Folk mathematics - Folk mathematics As the term is understood by mathematicians, folk mathematics or mathematical folklore means theorems, definitions, proofs, or mathematical facts or techniques that circulate among mathematicians by word-of-mouth but do not appear in print, either in books or in scholarly journals. Folk mathematics can also mean informal mathematical practices, as used in everyday life or by aboriginal or ancient people. While modern mathematics emphasizes formal and strict proofs of all statements from given axioms, practices in folk mathematics are usually understood intuitively and justified with examples -- there are no axioms. The study of folk mathematics is also known as ethno-cultural studies of mathematics. Several ancient societies have built rather impressive mathematical systems and carried out complex and fragile calculations based on proofless "heuristic" or.
Finished mathematics - Finished mathematics Finished mathematics is finished and published and accepted mathematical proof that has passed rigorous peer review and to which formal terms like "theorem" or "lemma" can apply. The term is inclusive of conjecture that attracts major attention and is deemed worthy of publication, but exclusive of minor speculations and conjectures studied only by one or two people, and exclusive of any "folk mathematics" in the sense of that term applied by mathematicians. It implies that high standards of mathematical practice have been, and continue to be, applied to these publications to find and correct errors. Mainstream mathematics or accepted mathematics are equivalent terms..
Cognitive science of mathematics - Cognitive science of mathematics The cognitive science of mathematics is a term for the study of mathematical ideas using the techniques of cognitive science. Specifically, it is the search for foundations of mathematics in human cognition. This approach was long preceded by the study, in cognitive sciences proper, of human cognitive bias, especially in statistical thinking, most notably by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, including theories of measurement, risk and behavioral finance from these and other authors. These studies suggested that mathematical practice and perhaps even mathematics proper had little direct relevance to how people think about mathematical concepts. It seemed useful to ask where, if not from intuition, formal mathematics came from? One central claim that justifies a cognitive science of mathematics is that Euler's Identity reflects.
Philosophy of mathematics - Philosophy of mathematics Philosophy of mathematics is that branch of philosophy which attempts to answer questions such as: "why is mathematics useful in describing nature?", "in which sense, if any, do mathematical entities such as numbers exist?" and "why and how are mathematical statements true?". Relation to philosophy proper Some philosophers of mathematics view their task as being to give an account of mathematics and mathematical practice as it stands, as interpretation rather than criticism. Criticisms can however have important ramifications for mathematical practice and claims for finished mathematics and so the philosophy of mathematics can be of very direct interest to working mathematicians, particularly in new fields where the process of peer review of mathematical proofs is not firmly established, raising probability of an undetected error..
Ideological assumption - accepted in every science, as an inheritance from the previous centuries. It is frequently laden with its old racist or supremacist tone and prejudice, sometimes biases. These axioms are now the cornerstones of the modern social sciences that cannot be revised, double-checked or disturbed, at least not without major career risk. Many of the old cornerstones of the classic philosophers have been omitted and Darwinism has became the strongest pillar of the system. Atheism has got a similar strong mandate, that makes any idea written by a religious scholar suspicious, funny, and unpublishable since its first appearance. Scientism itself, the idea that moral guidance can somehow arise from better understanding of nature and deeper application of mathematics, is present in many theories of human behavior - most notably in the one.
Integrity - ethical relationship. People who for instance said bad things about their own grandmother might appear to lack a form of integrity. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Popular Views of Integrity 2 Mensuration 3 Integrity in Modern Ethics 3.1 The Law 3.2 Mathematics 3.3 Science 3.4 Other Integrities 4 See also Popular Views of Integrity Many people appear to use the word "integrity" in a vague manner as an alternative to the perceived political incorrectness of using blatantly moralistic terms such as "good" or ethical. In this sense the term often refers to a refusal to engage in lying, blaming or other behaviour generally seeming to evade accountability. It may take the form of a sense of etiquette that runs very deep, as in Confucianism or the political virtues. Mensuration English-speakers often.
Irish poetry - 1 The Earliest Irish Poetry 2 Medieval/Early Modern 2.1 Bardic Poetry 2.2 Metrical Dindshenchus 2.3 The Poems of Fionn 2.4 The Kildare Poems 2.5 Spenser and Ireland 3 The 18th Century 3.6 Gaelic Songs: the End of an Order 3.7 Cúirt An Mheán Óiche 3.8 Swift and Goldsmith 4 The 19th Century 4.9 Irishing English 4.10 Folk Songs and Poems 4.11 The Celtic Revival 5 The 20th Century 5.12 Yeats and Modernism 5.13 After Yeats: Clarke, Higgins, Colum 5.14 Irish Modernism 5.15 Poetry in De Valera's Ireland 5.16 Poetry in Irish 5.17 The Northern School 5.18 Experiment 5.19 Outsiders 5.20 Women Poets 6 Irish Poetry Now 7 External Links The Earliest Irish Poetry Poetry in Irish represents the oldest vernacular poetry in Europe. The earliest examples date from the 6th century,.
Hermann Grassmann - Johanne Luise Friederike Grassmann (maiden name: Medenwald). Hermann Grassmann was the son of the school teacher Justus Grassmann, Gymnasial-Professor, who wrote several influential books on physics and mathematics and various notes (Schulprogramme) which influenced his son Hermann. According to a biographical sketch by H. Grassmann himself, he was slow in school, and his father pointed him to an career as gardener. However, he finished the Gymnasium with a high grade and went on to Berlin together with his brother studying theology. During that time his interest in mathematics arose and he wrote a treatise on the theory of the tides (Theorie der Ebbe und Flut, Prüfungsarbeit 1840, published by Justus Grassmann) to grade for a mathematics teacher position. His Geometrische Analyse was submitted to the Fürstliche Jablonowski'schen Gesellschaft, as the only.
Government Agencies in Sweden - information and training) and accessibility. Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, or Smittskyddsinstitutet (SMI). (Official site) Epidemiological surveillance, reference laboratories and diagnostics. National Monopolies reporting to the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs Apoteket. (Official site) Exclusive right to conduct retail sales of pharmaceuticals. Systembolaget (the Swedish Alcohol Retailing Monopoly). (Official site) Exclusive right to conduct retail sales of alcoholic beverages. Government Agencies reporting to Departments and Divisions of the Ministry of Finance Economic Affairs Department of the Ministry of Finance Swedish National Institute of Economic Research, or Konjunkturinstitutet. (Official site) Economic Council of Sweden, or Ekonomiska rådet. (Official site) Budget Department of the Ministry of Finance Swedish National Financial Management Authority, or Ekonomistyrningsverket (ESV). (Official site) Fiscal Affairs Department of the Ministry of Finance Swedish National Tax Board, or Riksskatteverket.
Culture of Switzerland - Italian writers have sought refuge in Switzerland, such as Thomas Mann, Stefan George and Ignazio Silone. Strong regionalism in Switzerland makes it difficult to speak of a homogenous Swiss culture. The influence of German, French and Italian culture on their neighbouring parts cannot be denied. The Rhaeto-Romanic culture in the eastern mountains of Switzerland is robust. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Media 2 Folk Arts 3 Architecture 4 Visual arts 5 Literature 6 Music 7 Science 8 Leisure Media Newspaper have a strong regional character, but some are renowned for their thorough coverage of international issues, such as the Neue Zürcher Zeitung of Zürich and the Tribune de Genève of Geneva. As elsewhere, television plays a great role in modern cultural life in Switzerland. The national broadcasting system offers three networks,.
Sacred geometry - geometry A sacred geometry is a feature of most folk mathematics, many forms of theology, and of some theories of philosophy of mathematics. Typically, such a geometry is deemed to be beyond any algebraic description, and perhaps beyond human comprehension. Geometry as understood in mathematics and as symbolically represented in algebra are thought to be a projection or approximation of the sacred. The term "sacred geometry" is used by archaeologists, anthropologists, and geometricians to encompass the religious, philosohical, and spiritual beliefs that have sprung up around geometry in various cultures during the course of human history. It is a catch-all term covering Pythagorean geometry and neo-Platonic gometry, as well as the perceived relationships between organic curves and logarithmic curves. Plato's "ideal forms" were one example of this conception. Other examples of.
Supernatural - of steel, radio waves, all were once thought to be beyond the bounds of nature, and therefore supernatural, by conventional scientists. As such, what is believed to be supernatural today may be completely explained tomorrow. Many claimed supernatural events can be studied by the scientific method; this has been often attempted. However, once the physical laws by which an event occurs become known, the event is no longer classified as 'supernatural' anymore. Supernatural events cannot or are unlikely to occur (cf. Occam's Razor), and some, if not all, theological claims made by religions are unsupportable by scientific means. Sir Karl Popper's influential Conjectures and Refutations argues that the strength of a hypothesis depends on how many ways it could be proven false. Hypotheses inherently incapable of falsification can only be compared.
Religion in China - systems. It is possible for someone to claim to be a Buddhist while living life according to Taoist principles and participating in ancestor worship rituals. A Buddhist would have no trouble viewing Jesus Christ as a Bodhisattva and incorporating Christian concepts into Buddhism while the latter is not necessarily the case. Major belief systems that developed within China include ancestor worship, Chinese folk religion, Confucianism, shamanism, and Taoism. Most Chinese have a conception of Heaven and yin and yang. The Chinese have also believed in such practices as astrology, Feng Shui, and geomancy. Influential religions introduced from abroad include Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Buddhism 2 Taoism 3 Islam 4 Christianity 5 People's Republic of China 6 Related articles Buddhism Main article: Buddhism in China Buddhism was.
Naive physics - Einstein's motivation, as a boy, for studying relativity. See Abraham Pais' biography, Subtle is the Lord Michael Faraday's Natural History of a Candle Feynman diagrams, a bookkeeping device in particle physics See also: folk mathematics, weak ontology, perceptual psychology, Cartoon Laws of Physics, Occam's Razor This article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by fixing it..
Mathematical proof - Mathematical proof In mathematics, a proof is a demonstration that, given certain axioms, some statement of interest is necessarily true. Proofs employ logic but usually include some amount of natural language which of course admits some ambiguity. In the context of proof theory, where purely formal proofs are considered, such not entirely formal demonstrations are called "social proofs". The distinction has led to much examination of current and historical mathematical practice, quasi-empiricism in mathematics, and so-called folk mathematics (in both senses of that term). The philosophy of mathematics is concerned with the role of language and logic in proofs, and mathematics as a language. Regardless of one's attitude to formalism, the result that is proved to be true is a theorem; in a completely formal proof it would.
Mathematical practice - The term mathematical practice arose in the philosophy of mathematics to distinguish actual practices of working mathematicians (choices of theorems to prove, informal notations to persuade themselves and others that various steps in the final proof are formalizable, refereeing and publication) from the final result: proven and published theorems. This distinction is considered especially important by adherents of quasi-empiricism in mathematics, a school in the philosophy of mathematics that denies the possibility of foundations of mathematics and attempts to refocus attention on the ways mathematical statements are arrived at. The modern mathematical practices are what distinguish modern professional mathematicians from older ideas of folk mathematics. Those 'folk' practices may well include useful formulae or algorithms, but without the accompanying proof discipline. The evolution of mathematical practice was slow, and some contributors.
Michel Foucault - soul or the human subject is simply a handle for the manipulation by power of bodies. For Foucault, power that is determined through systems of truth could be challenged by appeal to disqualified forms of discourse, knowledge, history, etc., through the privileging of body over abstract intellect, and through artistic self-creation. Foucault does not see power as formal, but as the various methods that ingrain themselves by way of social institutions and the positing of a form of truth. Foucault was born in Poitiers, France on October 15, 1926, and died in Paris on June 26, 1984 from complications resulting from HIV/AIDS. It has been alleged that he knowingly infected multiple sexual partners with HIV without informing them beforehand. Here is a List of famous gay, lesbian, or bisexual philosophers. Terms.
Mily Balakirev - a boy of living with Oulibichev, author of a biography of Mozart, who had a private band, and from whom Balakirev obtained a valuable education in music. At eighteen, after a university course in mathematics, he went to Saint Petersburg, full of national ardour, and there made the acquaintance of Mikhail Glinka. Round him gathered César Cui and others, and in 1862 the Free School of Music was established. In 1869 Balakirev was appointed director of the imperial chapel and conductor of the Imperial Musical Society. His influence as a conductor, and as an organizer of Russian music, give him the place of a founder of a new movement. His works consist largely of songs and collections of folk songs, but include a symphony (first played in England in 1901), two.
Musical mode - solidified the concept of the church modes, and added four additional modes: the Aeolian, Hypoaeolian, Ionian, and Hypoionian. Thus, the names of the modes used today do not actually reflect those used by the Greeks. Early music made heavy use of the Church modes, which were later organized due to their relationship to the interval pattern of the major scale. The modern conception of modal scales describes a system where each mode is the usual diatonic scale, but with a different starting note. Modes came back into favour some time later in the development of jazz (modal jazz) and more contemporary 20th century music. Much folk music is also best analysed in terms of modes. For example, in Irish traditional music the ionian, dorian, aeolian and mixolydian modes occur (in roughly.
List of reference tables - included here) List of themed timelines (also included in this list) List of trivia lists (also included here) List of countries (general lists by country not included here) Lists of people (not included here) Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Reference 2 Standards 2.1 Size, measurement and conversionss 2.2 Mathematics 3 Physical Science and Categorization 3.3 Physics 3.4 Chemistry 3.5 Electronics 3.6 Engineering 3.7 Astronomy 3.8 Space exploration 3.9 Geology 3.10 Geography and Places 3.10.1 List of famous sites (and notable sites) 3.10.2 Terrestrial landscape features/regions 3.10.3 Extraterrestrial features/regions 3.10.4 Cities 3.10.5 List of countries and other entities 3.10.6 Toponymy lists (place names) 3.11 Biology 3.12 Animals/Zoology 3.13 Agriculture and Food 3.13.7 Foods and drinks 3.14 Ecology 3.15 Architecture and Civil engineering 3.16 Computing, Internet, and Technology 3.17 Transportation 3.18 Medicine, Health,.
