Focal plane shutter - Focal plane shutter In camera design, a focal plane shutter is so-called because it is right in front of the focal (film) plane of the camera. The main advantages of the focal plane shutter is that the interchangable lenses do not each need to have a central shutter built into them, and quite fast effective shutter speeds are possible. The most common type of focal plane shutter in 35mm cameras uses two shutter curtains that run horizontally across the film plane. For slower shutter speeds, the first curtain opens from (usually) right to left, and after the required time with the shutter open, the second curtain closes the aperture in the same direction. When the shutter is cocked again the shutter curtains are moved back to.
Central shutter - Central shutter In photography, a central shutter is a type of camera shutter, so called because it is situated between the lens and the focal plane. In many cases it is contained within the lens body itself, at the convergent image point. For this reason, many cameras with a central shutter and interchangeable lenses require that each lens for that camera has a shutter built into it. Note that this would also require the lenses to be changed in complete darkness, or have a secondary shutter or darkslide that can be operated to prevent film exposure from occurring. The most basic type of central shutter is the metal leaf shutter, but the diaphragm shutter is used on many professional systems where the central shutter is located within.
Shutter - Shutter In photography, a shutter is a device that administers the exposure by admitting light to the film for a specific period of time. Shutters are normally of two basic types: Central shutter Focal plane shutter A timing mechanism is required to support the different shutter speeds. These were originally pure mechanical devices, but are now mostly replaced by electronic timers. In cinematography projection, the shutter admits light from the image to the projection screen. To avoid flicker, the same image is projected 2 times for 24 fps film, and 3 times for 18 fps amateur film. See also: shutter speed, camera, photographic lens.
Leaf shutter - Leaf shutter In photography, a leaf shutter is a type of camera shutter, so called because it consists of a single metal leaf that is made to uncover the shutter aperture briefly by means of a spring and lever system to make the exposure. Simple leaf shutters typically have only one shutter speed and are commonly found in most disposable cameras and point-and-shoot cameras. In it's more complex forms it can have variable shutter speeds. Simple leaf shutter 1. Shutter plate 2. Shutter aperture covered by leaf shutter. 3. Shutter aperture during exposure. 4. Leaf blade 5. Catch mechanism 6. Butterfuly spring, lever operated, self resetting The main advantages of the leaf shutter are: Relatively simple construction is possible. Many cheap versions have no requirement for a.
Flash synchronization - flash synchronization is required for the firing of a photographic flash to coincide with the shutter admitting light to the photographic film. The synchronization mechanism usually consists of an electrical contact within the shutter mechanism. The electrical connection will be either by means of a cable with a standardised coaxial connector, or via contacts in an accessory mount bracket. X synchronization is when the timing of the contact coincides exactly with the full opening of the shutter. This is required for Xenon flash. Note that due to their construction, focal plane shutters as used on most SLRs will only allow Xenon flash units to be used at shutter speeds were the entire film is open at once, typically at shutter speeds of 1/60 (sometimes 1/125) or slower. For, now archaic, flash.
Single-lens reflex camera - light passes through the lens (1), is reflected by the mirror (2) and is projected on the matte focusing screen (5). Via a condensing lens (6) and internal reflections in the pentaprism (7) the image appears in the eye piece (8). When an image is taken, the mirror moves in the direction of the arrow, the focal plane shutter (3) opens, and the image is projected in the film (4) in exactly the same manner as on the focusing screen. The shutter is almost always in the focal plane. If not, some mechanism is required to ensure that no light reaches the film between exposures. Since the technology became widespread in the 1970s, SLRs have become the main type of camera used by dedicated amateur photographers, and professionals. The major advantage.
Speed Graphic - of Speed Graphic, various Speed Graphic models were produced between 1912 and 1973. The original Speed Graphic has a focal plane shutter that other models lack..
Minolta - E. Mayer, to be the classic Minolta camera. In 1985 Minolta introduced the Maxxum line, the first line of automatic focus SLR cameras. "Other major camera manufacturers quickly began playing catch-up.", writes Mayer. The Maxxum cameras (3000, 5000, 7000 and 9000) made other innovations too. The Maxxum 7000, for example, has arrow buttons for setting aperture and shutter speed, rather than a shutter speed dial on the body and an aperture ring on the lens. That way, the only control necessary on the lens is the manual focusing ring (plus the zoom ring in the case of zoom lenses). The 7000 has two 8-bit CPUs and six integrated circuits. A circuit on the lens relays aperture information to the camera body, and the motor for autofocus is in the camera body..
Leica - of 31. The camera was an immediate success when introduced in Leipzig as the Leica I (for Leitz Camera) in 1925. The Elmar 50 mm f/3.5 objective (a 4-elements design influenced by the Zeiss Tessar) to was designed by Dr. Max Berek at Leitz, and was one of the reasons behind the success of the camera, the other being its compact size and reliability. The focal plane shutter had a range from 1/20 to 1/500 second , in addition to a Z for Zeit (time) position. In 1930 came the Leica I Schraubgewinde with an exchangeable objective system based on a 39.5 mm thread. In addition to the 50 normal lens, a 35 wide angle and a 135 mm telephoto objective were initially available. The Leica II came in 1932, with.
Confocal laser scanning microscopy - lens. The dichroic mirror separates the light mixture by reflecting the laser light and allowing only the fluorescent light to pass into the detection region. After passing a pinhole the fluorescent light is detected by a photo-detection device (photomultiplier or avalanche photodiode) transforming the light signal into an electrical one, which is finally evaluated by a computer. As seen in the figure the detector pinhole obstructs the so called out-of-focus light i.e. fluorescent light not originating from the focal plane of the objecte lens. Light rays from below the focal plane (dashed lines) come to a focus before reaching the detector pinhole, and then they expand out so that most of the rays are physically blocked from reaching the detector by the pinhole. In the same way, light from above the.
Shutter speed - Shutter speed In photography, shutter speed is the time for which the shutter is held open during the taking of a photograph to allow light to reach the film. In combination with variation of the lens aperture, this regulates how exposed the film will be. A fast shutter speed demands a larger aperture to avoid under-exposure, just as a slow shutter speed is offset by a very small aperture to avoid over-exposure. Shutter speed is measured in seconds. A typical shutter speed for photographs taken in sunlight is 1/125th of a second. Very short shutter speeds are used to freeze fast-moving subjects, for example at sporting events. Very long shutter speeds are used in low-light conditions such as night or to intentionally blur a moving subject.
Gobo - soft-drink cans or pie-plate can be used - the shape or pattern desired is cut out and the gobo is placed in the focal plane of the lantern. Others are made of etched glass. The desired pattern is then projected by the lantern onto whatever surface it is pointed at. Gobo, Wakayama is a city of Japan. Gobo is the name of a muppet in the popular children's television series Fraggle Rock. Edible Burdock is often called Gobo in Japanese supermarket. Plants are cultivated mainly for the slender roots, that can grow to 4 feet long and 1 inch across. Burdock root is very crispy and has a sweet, mild pungent flavor, which is used as a delicacy in Japanese food. Burdock is a hardy biennial plant, but grow as an.
F-number - In photography the f-number expresses the diameter of the diaphragm aperture in terms of the effective focal length of the lens. For example, f/16 represents a diaphragm aperture diameter that is one-sixteenth of the focal length. The higher the f-number, the less light is admitted through the lens. f stops are a way of representing a convenient sequence of f-numbers in a geometric progression. Each 'stop' is marked with its corresponding f-number, and represents a halving of the light intensity from the one before, corresponding to a decrease of the diaphragm aperture diameter by a factor of √2, and hence an halving of the area of the aperture. Modern lenses use a standard f stops scale that corresponds to the sequence of the powers of √2 : f/1, f/1.4, f/2, f/2.8,.
Far-field diffraction pattern - 2/λ, where s is a characteristic dimension of the source and λ is the wavelength. For example, if the source is a uniformly illuminated circle, then s is the radius of the circle. The far-field diffraction pattern of a source may be observed at infinity or (except for scale) in the focal plane of a well-corrected lens. The far-field pattern of a diffracting screen illuminated by a point source may be observed in the image plane of the source. Contrast with near-field diffraction pattern. Source: from Federal Standard 1037C.
FIM-92 Stinger - in 1987 with around 16,000 missiles produced. The replacement FIM-92C had been developed from 1984 and production began in 1987 and the first examples were delivered to front-line units in 1989. C type missiles were fitted with a reprogrammable electronics system to allow for upgrades. The missiles which received a counter-measures upgrade were given the designator D and later upgrades to the D were designated G. The FIM-92E or Block I was developed from 1992 and was delivered from 1995 (certain sources state that the FIM-92D is also part of the Block I development). The main changes were again in the sensor and the software, improving the missile's performance against smaller and low-signature targets. An software upgrade in 2001 was designated F. Block II development began in 1996 using a new.
Fourier optics - much more high frequency components than in a male bass voice. The Fourier spectrum of an object is its diffraction pattern after having passed through a lens. If the object is at infinity, the diffraction pattern is in the focal plane. Small details in the object (e.g. sharp edges) correspond to high "frequencies" in the diffraction pattern (which is mathematically the Fourier transform of the object-function). These high spatial "frequencies" can be found at larger distances to the optical axis than low spatial "frequencies", corresponding to the larger structures in the object. Imagine a fence consisting of vertical bars of constant distance. Its diffraction pattern would ideally be two dots at equal distance horizontally on both sides of the optical axis. When changing the distance of the bars, these dots would.
Frustum - two parallel planes cutting the solid. Degenerate cases are obtained for finite solids by cutting with a single plane only. An example of a pyramidal frustum may be seen on the reverse of the Great Seal of the United States, as on the back of the U.S. one-dollar bill. The “unfinished pyramid” is surmounted by the “eye of providence.” Certain ancient Native American mounds also take on the frustum of a pyramid. The focal field of a still or video camera forms a frustum. In three-dimensional rendering, frustum culling involves ignoring those portions of the image(s) outside the frustum in order to process the relevant visual data more efficiently. The spelling frustrum, although strictly an error, is becoming frequent enough to be considered a variant..
3D projection - taking into account the position and orientation of the object they belong to. This is done using a set of four matrices: Object translation Rotation about the X axis Rotation about the Y axis Rotation about the Z axis The four matrices are multiplied together, and the result is the world transform matrix: a matrix that, if a point's coordinates where multiplied by it, would result in the point's coordinates being expressed in the "world" reference frame. Note that, unlike multiplication between numbers, the order used to multiply the matrices is significant: changing the order will change the results too. When dealing with the three rotation matrices, a fixed order good for the necessity of the moment must be chosen. Second step: camera transform The second step is virtually identical to.
Aberration in optical systems - 1.1 Aberration of axial points (Spherical aberration in the restricted sense) 1.2 Aberration of elements, i.e. smallest objects at right angles to the axis 1.3 Aberration of lateral object points (points beyond the axis) with narrow pencils. Astigmatism. 1.4 Aberration of lateral object points with broad pencils. Coma. 1.5 Curvature of the field of the image 1.6 Distortion of the image 2 Analytic Treatment of Aberrations 3 Practical Elimination of Aberrations 4 Chromatic or Colour Aberration 5 Authorities. Monochromatic Aberration The elementary theory of optical systems leads to the theorem; Rays of light proceeding from any object point unite in an image point; and therefore an object space is reproduced in an image space. The introduction of simple auxiliary terms, due to C. F. Gauss (Dioptrische Untersuchungen, Göttingen, 1841), named the.
AIM-132 ASRAAM - air-to-air missile Contractor: MBDA Power Plant: solid rocket motor Length: 2.90 m Diameter: 16.6 cm Wing Span: 45 cm Launch Weight: 88 kg Speed: Mach 3 + Warhead: 10 kg blast/fragmentation Range: 300 m - 15 km Fuzes: laser proximity and impact Homing head: Imaging infra-red, 128x128 element focal plane array, with lock-on after launch (LOAL) Unit Cost: ? Date Deployed: 1998 Aircraft platforms: Royal Air Force: Tornado, Harrier, Typhoon Royal Australian Air Force: F/A-18.
