Fuel injection - Fuel injection Fuel injection is a technology used in internal combustion engines to mix the fuel with air prior to combustion. As in a traditional carburetor, fuel is converted to a fine spray and mixed with air. However, fuel injection forces the fuel through nozzles under pressure, rather than using the force of the air rushing through. The major advantage of the system is that the amount of fuel being mixed with air can be more precisely controlled, and the mixture can be more evenly spread throughout the air coming into the engine. In combination with an electronic computer which monitors engine conditions, fuel injection can increase fuel efficiency and reduce pollution. Fuel injection has been used in diesel engines since the mid 1920s, almost from.
Injection system - Injection system An injection system is a system delivering fuel to an internal combustion engine..
Fuel pump - Fuel pump In earlier cars, the fuel pump was housed near the engine. It created negative pressure to "suck" the gasoline through the lines. However, the negative pressure from the pump and heat from the engine caused the gasoline to boil more easily. The gasoline as a vapor could not be handled well by the pump and would restrict liquid gasoline flow, resulting in a condition known as "vapor lock" where not enough gasoline would reach the engine. Nowadays, the fuel pump is located inside of the gas tank. It creates positive pressure in the fuel lines, pushing the gasoline to the engine. The higher gasoline pressure raises the boiling point, and (possibly?) aids the fuel injection system which sprays the pressurized gasoline through nozzles to.
Direct injection vs indirect injection - Direct injection vs indirect injection In an indirect injection diesel engine fuel is injected into a small prechamber which is connected to the cylinder by a narrow opening. The initial combustion takes place in this prechamber. This has the effect of slowing the rate of combustion, which tends to reduce audible noise. In a direct injection diesel engine, fuel is injected directly into the cylinder. The piston incorporates a depression (often toroidal) which is where initial combustion takes place. Direct injection diesel engines are generally more efficient than indirect injection engines, but have a tendency to produce greater amounts of audible noise. In either case the location where combustion takes place, called a swirl chamber, is carefully designed to ensure adequate mixing of the atomized fuel with.
Vickers Valiant - less expensive. Indeed, one aviation writer observed, with a certain amount of exaggeration, that it cost less to develop a combat aircraft at the dawn of the jet age than it would to produce the manuals for a modern equivalent. In April 1948, the Air Staff issued a specification with the designation B.9/48 written around the Vickers design, which was given the company designation of Type 660. In February 1949, two prototypes of the aircraft were ordered. The first was to be fitted with four Rolls-Royce RA.3 Avon engines, while the second was to be fitted with four Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire engines and redesignated Type 667. The first prototype took to the air on 18 May 1951, as George Edwards had promised, and in fact beat the first Shorts Sperrin into.
Ignition system - is an important part of the overall engine system. It provides for the timely burning of the fuel mixture within the engine. Not all engine types need an ignition system - for example, a diesel engine relies on compression-ignition, that is, the rise in temperature that accompanies the rise in pressure within the cylinder is sufficient to ignite the fuel spontaneously. All conventional petrol engines, by contrast, require an ignition system. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Contact ignition 2 Magneto system 3 Mechanical ignition 4 Electronic ignition 5 Engine management Contact ignition The earliest petrol engines used a very crude ignition system. This often took the form of a copper or brass rod which protruded into the cylinder, which was heated using an external source. The fuel would ignite when it.
Internal-combustion engine - any engine that operates by burning its fuel inside the engine. This can be contrasted with external combustion engines such as steam engines and Stirling engines, which burn their fuel outside the engine. Jet engines and gas turbines use internal combustion, but the term 'internal-combustion engine' is normally used only to refer to engines in which combustion is intermittent (and usually featuring reciprocating machinery). The internal-combustion engine was invented by Nikolaus August Otto. Nikola Tesla devised an electric igniter for gasoline engines. His designs are nearly identical to ideas which deal with the same process which modern internal combustion engines use. The de Havilland Gypsy Queen engine, powering Dove and Heron propeller aircraft. The most common internal combustion engines are the gasoline powered engine and the diesel engine. Others include those.
Industrial and manufacturing engineering - the major part of a market. When a customer needs more features, sell them as options. This approach is valuable in complex electromagnetic products such as computer printers, in which the engineering is a major product cost. To reduce a project's engineering and design costs, it is frequently "factored" into subassemblies that are designed and developed once and reused in many slightly different products. For example, a typical tape-player has a precision injection-molded tape-deck produced, assembled and tested by a small factory, and sold to numerous larger companies as a subassembly. The tooling and design expense for the tape deck is shared over many products that can look quite different. All that the other products need to have are the necessary mounting boles and electrical interface. Quality control It's a truism.
Harry Ricardo - of over 8000 of his tank engines were put into military service, making it the first British-designed engine to be produced in large numbers. In 1917 Bertram Hopkinson invited him to join the new engine research facility at the Department of Military Aeronautics, later to become the RAE. In 1918 Hopkinson was killed while flying a Bristol Fighter and Ricardo took over his position. From that point on the department produced a string of experimental engines and research reports that constantly drove the British, and world, engine industry. One of his first major research projects was on the problems of pre-ignition, known as knocking or pinging. To study the problem he built a unique variable-compression test engine. This led to the development of the octane rating system, and considerable investment into.
Volvo 240 - almost identical to the last two model years of the 140, '73-'74, which incorporated many improvements over the previous model years. As is usual for Volvo, incremental improvements were made almost every year of the production run. One of the major improvements was the introduction of the oxygen sensor in 1977 ('78 models), which Volvo called the Lambda Sond and developed in conjuction with Bosch. It basically added a feedback loop to the K-Jetronic fuel injection system already in use, which allowed fine-tuning of the mixture and therefore superior emissions, drivability and economy. The original Volvo nomenclature consisted of three numbers: the first letter indicated the model (series), the second the number of cylinders, and the third the number of doors. So a 265 would be a six-cylinder wagon (5 doors)..
Gasoline engine - mechanical contacts called the "distributor." Constant arcing in the points and distributor eventually cause them to wear, and need replacement. In more modern engines, the points or the entire distributor are often replaced by an electronic circuit. More rarely, in a few European engines, the distributor is sometimes replaced by a spark coil for each cylinder. One crucial component in older and smaller engines is the carburetor, which mixes the gasoline with air. Carburetors are fluidic and mechanical computors that meter the fuel and mix it with the air in precise proportions. Classic carburetors measure spark advance by measuring the difference in pressure between the outside and inside of the carburetor. The degree of throttle advance is also measured. The air temperature is measured to make the measure richer in the.
Grand Prix motorcycle racing - designs have been universal since the 1970's due to their far greater power than a similarly-sized four-stroke design. The motorcycles, particularly the 500cc machines, are made out of exotic and expensive materials, including titanium and carbon fibre, and are equipped with sophisticated electronics including telemetry, engine management, and traction control, though most machines still use carburettors because fuel injection's throttle control is not precise enough for the riders. The best riders of each category of machine travel the world to compete in the annual World Championship series, with each category run on a point-scoring basis similar to most other racing championships. The circuit is perhaps most closely followed in Spain and Italy, home of many of the more successful riders at the moment. Compared to Formula One car racing, as many.
Ferrari - see. Here it produced cars and aircraft accessories. The factory was bombed in 1944 and rebuilt in 1946. The first Ferrari car was the 125 C Sport, with a 1.5-litre V12 engine, of 1947. Noted for their exquisite styling by design house Pininfarina, the road cars have long been one of the ultimate accessories for the rich and young (or young-at-heart). Featuring highly-tuned (and, until the introduction of fuel injection in the 1980s, highly temperamental) small V8 and V12 engines, often in a mid-engined configuration, their performance, handling, sound, and shape made them extremely desirable. Their reputation for unreliability and poor-quality engineering (though largely dispelled by the 1990s), was viewed as an example of the car's "character" (though fans of Porsche would argue that their vehicles had similar virtues and were.
Fiat X1/9 - control equipment and large safety bumpers were added, which sapped performance even more - an increase of engine capacity to 1500cc partially dealt with this. While the engine itself was widely regarded as a fine design, the fact was that the car was rather heavy, despite its small size and sports car aspirations. The lack of proper productionisation dogged the model throughout its remarkably long life. The confined space of the mid-engine compartment meant that routine maintenance was often skipped, and it also led to problems with overheating. A cooling fan was added to cool the carburettor, which otherwise would get so hot fuel would vapourise in the float chamber, leading to fuel starvation. The exhaust system was placed below a vestigial boot (trunk) compartment, which would get so hot that.
Ford Escort - Escorts were never offered in the United States, Ford offering the Ford Pinto instead. The Escort (Mk 3) was relaunched worldwide in 1980, as a hatchback which at the time was considered a revolutionary design, though Vauxhall's earlier Astra (designed by Opel in Germany) was in fact almost identical mechanically and stylistically. Several variations were made, with features such as fuel injection. The XR3i model of the mid-80s in particular became a favourite of the young and upwardly mobile, and it quickly established a "boy-racer" image. The XR3 also became notoriously popular in the UK with joyriders. By now, the Escort seemed ubiquitous. Both Diana Spencer and Sarah Ferguson drove Escorts. The US Escort was launched as a 3-door hatch and 5-door wagon, with the 5-door hatch following a year later..
Fusion power - nuclear fusion. Some suggested advantages of commercial fusion reactors as power producers are: An effectively inexhaustible supply of fuel—at essentially zero cost on an energy production scale; A fuel supply that is available from the oceans to all countries and therefore cannot be interrupted by other nations; No possibility of nuclear runaway; No chemical combustion products as effluents; No afterheat cooling problem in case of an accidental loss of coolant; No use of weapons grade nuclear materials; thus no possibility of diversion for purposes of blackmail or sabotage; Low amount of radioactive by-products with significantly shorter half-life relative to fission reactors. Some argue that fusion is the best option for a truly sustainable or long term energy source because the fuel is virtually inexhaustible and readily available throughout the world. Deuterium.
Economy of Benin - Inflation has subsided over the past three years. Commercial and transport activities, which make up a large part of GDP, are vulnerable to developments in Nigeria, particularly fuel shortages. The Paris Club and bilateral creditors have eased the external debt situation in recent years. The government, still burdened with money-losing state enterprises and a bloated civil service, has been gradually implementing a structural adjustment program since 1991. Cotton accounts for 40% of GDP and roughly 80% of official export receipts. There is also production of textiles, palm products, and cocoa. Maize (corn), beans, rice, peanuts, cashews, pineapples, cassava, yams, and other various tubers are grown for local subsistence. Benin began producing a modest quantity of offshore oil in October 1982. Production ceased in recent years but exploration of new sites is.
EFI - EFI EFI is an abbreviation of: Electronic fuel injection This is a disambiguation page; that is, one that just points to other pages that might otherwise have the same name. If you followed a link here, you might want to go back and fix the link, so that it points to the appropriate page..
Engine tuning - cases, people are interested in increasing the power output of an engine. Many well tried and tested techniques have been devised to achieve this, but essentially all operate to increase the rate (and to a lesser extent efficiency) of combustion in a given engine. This is achieved by putting more fuel/air misture into the engine, burning it more rapidly, and getting rid of the waste products more rapidly - this increases volumetric efficiency. The specific ways this is done include: Increasing the size of the swept volume of the engine, raising its capacity. This can be done by increasing the diameter of the cylinders and pistons, or by using a crankshaft with a longer stroke, or both. Using larger carburettors, or multiple carburettors, to create more fuel/air mixture to burn, and.
Diesel engine - internal combustion engine; more specifically, a compression ignition engine, in which the fuel is ignited by the high temperature of a compressed gas, rather than a separate source of energy (such as a spark plug). It was invented and patented by Rudolf Diesel in 1892. Diesel intended the engine to use a variety of fuels including coal dust. He demonstrated it in the 1900 World's Fair using peanut oil. How diesel engines work When a gas is compressed, its temperature rises (as stated in Charles' Law); a diesel engine uses this property to ignite the fuel. Air is drawn into the cylinder of a diesel engine and compressed by the rising piston, at a much higher compression ratio than for a spark-ignition engine. At the top of the piston stroke, diesel.
