849 (published by Richard Kieckhefer, as Forbidden Rites: a necromancer's manual of the 15th century 1998) which lists an entity named Tuvries with much the same characteristics, except that he has 30 legions of servitors, and can cause a person to cross.
