Geographic North Pole - Geographic North Pole The Geographic North Pole, also known as true North, is the northern point at which the Earth's axis of rotation meets the surface. For other definitions of the North Pole, see North Pole. Geographic North has a known fixed position, at latitude 90° North. In whichever direction you travel from here, you are always heading south. The boundaries of Canada extend all the way to the Geographic North Pole. There is no land at this location, which is usually covered by sea ice. The first expedition to the pole is generally accepted to have been made by Navy engineer Robert Edwin Peary, his servant Matthew Henson, and four Inuit men, Ootah, Seegloo, Egingway, and Ooqueah, on April 9, 1909. However, some have estimated.
North Pole - North Pole The North Pole, the northernmost point on the Earth, can be defined in four different ways. Only the first two definitions are commonly used. However it is defined, the North Pole lies in the Arctic Ocean. The Geographic North Pole, also known as True North, is the northernmost point on the Earth as determined by the planet's rotation. It has a known fixed position, at latitude 90° North. The boundaries of Canada extend all the way to the Geographic North Pole. There is no land at this location, which is usually covered by sea ice. The Magnetic North Pole is the northern point at which the geomagnetic field points vertically, i.e. the dip is 90°. This definition was proposed by Sir William Gilbert, a.
Northern Pole of Inaccessibility - Northern Pole of Inaccessibility The Northern Pole of Inaccessibility , located at 84°03' North, 174°51' West, is the point farthest from any northern coastline. It is located within the Arctic region. It is on the surface of the Arctic Ocean which is most distant from land, about 700 miles from the nearest coast. It is a geographic construct, not an actual physical phenomenon. It was first reached by Sir Hubert Wilkins, who flew by aircraft in 1927; in 1958 a Russian icebreaker reached this point..
Celestial pole - Celestial pole The two celestial poles are the imaginary points where the Earth's spin axis intersects the celestial sphere. The sky appears to drift overhead from east to west, completing a full circuit around the sky in 24 (sideral) hours. This phenomenon is due to the spinning of the Earth on its axis. The Earth's spin axis intersects the celestial sphere at two points. These points are the celestial poles. As the Earth spins, they remain fixed in the sky, and all other points seem to rotate around them. The celestial poles are also the poles of the celestial equatorial coordinate system, meaning they have declinations of +90 degrees and -90 degrees (for the north and south celestial poles, respectively). The north celestial pole currently has nearly.
Geography of Antarctica - south of the Antarctic Circle (higher resolution copy) Geographic coordinates: 90 00 S, 0 00 E Map references: Antarctic Region Area: total: 14 million sq km land: 14 million kmē (280,000 sq km ice-free, 13.72 million kmē ice-covered) (est.) note: fifth-largest continent, following Asia, Africa, North America, and South America, but larger than Australia and the subcontinent of Europe Land boundaries: 0 km Physically Antarctica is divided in two by mountains close to the neck between the Ross Sea and the Weddell Sea. The portion of the continent west of the Weddell Sea and east of the Ross Sea is called Western Antarctica and the remainder Eastern Antarctica, since they correspond roughly to the eastern and western hemispheres relative to the Greenwich meridian. This usage has been regarded as eurocentric by.
Geography of the Soviet Union - 2 Global Position and Boundaries 3 Topography and Drainage 4 Climate 5 Natural Resources Physical environment Any geographic description of the Soviet Union is replete with superlatives. Its inventory of land and water contained the world's largest and deepest lakes, the most expansive plain, and Europe's highest mountain and longest river. Desert scenes from Soviet Central Asia resembled the Australian outback. The Crimean coast on the Black Sea was the Soviet Riviera, and the mountains rimming the southern boundary were as imposing as the Swiss Alps. However, most of the topography and climate resembles that of the northernmost portion of the North American continent. The northern forests and the plains to the south find their closest counterparts in the Yukon Territory and in the wide swath of land extending across most.
Earth - The second event is a chemical discontinuity between ultramafic cumulates and tectonized hartzburgites which has been observed from parts of the oceanic crust that have been obducted. Biosphere Earth is the only place where life is proven to exist. The planet's lifeforms are sometimes said to form a "biosphere". This biosphere is generally believed to have evolved ~3.5B years ago. The biosphere is divided into a number of biomes, inhabited by broadly similar flora and fauna. On land, biomes are separated primarily by latitude. Terrestrial biomes lying within the Arctic and Antarctic Circles are relatively barren of plant and animal life, while most of the more populus biomes lie near the Equator. Atmosphere Water covers 71% of Earth's surface (97% of it being sea water and 3% fresh water [1]) and.
Earth's magnetic field - field extends several tens of thousands of kilometers into space. The field is approximately a magnetic dipole, with one pole near the geographic north pole and the other near the geographic south pole. An imaginary line joining the magnetic poles would be inclined by approximately 11.3° from the planet's axis of rotation. The field is similar to that of a bar magnet, but this similarity is superficial. The magnetic field of a bar magnet, or any other type of permanent magnet, is created by the coordinated motions of electrons (negatively charged particles) within iron atoms. The Earth's core, however, is hotter than 1043 K, the temperature at which the orientations of electron orbits within iron become randomized. Such randomization tends to cause the substance to lose its magnetic field. Therefore the.
USS Nautilus (SSN-571) - the Eastern Atlantic to participate in NATO exercises and conduct a tour of various British and French ports where she was inspected by defense personnel of those countries. She arrived back at New London 28 October, underwent upkeep, and then conducted coastal operations until the spring. On 25 April 1958 she was underway again for the West Coast. Stopping at San Diego, California, San Francisco, California, and Seattle, Washington, she began her history making Polar transit, operation "Sunshine," as she departed the latter port 9 June. On 19 June she entered the Chukchi Sea, but was turned back by deep draft ice in those shallow waters. On 28 June she arrived at Pearl Harbor to await better ice conditions. By 23 July her wait was over and she set a course.
1909 - Nobel Prizes Events January 5 - Colombia recognizes the independence of Panama. January 16 - Ernest Shackleton's expedition finds the magnetic South Pole. January 28 - United States troops leave Cuba after being there since the Spanish-American War. February 12 - The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is founded. February 24 - The Hudson Motor Car Company is founded. March 18 - Einar Dessau uses a short-wave radio transmitter becoming the first to broadcast as a ham radio operator. March 23 - Theodore Roosevelt leaves New York for a post-presidency safari in Africa. The trip was sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution and National Geographic Society. March 31 - Serbia accepts Austrian control over Bosnia-Herzegovina. April 6 - Robert Peary allegedly reaches the North Pole. April 27 -.
Arctic Ocean - Ocean The Arctic Ocean,located entirely in the north polar region, is the smallest of the world's five oceans (after the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Southern Ocean), and the shallowest. the five Oceans Atlantic Ocean Arctic Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Southern Ocean It occupies a roughly circular basin and covers an area of about 14,090,000 kmē (5,440,000 sq mi). Nearly landlocked, the ocean is surrounded by the land masses of Europe, Asia, North America, and Greenland and a number of islands, as well as by the Barents, Beaufort, Chukchi, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Lincoln, Wandel, Greenland, and Norwegian seas. It is connected to the Pacific Ocean by the Bering Strait and to the Atlantic Ocean through the Greenland Sea. An underwater ocean ridge, the Lomonosov ridge, divides the.
Celestial navigation - circle of that angle around the spot, and several such measurements are taken to find the intersection of the circles, revealing your position. Latitude can be determined by measuring the angle of a known star above the northern horizon. Polaris is particularly useful for this measurement, because it stays in almost the same position over the period of time, or with changes in longitude. That is, the "known spot" for Polaris is always over the north pole. If you measure the angle to Polaris and find that it is 60 degrees away from directly overhead, then you are on a circle 60 degrees away from the north pole. This circle coincides with a circle of 60 degrees of geographic latitude. In practice the angles are typically measured up from the horizon.
South - one of the four cardinal or compass directions. It is the opposite of north and at right angles to east and west. True south is the direction towards the southern end of the axis about which the earth rotates, called the South Pole. The South Pole is located in Antarctica. Magnetic south is the direction towards the south magnetic pole, some distance away from the south geographic pole. It is the direction to the right of an observer facing east. The term The South is often used to refer to the less culturally and technologically advanced nations of the world (or, more generally, to regions within particular nations)..
Sundial - sundial so that it will keep time. Some mass-produced garden sundials are improperly designed, and unable to keep time. Most honest sundials are made to 45 degrees north. A sundial can be adjusted to another latitude by tilting it so its gnomon(s) is (are) parallel the Earth's axis of rotation. That is, the end of a gnomon should point at the north celestial pole in the northern hemisphere, or the south celestial pole in the southern hemisphere. A sundial can be rotated around its gnomon (which must still point at the celestial pole) a maximum of 7.5 degrees to the east or west to adjust to the local standard time zone (time zones are 360 degrees/24 hours = 15 degrees wide). Tilt the sundial so that it is oriented as if.
Robert Peary - was an American explorer who is usually credited as the first person to reach the Geographic North Pole on April 6, 1909. However the only evidence that supported his claim were his journals. In 1996, a copy of Peary's personal record was discovered and using these documents it was shown that Peary was at least 20 miles (32 km) short of the North Pole. He set off with 23 men on July 6, 1908, but by the time he reached the North Pole only five of his men, Matthew Henson, Oatah, Egingwah, Seegloo, and Ookeah, remained. In ahis diary for the 7th April (but actually written up much later when preparing his journals for publication, Peary wrote "The Pole at last!!! The prize of 3 centuries, my dream and ambition for.
Palomar Observatory - in size from 18 to 200 inches. Palomar Observatory Sky Survey The Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS), sponsored by the National Geographic institute, was completed in 1954 (actual date referenced varies, ranging from 1950 to 1957). This survey was performed using (14 inch)2 or (6 degree)2 photographic plates in both blue and red (separately) on the 48 inch Schmidt reflecting telescope. The survey covered the sky from a declination of +90 degrees (celestial north pole) to -24 degrees (plate centers) and all right ascensions and had a sensitivity to +22 magnitudes. Until the completion of the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS), POSS was the most extensive all-sky survey ever. When completed, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey will surpass both. POSS also exists in digitized form (i.e., the photographic plates were.
Navigation - Addition lines of position can be measured in order to validate the results taken against other objects. This is known as a fix. Early navigation required visual fixes with land, forcing all ships to stay close to shore. The development of accurate systems for taking lines of position based on the measurement of stars and planets with the sextant allowed ships to navigate the open ocean. Later developments included the addition of lighthouses and buoys close to shore to add more accurate information when approaching land after a long sea voyage. Eventually the addition of radio beacons and radio direction finders allowed for accurate land-based fixes even hundreds of miles from shore. Traditional navigation systems were based on observation of the relative position of the Sun, Moon and stars. Navigators could.
Norwegian banknotes - large snowflake. Birkeland's terrella experiment, which consisted of a small, magnetized sphere representing the Earth suspended in an evacuated box, is shown on the left. When subjected to an electron beam a glow of light would appear around the magnetic poles of the terrella, simulating the aurora. The back of the note shows a geographic map of the north polar regions including Scandinavia on the right and northern Canada on the bottom. A ring encircling the magnetic dip pole (located near Resolute, Canada) symbolizes the location of auroral phenomena including the satellite-determined statistical location of Birkeland currents. Birkeland's original depiction of field-aligned currents published in 1908 is shown in the lower right corner. In 2002 a new Norwegian 200 note was issued. The 500 kroner note, put into circulation in 1999,.
Map projection - The creation of a map projection involves three steps, the first two in which information is lost: selection of a model for the shape of the earth or planetary body (usually choosing between a sphere or ellipsoid) transform geographic coordinates (longitude and latitude) to plane coordinates (eastings and northings or x,y). reduce the scale (in manual cartography this step came second, in digital cartography it comes last) Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Metric properties of maps 2 Choosing a projection surface 3 Orientation of the projection 4 Using globes vs. projecting on a plane 5 Choosing a model for the shape of the Earth 6 Categories 6.1 Organized by surface 6.1.1 Cylindrical projections 6.1.1.1 Pseudo-Cylindrical Projections 6.1.2 Conic Projections 6.1.2.2 Pseudo-conic projection 6.1.3 Azimuthal projections 6.2 Organized by Preservation of a.
List of astronomical topics - Julian calendar -- Astronomical object -- Astronomical Society -- Astronomical Society of the Pacific -- Astronomical unit -- Astronomical year numbering -- Astronomy -- Astronomy and astrophysics -- Astronomy and Astrophysics basic concepts -- Astrophotography -- Astrophysical Journal -- Astrophysics -- Asymptotic giant branch -- Aten -- Atkinson, Robert -- Atmosphere -- Atom -- Atomic clock -- Atomic nucleus -- Atlas (moon) -- Atria -- Aura -- Auriga (constellation) -- Auroral light -- Autumn -- Autumnal equinox -- Auva -- Avior -- Axial tilt -- Axis -- Azimuth -- Aztec calendar B Baade, Walter -- Babylonian and Assyrian religion -- Babylonian literature and science -- Background (astronomy) -- Background radiation -- Bacon, Roger -- Bahai calendar -- Bahcall, John -- Bainbridge, John -- Balthasar Behem Codex -- Barycenter -- Banneker, Benjamin.
