Genetic programming - Genetic programming Genetic programming (GP) is a subfield of evolutionary computation invented by Nichael Lynn Cramer in 1985 and first explored in depth by John Koza in his 1992 book Genetic Programming: On the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural Selection. It is a method used to allow computer programs to evolve according to some user-defined goal. It uses evolutionary patterns including crossover, selection, replication and mutations to evolve the programs, which are usually represented by Lisp expressions. To work effectively, it requires an appropriate selection of operators and variables. Genetic programming uses methods which are similar to genetic algorithms (GA), but is based on programs which perform tasks whose results can then be evaluated to deliver a fitness function similar to GAs. Instead of.
Genetic algorithm - Genetic algorithm A genetic algorithm (GA) is an algorithm used to find approximate solutions to difficult-to-solve problems, inspired by and named after biological processes of inheritance, mutation, natural selection, and the genetic crossover that occurs when parents mate to produce offspring. Genetic algorithms are a particular class of evolutionary algorithms. Genetic algorithms are typically implemented as a computer simulation in which a population of abstract representations of candidate solutions to an optimization problem are stochastically selected, recombined, mutated, and then either eliminated or retained, based on their relative fitnesses. John Holland was the pioneering founder of much of today's work in genetic algorithms, which has moved on from a purely theoretical subject (though based on computer modelling), to provide methods which can be used to solve.
Krypton (planet) - Superman discovered the city of Kandor preserved in a bottle. He rescued it and took it to Earth with him, vowing to someday discover a way to return the city to normal size. In the early 1980s Kandor was enlarged, and its inhabitants left Earth to settle on a new planet which was named New Krypton. The race of Krypton was believed to be the progenitor of the alien world of Daxam, a planet whose inhabitants also had powers and abilities similar to Superman's when they were exposed to the radiation of a yellow sun. However, the Daxamites as they were known, were highly suspectible to lead poisoning, which affected them in a manner similar to Kryptonite when they came into contact with lead. One Daxamite, Mon-El, was a member of.
John Koza - scientist, most notable for his work in pioneering the use of genetic programming for the optimisation of complex problems, and for the evolution of computer programs which solve them..
Intellectual capital - process is more likely a matter of political economy, and difficult to separate from other issues of relative values of capital across a whole economy or society. This debate certainly did not begin with Baruch Lev and Naomi Klein - the roots of it can be seen as far back as John Stuart Mill and David Ricardo in the very origins of political economy. In the 20th century, the critiques of Ayn Rand and Richard Stallman are seen by some as representing a spectrum in which all instructional value is derived from individuals, or individuals are seen primarily as valued in terms of the instructional capital which they create - clearly political positions reflecting different attitudes to capitalism, rather than an analysis of how individuals and instructions actually interact. Or, some.
Virtuosity - version 6.7: a Sadistic, Intelligent, and Dangerous virtual reality entity amalgamation of 183 notorious criminal personalities: mass murderers, serial killers, and Hitler-types. Programmed using genetic algorithms, each of the 183 killers in SID holds the memories, personality/behavioral traits, and emotional composition as the original. Being far too complex to design, Lindenmeyer had SID's program begin with him as a child (sped up in virtual reality), having the killers in his subconscious raise him and guide him in the ways of the world. The killers emerge through the 50 terabyte, self-evolving neural network that is SID through a sort of Multiple Personality Disorder, giving way to the stronger personalities depending on each situation. LETAC would like to train police officers by putting them in VR with SID, the idea being that if.
Inheritance (computer science) - the arrow rests on the subclass. Sowa's conceptual graph places the is a in a bubble (circle). The classes [Socrates] and [Man] are placed in rectangles. Some computer scientists, such as the principal designer of CLU, Barbara Liskov, urge that the use of inheritance be restricted to those designs which truly reflect the problem being solved, and that re-use and subtype polymorphism are not actually the strong points of a design resting solely on inheritance. The most widely encountered practical application of inheritance is in word processors, where people often don't realize except intuitively that the components of the document are inheriting layout and style properties from their parent elements, not even when they are using style sheets for formatting. A similar impression can be seen with drawing programs. Usage in.
Hypocrisy Is the Greatest Luxury - Drug of the Nation" (Franti) - 6:38 "Language of Violence" (Franti) - 6:15 "The Winter of the Long Hot Summer" (Franti) - 7:59 "Hypocrisy Is the Greatest Luxury" (Franti) - 3:47 "Everyday Life Has Become a Health Risk" (Franti) - 4:54 "INS Greencard A-19 191 500" (Franti) - 1:36 "Socio-Genetic Experiment" (Franti) - 4:19 "Music and Politics" (Franti) - 4:01 "Financial Leprosy" (Franti) - 5:30 "California Über Alles" (Jello Biafra/Dead Kennedys/Greenway) - 4:13 "Water Pistol Man" (Franti) - 5:55 Personnel John Baker - Engineer Kim Buie - Art Direction The Disposable Heroes of Hiphoprisy - Editing, Art Direction, Mixing Michael Franti - Arranger, Programming, Vocals, Backing Vocals Vivian Hall Mark Heimback-Nielsen - Art Direction, Design Charlie Hunter - Bass, Guitar, Vocals, Voices Jeff Mann - Post Production Engineer Mark Pistel -.
Fibonacci number - 1597, 2584, 4181, 6765, 10946, 17711, 28657... Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Origins 2 Explicit formula 3 Computing Fibonacci numbers 4 Applications 5 Generalizations 6 Algorithm 7 Identities Origins This sequence was first described by Leonardo of Pisa, who was known as Fibonacci (ca. 1200), to describe the growth of a rabbit population. The numbers describe the number of pairs in a (somewhat idealized) rabbit population after n months if it is assumed that the first month there is just one newly born pair, newly born pairs become productive from their second month on, we have no genetic problems whatsoever generated by inbreeding, each month every productive pair begets a new pair, and the rabbits never die The formula above applies to the rabbit problem because if in month n we.
Evolutionary algorithm - recombination to find an optimal configuration for a specific system within specific constraints. Evolutionary algorithms include: genetic programming and genetic algorithms which use the gene transmission and mutation mechanism as an optimization technique evolutionary programming, which allows one to parameterize computer programs to find optimal solutions according to a goal function. Most of these techniques are similar in spirit, but differ largely in the details of their implementation and the nature of the particular problem domains they have been applied to. Evolutionary algorithms are often used to design engineering systems in the place of manual design where the complexity of the optimisation problem is beyond human comprehension. EC as framework for evolutionary modeling Evolutionary computation and algorithms have also used as an experimental framework within which to validate theories about evolution.
2002 - Australia television station TCN-9. At his retirement he held the record for the longest serving television newsreader ever, having hosted the weekend evening bulletins on the station from 1957 until 1964 and the weeknight evening news bulletins on the station from 1964 until he retired in 2002. December 4 - Total solar eclipse December 7 - Iraq disarmament crisis: As required by the recently passed U.N. resolution, Iraq files a 12,000 page weapons declaration with the U.N. Security Council. Although it is supposed to be a complete declaration, it is seen as incomplete by the Security Council and weapons inspectors. Years in topic 2002 in film M. Night Shyamalan's Signs starring Mel Gibson The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, directed by Peter Jackson. 2002 in literature Gabriel García Márquez,.
2002 in science - Switzerland and The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA) "for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution" Physics Raymond Davis Jr (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA) and Masatoshi Koshiba (International Center for Elementary Particle Physics, University of Tokyo, Japan) "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos" Riccardo Giacconi (Associated Universities Inc., Washington DC, USA) "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources" Medicine Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz and John E. Sulston "for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death" Wollaston Medal for Geology: Rudolf Trumpy Births Deaths January 8 - Alexander Prochorow (65), physicist, Nobellaurette in physics.
Algorithm - or printing students' report cards. Typically, when an algorithm is associated with processing information, data is read from an input source or device, written to an output sink or device, and/or stored for further use. Stored data is regarded as part of the internal state of the entity performing the algorithm. For any such computational process, the algorithm must be rigorously defined: specified in the way it applies in all possible circumstances that could arise. That is, any conditional steps must be systematically dealt with, case-by-case; the criteria for each case must be clear (and computable). Because an algorithm is a precise list of precise steps, the order of computation will almost always be critical to the functioning of the algorithm. Instructions are usually assumed to be listed explicitly, and are.
Artificial life - Its researchers try instead to mimic life processes to understand the appearance of single phenomena. The usual way is through an agent based model, which usually gives a minimal possible solution. That is: "we don't know what in nature generates this phenomenon, but could be something as simple as..." The field is characterized by the extensive use of computer programs and computer simulations which include evolutionary algorithms (EA), genetic algorithms (GA), genetic programming (GP), artificial chemistries (AC), agent based models, and cellular automata (CA). Of interest has also been the application of co-evolution to Lindenmayer systems. Artificial life as a field has had a controversial history, some have characterized it as "practical theology" or a "fact-free science". However, for many, artificial life is a meeting point for people from many other.
Automatic label placement - worsens the result. The chance of keeping such change is , where is change is the evaluation function, and is the temperature. The temperature is gradually lowered according to the annealing schedule. When the temperature is high, simulated annealing performs almost random changes to the label placement, being able to escape a local optimum. Later, when hopefully a very good local optimum has been found, it behaves in a manner similar to local optimization. The main challenges in developing a simulated annealing solution are choosing a good evaluation function and a good annealing schedule - generally too fast cooling will degrade the solution, and too slow cooling will degrade the performance, but the schedule is usually quite a complex algorithm, with more than just one parameter. Another class of algorithms are.
Bill Joy - known as BSD, from which springs many modern forms of UNIX, including FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD. Two of his most notable contributions were the vi editor and the csh shell. Joy was also a primary figure in the development of the Java programming language, and JINI. In 2000 he gained notoriety with the publication of his article in Wired Magazine, "Why the future doesn't need us", in which he put forward what some have described as a "neo-Luddite" position that he was convinced by the growing advances in genetic engineering and nanotechnology that intelligent robots would replace humanity, at the very least in intellectual and societal dominance, in the relatively near future. On September 9, 2003 Sun said that Bill Joy was leaving the company and that he "is taking time.
The motivation to philosophize - philosophical questions Questions about God and ethics are only the tip of the philosophical iceberg. There are many other things about this universe about which we are, most of us, also fundamentally ignorant. Philosophers are in the business of investigating all sorts of those areas of our ignorance. A bewilderingly huge number of basic concepts are poorly understood. What does it mean to say that one thing causes another? What is rationality? What are space and time? What is beauty, and if it is in the eye of the beholder, then what is it that is being said to be in the eye of the beholder? And so on. The number of these most basic questions is huge. Those are just the questions about meaning. One might also consider some of.
Bird migration - northern hemisphere and winter in warmer regions, often in the tropics or the southern hemisphere. There is a strong genetic component to migration in terms of timing and route, but this may be modified by environmental influences. An interesting example where a change of migration route has occurred because of such a geographical barrier is the trend for some Blackcaps in central Europe to migrate west and winter in Great Britain rather than cross the Alps. The advantage of the migration strategy is that, in the long days of the northern summer, breeding birds have more hours to feed their young on often abundant food supplies, particularly insects. As the days shorten in autumn and food supplies become scarce, the birds can return to warmer regions where the length of the.
Blind Variation and Selective Retention - theory of evolution. Although it has its origin in Darwinian evolution, BVSR is a more general principle; for example, it can also be applied to memetic evolution or genetic programming. The term is little used outside of cybernetics. BVSR describes a repeated process of two steps -- blind variation and selective retention on a population (of animals, religions, programs, etc.)..
Code - coding, which uses short codes for frequent symbols and longer codes for seldom used symbols - the same principle is used in the Morse code. An example: the ASCII code Probably the most widely known data communications code (aka character representation) in use today is ASCII. In one or another (somewhat compatible) version, it is used by nearly all personal computers, terminalss, printerss, and other communication equipment. Its original version represents 128 characters with seven-bit binary numbers--that is, as a string of seven 1s and 0s. In ASCII a lowercase "a" is always 1100001, an uppercase "A" always 1000001, and so on. Extensions to ASCII have included 8-bit characters (for letters of European languages and such things as card suit symbols), and in fullest flowering have included glyphs from essentially all.
