Foreign relations of Finland - Foreign relations of Finland Finland's basic foreign policy goal, from the end of the Continuation War with the U.S.S.R in 1944 until 1991, was to avoid great-power conflicts and to build mutual confidence with the Soviet Union. Although the country was culturally, socially, and politically Western, Finns realized they must live in peace with the U.S.S.R. and take no action that might be interpreted as a security threat. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 opened up dramatic new possibilities for Finland and has resulted in the Finns actively seeking greater participation in Western political and economic structures. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Relations With the Soviet Union and With Russia 1.1 Humiliation 1.2 Reassurance 2 Multilateral Relations 3 International organization participation 4 References Relations.
Foreign relations of Latvia - Foreign relations of Latvia Latvia became a member of the United Nations on September 18, 1991, and is a signatory to a number of UN organizations and other international agreements, including COE, IAEA, CERCO, ICES, ICAO, IAEA, UNESCO, UNICEF, IMF, ICC, and WB/EBRD. It also is a member of the Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and of the North Atlantic Coordinating Council. Latvia is unaffiliated directly with any political alliance but welcomes further cooperation and integration with NATO, European Union, and other Western organizations. It also seeks more active participation in UN peacekeeping efforts worldwide. Latvia maintains embassies in the United States, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Canada, the People's Republic of China, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, Lithuania,.
Foreign relations of Norway - Foreign relations of Norway Norway supports international cooperation and the peaceful settlement of disputes, recognizing the need for maintaining a strong national defense through collective security. Accordingly, the cornerstones of Norwegian policy are active membership in NATO and support for the United Nations and its specialized agencies. Norway also pursues a policy of economic, social, and cultural cooperation with other Nordic countries--Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and Iceland--through the Nordic Council. Norway began a 2-year term on the UN Security Council in January 2001, and chaired the Iraq Sanctions Committee. In addition to strengthening traditional ties with developed countries, Norway seeks to build friendly relations with developing countries and has undertaken humanitarian and development aid efforts with selected African and Asian nations. Norway also is dedicated to encouraging.
History of Finland - History of Finland This is the history of Finland. See also the history of Sweden, history of Russia, history of Europe, history of the European Union, and history of present-day nations and states. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Pre-history 2 A part of Sweden 3 Russian Grand Duchy 3..1 Nationalism 3..2 Russification 4 Independence and Civil War 4..3 Successful independence 5 Finland in the inter-war era 6 Finland in World War II 7 Finland's friendship with the Soviet Union 8 Finland in the post-Soviet era Pre-history Archeological evidence for the first settelers, mostly from the south and east, can be traced back to the 8000 BC. After 6500 BC the so called "Suomusjärvi culture", a hunter-gatherer society, spread over most of the country. Around 4200 BC the.
Civil War in Finland - Civil War in Finland The Finnish Civil War was fought from January to May 1918, between the "Reds" (punaiset), Communists together with Social Democrats, and the "Whites" (valkoiset), forces of the Conservative Senate intending to maintain status quo (retained independence and constitutional monarchy without parliamentarism). Finns have many names for this conflict: vapaussota (Liberation War), kansalaissota (Civil War), and punakapina (Red Rebellion). All names are true in one way or another. The Civil War and the Continuation War have been the two most controversial and emotion-loaded events in the history of modern Finland, often seen as the hinges or pivots of Finland's fate. Thus the Civil War has had a great influence also on the foreign relations of Finland. Background The background of the Civil War can be.
Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg - - September 22, 1952), First president of Finland 1919-1925, a Nationalist Liberal. Ståhlberg was born in Suomussalmi in Finland. He was christened Carl Johan, which he later changed to Finnish form like most fennomans (supporters of Finnish language and culture). In Oulu Finnish lycee he was the primus of his class. In 1889 he graduated in Laws, as a Bachelor of Arts. He had a long career as the presenter and planner of the Senate's legislation already when Finland was a Russian Grand Duchy. He supported constitutional legislative policies, including legislative resistance, against the attempted Russification of Finland, eventually even women's suffrage, and had a moderate line on Prohibition. In the beginning of Finland's independence he became the chairman of the Constitutional Council. They formed the first Constitution for Finland as.
Juho Kusti Paasikivi - Kusti Paasikivi (1870-1956) – President of Finland 1946-1956 Paasikivi was orphaned at the age of 14 and was raised by his aunt. In 1897 he graduated as a lawyer and married Anna Forsman. He became a doctor of law 1901, and 1902 the Head Director of Finland's National Bank. For practically all of his adult life he moved in the inner circles of Finland's politics. He supported greater autonomy for Finland, an independent Cabinet (Senate), and resisted Russia's panslavic intentions to make Russian the only official language everywhere in the Russian Empire. He belonged, however, to the more complying Fennoman Party, opposing radical counter-productive steps which could be perceived as aggressive by the Russians. During the First World War Paasikivi began to have doubts about the Fennoman Party’s obedient line. After.
July 2003 - rule, is picked to be the first of nine men who will serve one-month stints leading postwar Iraq. He will hold the presidency in August. A Canadian concert, Molson Canadian Rocks for Toronto, attended by 450,000 people, takes place to show that SARS is no longer in Toronto and to raise money for health care and hospitality workers affected by the outbreak. July 29, 2003 In Puebla, Mexico, the last production Volkswagen Beetle, nicknamed El Rey, rolls off the production line. July 28, 2003 The United Nations Security Council appoints Harri Holkeri to head the temporary civilian administration UNMIK in Kosovo. Ambassador Ole Wøhlers Olsen, the Muslim Danish coordinator for the U.S.-led provisional authority in southern Iraq resigns unexpectingly, to be replaced by Sir Hilary Synnott, currently the British High Commissioner.
International broadcasting - International broadcasting is broadcasting deliberately aimed at a foreign, rather than a domestic, audience. It usually is broadcast by means of longwave, mediumwave, or shortwave radio. Although radio and television programs do travel outside national borders, in many cases reception by foreigners is accidental. However, for reasons of propaganda, transmitting religious beliefs, keeping in touch with colonies or expatriates, education, improving trade, or increasing national prestige, broadcasting services have operated external services since the 1920s. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Brief History 1.1 Germany 2 Means 3 Listeners 4 Restricting reception Brief History Among the first international broadcasters were Vatican Radio (February 12, 1931), Radio Moscow, the official service of the Soviet Union, and the British Broadcasting Corporation (1932). In the 1930s, international broadcasting was a key means of promoting Nazi.
History of Estonia - press and University in the city of Tartu. Sweden's defeat by Russia in the Great Northern War im 1721 resulted in the Treaty of Nystad, and Russian rule was then imposed in what became modern Estonia. Nonetheless, the legal system, Lutheran church, local and town governments, and education remained mostly German until the late 19th century and partially until 1918. Under Russian Rule By 1819, the Baltic provinces were the first in the Russian empire in which serfdom was abolished, allowing the peasants to own their own land or move to the cities. These moves created the economic foundation for the awakening of Estonian national culture that had lain dormant for some 600 years of foreign rule. Estonia was caught in a current of national awakening that began sweeping through Europe.
History of the United States (1945-1964) - and the Cold War 3.7 The Eisenhower administration and "massive retaliation" 4 The struggle for social change 4.8 The civil rights movement 4.9 Brown v. Board of Education and "massive resistance" 4.10 Civil rights organizations 5 The Kennedy administration 6 Related Topics The breakdown of postwar peace Introduction: For more than a decade after the end of World War II, few American historians saw any reason to challenge the official US interpretation of the beginning of the Cold War: that the breakdown of relations was a direct result of Stalin's violation of the Yalta accords, the imposition of Soviet-dominated governments on an unwilling Eastern Europe, and aggressive Soviet expansionism. However, later historians, especially William Appleman Williams in his 1959 The Tragedy of American Diplomacy and Walter LaFeber in his 1967 America,.
Union between Sweden and Norway - Carl August of Augustenburg, by the Crown selection of the French marshal, Bernadotte, who was adopted by Charles XIII and received the homage of the estates on November 5, 1810. The new crown prince was very soon the most popular and the most powerful man in Sweden. The infirmity of the old king, and the dissensions in the Privy Council, placed the government and especially the control of foreign affairs almost entirely in his hands; and he boldly adopted a policy which was antagonistic indeed to the wishes and hopes of the old school of Swedish statesmen, but perhaps, the best adapted to the circumstances. Finland he at once gave up for lost, he knew that Russia would never voluntarily relinquish the grand duchy, while Sweden could not hope to retain.
Foundation of Modern Sweden - from Rome. Nevertheless, the changes so made were mainly administrative. There was no modification of doctrine, for the general resolution that God’s Word should be preached plainly and purely was not contrary to the teaching of the ante-Tridentine Church. Even at the Synod of Örebro, summoned in February 1529, “for the better regulation of church ceremonies and discipline according to God’s Word,” there was no formal protest against Rome; and the old ritual was retained for two years longer, though it was to be explained as symbolical. Henceforth the work of the Reformation continued uninterruptedly. In 1531 Laurentius Petri was elected the first Protestant primate of Sweden. Subsequently matters were much complicated by the absolutist tendencies of Gustav Vasa. From 1539 onwards there was a breach between him and his own.
Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - in February 1992; its World Bank credits were frozen in July 1993. Despite the introduction of a new currency, the New Zaire (NZ), currency issuance remained disorderly, and largescale inflation rose to over 9,000% by early 1994. In May 1997 the AFDL, led by Laurent Kabila, overthrew the regime of Mobutu Sese Seko. Under President Kabila the government and state enterprises began a program of reconstruction. The government began to reform the corrupt tax system, civilian police force, and repair the damaged road system. In August 1998, a war broke out in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. At that time, some progress had been made in the economic reconstruction of the country, but major problems continued to exist in transportation infrastructure, customs administration, and the tax system. Government finances had.
Economy of Estonia - including the pegging of its currency to the euro. A major goal is accession to the EU, possibly by 2004. The state of the economy is greatly influenced by developments in Finland, Sweden, and Germany, three major trading partners. The high current account deficit remains a concern. Economy - in further detail: For centuries until 1920, Estonian agriculture consisted of native peasants working large feudal-type estates held by ethnic German landlords. In the decades prior to independence, centralized Czarist rule had contributed a rather large industrial sector dominated by the world's largest cotton mill, a ruined post-war economy, and an inflated ruble currency. In years 1920 to 1930, Estonia entirely transformed its economy, despite considerable hardship, dislocation, and unemployment. Compensating the German landowners for their holdings, the government confiscated the estates.
Urho Kekkonen - 31, 1986) was a Finnish politician who served as the Prime Minister of Finland from 1950 to 1956, and as the most long-standing president of Finland from 1956 to 1981. Kekkonen continued the neutrality policy of president Paasikivi, which came to be known as the Paasikivi-Kekkonen line. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Early life 2 Early political career 3 Term as president 4 Later life 5 Appraisal Early life Urho Kekkonen was born in the Savo region of Finland, but he lived in childhood in Kainuu. His family were farmers (thought not poor tenant farmers, as his supporters claimed). His school years did not go smoothly. Durign the Finnish Civil War, he fought on the White side and led an execution squad in Hamina. In independent Finland, Kekkonen worked as a.
Denmark - West Zealand (Vestsjælland) Three municipalities have county privileges: Bornholm (regional municipality) Copenhagen Frederiksberg Copenhagen County comprise the municipalities in metropolitan Copenhagen, except Copenhagen Municipality and Frederiksberg Municipality. Bornholm Regional Municipality comprise the five former municipalities on the island Bornholm and the island's former county. Greenland and the Faroe Islands also belong to the Kingdom of Denmark, but have autonomous status and are largely self-governing, and are each represented by 2 seats in the parliament. Geography Main article: Geography of Denmark Denmark consists of the Jutland peninsula (Jylland) and 405 named islands, of which 82 are inhabited, the most important are Funen (Fyn) and Zealand (Sjælland). The island of Bornholm is located somewhat east of the rest of the country, in the Baltic Sea. Many of the islands are connected by bridges;.
1940 - Births 3 Deaths 4 Nobel Prizes Events January 5 - FM radio is demonstrated to the FCC for the first time. January 12 - World War II: Russia bombs cities in Finland. February 2 - Frank Sinatra debuts with the Tommy Dorsey orchestra February 2 - The Complex Number Calculator, a calculator for complex arithmetic based on relays, was completed. (see History of computing hardware). February 2 - The first transposons are discovered in maize (Zea mays, aka corn) by Barbara McClintock. February 23 - World War II: Soviet Union troops conquer Lasi Island. February 29 - For her role as as Mammy in Gone with the Wind, Hattie McDaniel becomes the first African American to win an Academy Award (Best Supporting Actress). March 12 - Soviet Union and Finland sign.
Absolute Monarchy in Sweden - with Norway Modernization Industrialization Realm of Sweden List of Swedish monarchs List of Swedish wars Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Absolute Monarchy 2 Reuterholm 3 The loss of Finland 4 References Absolute Monarchy See also: Gustav III of Sweden Adolf Frederick of Sweden died on February 12, 1771. The elections held on the demise of the Crown resulted in a Gustav's partial victory for the Caps, especially among the lower orders; but in the estate of the peasantry their majority was merely nominal, while the mass of the nobility was dead against them. Nothing could be done, however, till the arrival of the new king (then at Paris), and every one felt that with Gustav III an entirely incalculable factor had entered into Swedish politics. Unknown to the party leaders, he.
Afghanistan timeline January 1-16, 2002 - with the winding down of the conflict. The delegation included senators Bob Smith, Byron Dorgan, Mark Dayton, Richard Durbin, and representative Ellen Tauscher. Their pledge was contrasted by representative Tom Lantos, a senior member of the House International Relations Committee, who said to an audience in Tokyo that the United States should not take the lead in rebuilding Afghanistan. John Walker Lindh was charged with conspiracy to kill U.S nationals overseas and with supporting al-Qaeda. The U.N. Security Council adopted sanctions against Osama bin Laden, Taliban and al-Qaida members, requiring all nations to impose arms embargoes and freeze their finances. Afghanistan banned the cultivation of opium poppy and trafficking in opium and all its derivatives, including heroin. Kabul's airport reopened for military and humanitarian aircraft with a symbolic test flight of.
