Fuzzy control system - Fuzzy control system See Dynamic logic, Bayesian inference, function approximation Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Fuzzy logic control systems 2 Antilock brakes 3 Fuzzy sets 4 Fuzzy control in detail 5 Building a fuzzy controller 6 History & applications Fuzzy logic control systems Fuzzy logic is a way of interfacing inherently analog processes, that move through a continuous range of values, to a digital computer to perform tasks, based on abstracted values, as if they were well-defined discrete numeric values. "Fuzzy logic" has become a common buzzword in machine control. However, the term itself inspires a certain skepticism, sounding equivalent to "half-baked logic" or "bogus logic". Some other name might be preferable, such as dynamic logic. But still, fuzzy logic is actually very straightforward. Antilock brakes.
Control system - Control system A control system is a device or set of devices that manage the behavior of other devices. Some devices or systems are not controllable. There are two common types of controllers, with many variations and combinations: logic controls, and feedback or linear controls. There is also fuzzy logic, which attempts to combine the easy design of logic with the real-world utility of feedback controls. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Logic controls 2 Linear controls 3 Fuzzy logic 4 How are these really made? Logic controls Pure logic controls were historically implemented by electricians with networks of relays, and designed with a notation called ladder logic. Nowadays, most such systems are constructed with programmable logic controllers. Logic controllers usually respond to switches or photoelectric cells,.
Fuzzy logic - Fuzzy logic Fuzzy Logic is a superset of Boolean logic dealing with the concept of partial truth. Whereas classical logic holds that everything can be expressed in binary terms (0 or 1, black or white, yes or no), fuzzy logic replaces Boolean truth values with degrees of truth which are very similar to probabilities (except that they need not sum to one). This allows for values between 0 and 1, shades of gray, and maybe; it allows partial membership in a set. It is highly related to fuzzy sets and possibility theory. It was introduced in the 1960s by Dr. Lotfi Zadeh of UC Berkeley. Applications : Home appliances and more Fuzzy logic is used to control household appliances (such as washing machines which sense load.
Expert system - Expert system An system is a class of computer programs developed by researchers in artificial intelligence during the 1970s and applied commercially throughout the 1980s. In essence, they are programs made up of a set of rules that analyze information, (usually supplied by the user of the system), about a specific class of problems, as well as provide analysis of the problem(s), and, depending upon their design, a recommended course of user action in order to implement corrections. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Type of problems solved by expert systems 2 Application 3 Expert Systems vs. Problem Solving Systems 4 Individuals Involved with Expert Systems 5 The End User 6 The Knowledge Engineer 7 The Inference Rule 8 Chaining 9 Confidences 10 The User Interface 11 Procedure.
Constraint system - Constraint system In computer programming, constraint system is one of design patternss. Problem: Difficult to solve problem. All of the related logic is huge and no control structure or organisation seems to be adequate. Solution: Model the problem using connectors and logic items. Let scenarios play themselves out recursively across the network. This rather large example was adapted from code in Structure and interpretation of computer programs, an excellent book. The program was originally written in Scheme, the languaged featured in Structure and Interpretation. Even if you write nothing but Perl, C or Java all of your life, I highly recommend this book. Decomposing problems into functions is the first cautious step in learning to program; decomposing programs into objects could be seen as a second and.
Israeli attack on USS Liberty - called the ship on radio several times without receiving an answer while the Americans deny ever receiving a call for identification. Visual communications: Joe Meadors, then the signalman on bridge, states that "Immediately prior to the torpedo attack I was on the Signal Bridge repeatedly sending 'USS Liberty US Navy Ship' by flashing light to the torpedo boats." However the Israeli boats claim to have read only the signal "AA", which was exactly the signal dispatched by the Egyptian destroyer Ibrahim Al-Awal when it was engaged by the Israeli navy 11 years earlier. Meadors claims that he never sent "AA" (which would require him to identify himself as well); this disagreement may be settled by considering the fact that Liberty wasn't able to read the boats as well. Israeli ships' actions.
Generation X - span of 1946-1964, but since many notable people who are normally thought of as clearly Gen-X, such as Courtney Love, Janeane Garofalo and Eddie Vedder, were born in 1964, this year is often preferred as the beginning of Generation X. In their book Generations William Strauss and Neil Howe called this generation the "13th Generation" because the tag, like this generation, is a little Halloweenish, and it is the thirteenth to know the flag of the United States (counting back to the peers of Benjamin Franklin) and set its birth years at 1961 to 1981. This generation is sometimes also known as the Baby Busters or just Busters; although in Anthony Brancato's system this generation is to divided into two discrete groups, the Baby Busters (Courtney Love and Kurt Cobain) and.
Greg Goebel - be used to track which documents and versions have been imported into Wikipedia. Imports: December 20th, 2001: P-47 Thunderbolt - version 1.1 January 19th, 2002: P-38 Lightning - version 1.3 February 25th, 2002 (or earlier): Plastic - version 1.0 April 11th, 2002: Fuzzy control system - version 1.2 April 12th, 2002: SETI - version 1.0.2 April 12th, 2002: Aerobot - version 1.0 April 15th, 2002: George Westinghouse - unknown April 15th, 2002: Hypersonic - unknown April 16th, 2002: Age of the Earth - unknown March 9th, 2003: B-47 Stratojet - version 2.0.0.
Dynamic logic - See also Multi-valued logic, Fuzzy set and Fuzzy control system (applications of fuzzy logic) Commonly called fuzzy logic, dynamic logic is a system by which value states may contain the added property of degrees in relation to other known or unknown values. Unlike binary logic, which only allows for a base 2 system for constructing data, fuzzy logic establishes a matrix relationship between known factors. As an analogy, in nature there are far more shades of gray than black or white. These represent an important concept that says there are values not black nor white. Taking this further, just like in the Platonic ideal, the binary model doesn't really exist in nature. Everything is colored to some degree by the mere presence of the other. The exception to this is the.
The Gathering Storm: Before the Revolutions of 1848 - not finish the first German edition of The Communist Manifesto until February 1, 1848; and, strongly stressed, this wikipedia article is not intended as a defense or justification of Marx or his controversial ideas). Secret societies sprung up. The German states were similar. Prussia had quickly industrialized. Worker living standards had dropped; alcohol consumption had gone up in the 1840s. Feudalism was inarguably horrible for the poor, but the worker saw little gain from the new socio-economic system of capitalism and the accompanying social change. The rural areas Rural growth had of course led to Malthusian food shortages, land pressure, and migration, both from (i.e., to the United States) and within Europe. Population concentration led to disease, specifically, cholera, which at the time had not been tied to water supplies. The.
Timeline of computing 1950-1979 - paper explored the nature and potential development of human and computer intelligence and communication. 1951 High level language compiler invented by Grace Murray Hopper. 1951 Whirlwind, the first real-time computer built at MIT by the team of Jay Forrester for the US Air Defence System, became operational. This computer is the first to allow interactive computing, allowing users to interact with it using a keyboard and a cathode-ray tube. The Whirlwind design was later developed into SAGE, a comprehensive system of real-time computers used for early warning of air attacks. 1951 November 17, J Lyons, a United Kingdom food company, famous for its tea, made history by running the first business application on an electronic computer. A payroll system was run on Lyons Electronic Office (LEO) a computer system designed by.
Republic P-47 - named Alexander Kartveli as a design engineer. Kartveli was an original designer with many innovative ideas, and would eventually become chief designer when De Seversky became more preoccupied with the business aspects of running a company. The first Seversky design was the "SEV-3" amphibian, The SEV-3 was an all-metal, low wing monoplane that was powered by Wright J-6 air-cooled radial engine, offering 420 horsepower, and had an interesting arrangement of retractable floats that allowed it to land on water or a runway. The rear edges of all flight surfaces were in the form of elliptical curves, a feature that would be retained in its ancestors. The "3" in the SEV-3 designation indicated that it was a three-seat aircraft. It was intended for commercial use. It was fast for its time, and.
Password - Password A password is a common means of access control. Typically this is for computer systems, which is the model we will discuss here. The 'user' whose access is being controlled (all users in principle, though some users have special privileged access deliberately or accidentally on some systems) maybe a real human at a keyboard, or a process / program, on the local or some other computer system. The user is asked to supply some information (ie, the password) as a credential. If the password given matches that the system has stored for that user, the user is permitted access by the login facility (usually a part of the operating system) to the computer system. The access granted may be limited to certain directories and files, to only certain executables, only.
Oscilloscope - defective stage can usually tell a skilled technician exactly which component is broken. Once the technician replaces the component, the unit can be restored to service, or at least the next fault can be isolated. Another use is to check newly designed circuitry. Very often a newly-designed circuit will misbehave because of bad voltage levels, electrical noise or design errors. Digital electronics usually operates from a clock, so a dual-trace scope is needed to check digital circuits. "Storage scopes" are helpful for "capturing" rare electronic events that cause defective operation. Another use is for software engineers who must program electronics. Often a scope is the only way to see if the software is running the electronics properly. Description A typical oscilloscope is a rectangular box with a small screen, numerous input.
Ignition system - Ignition system The ignition system of an internal combustion engine is an important part of the overall engine system. It provides for the timely burning of the fuel mixture within the engine. Not all engine types need an ignition system - for example, a diesel engine relies on compression-ignition, that is, the rise in temperature that accompanies the rise in pressure within the cylinder is sufficient to ignite the fuel spontaneously. All conventional petrol engines, by contrast, require an ignition system. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Contact ignition 2 Magneto system 3 Mechanical ignition 4 Electronic ignition 5 Engine management Contact ignition The earliest petrol engines used a very crude ignition system. This often took the form of a copper or brass rod which protruded into the.
Integrated NATO Air Defense System - Integrated NATO Air Defense System Integrated NATO Air Defense System or INADS was the NATO response to the Russian development of long range bombers in the 1950s. The need to maintain a credible deterrence when early warning and intercept times were massively reduced led to the development of a improved air defense (AD) system. The development was approved by the NATO Military Committee in December 1955. The defense was to be based on four air defense regions (ADRs) coordinated by SACEUR (Supreme Allied Commander Europe). Starting from 1956 early warning coverage was extended across Western Europe, using eighteen radar stations; this part of the system was completed by 1962, linked to existing national radar sites the coordinated system was called the NATO Air Defense Ground Environment (NADGE). By 1972 NADGE.
Information system - Information system The term information system has the following meanings: 1. A system, whether automated or manual, that comprises people, machines, and/or methods organized to collect, process, transmit, and disseminate data that represent user information. 2. Any telecommunications and/or computer related equipment or interconnected system or subsystems of equipment that is used in the acquisition, storage, manipulation, management, movement, control, display, switching, interchange, transmission, or reception of voice and/or data, and includes software, firmware, and hardware Source: from Federal Standard 1037C and from MIL-STD-188 and from the National Information Systems Security Glossary The simplest model that describes the Structure and Behaviour of an Information System takes five objects: For Structure: Repositories, hold data permanent or temporarily, such as buffers, RAM, hard disks, cache, etc. Interfaces, exhange information.
Intelligent transportation system - Intelligent transportation system The Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) program is an initiative of the United States Department of Transportation to add information technology to transportation infrastructure and vehicles. It aims to manage vehicles, loads, and routes to improve safety and reduce vehicle wear, transportation times and fuel costs. The ITS program was originally called Intelligent Vehicle/Highway Systems. Intelligent Transportation Systems are a set of related technologies, including: archived data archived data mart archived data warehouse archived data virtual warehouse advanced public transit systems transit vehicle tracking transit fixed-route operations demand responsive transit passenger and fare management public travel security transit maintenance multi-modal co-ordination en-route transit information multi-modal connection protection advanced traveler information systems in-vehicle navigation systems variable message signs broadcast traveller information interactive traveller information autonomous route guidance.
Inertial guidance system - Inertial guidance system An inertial navigation system measures the position and attitude of a vehicle by measuring the accelerations and rotations applied to the system's inertial frame. It is widely used because it refers to no real-world item beyond itself. It is therefore immune to jamming and deception. (See relativity and Mach's principle for some background in the physics involved). An inertial guidance system consists of an inertial navigation system combined with control mechanisms, allowing the path of a vehicle to be controlled according to the position determined by the inertial navigation system. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Overview 2 Inertial navigation systems in detail 3 Schemes 3.1 Gyrostabilized platforms 3.2 Rate Gyro Systems 3.3 Laser Gyros 3.4 Brandy Snifter Gyros 3.5 Quartz Rate Sensors 3.6 Pendular Accelerometers.
Involuntary control of respiration - Involuntary control of respiration Involuntary Control of Respiration The respiratory center located in the medulla and the pons, acts in the regulation of rhythmic, involuntary respiration. From within the medulla, graded action potentials are discharged in a cyclic pattern, and act to excite respiratory muscles. Bilaterally paired aggregations of neurons called the dorsal respiratory group and the ventral respiratory group, act in inspiration and expiration (respectively), are mutually inhibitory and act with symmetry (facilitated by cross communication). The dorsal respiratory group is active during inspiration although they are not the source of rhythmic respiration. The ventral respiratory group is involved in inspiration and expiration; these neurons play an important role in respiratory muscle contraction. The Pre-Bo Complex is responsible for the generation of respiratory rhythm, via pacemaker.
