Greek literature - Greek literature Poetry Alcman Alcaeus Anacreon Bacchylides Homer: Iliad Odyssey Ibycus Pindar Sappho Simonides Stesichorus Drama Aeschylus: The Oresteia: Agamemnon The Libation Bearers The Eumenides The Persians Prometheus Bound Seven Against Thebes The Suppliants Aristophanes: The Archanians Ecclesiazousae ("The Assemblywomen") The Birds The Clouds The Frogs The Knights Lysistrata Peace Plutus ("Wealth") Thesmaphoriazousae ("The Festival Women") The Wasps Euripides: Medea Suppliant Women The Bacchae Alcestis Electra Iphigenia at Aulis Plato: The Apology The Republic Phaedrus Sophocles: The three Theban plays: Antigone Oedipus the King Oedipus at Colonus Ajax Electra Philoctetes The Trachiniae Xenophon: Socrates' Defence Memoirs of Socrates The Dinner-party The Estate-manager History Thucydides Herodotus see also Early Helladic, Middle Helladic, Late Helladic, Hellenic civilization, Hellenistic civilization, literature..
History of literature - History of literature The subject of the history of literature is a vast and vexed one. It firstly demands a coherent primary definition of what does and what does not constitute literature. The first writings from ancient Sumeria by any reasonable definition do not constitute literature, no more than do the Egyptian hieroglyphics or the thousands of logs from ancient Chinese regimes. Moreover, it should be born in mind that given the significance of distance as a cultural isolator in early times, the historical development of literature did not occur at an even pace across the world. The problematics of creating a uniform global history of literature are compounded by the fact that many texts have been lost over the millennia, either deliberately, by accident, or by.
History of Greek and Roman Egypt - History of Greek and Roman Egypt This article is part of the History of Egypt series. Ancient Egypt Greek and Roman Egypt Early Arab Egypt Ottoman Egypt Modern Egypt List of Egyptians Ptolemy I, King of Egypt The conquests of Alexander the Great brought Egypt within the orbit of the Greek world for the next 900 years. After 300 years of rule by the Macedonian Ptolemies, Egypt was incorporated into the Roman Empire in 30 BC, and was ruled first from Rome and then from Constantinople until the Arab conquest in AD 639. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Ptolemaic Egypt 1.1 Ptolemy I 1.2 Ptolemy II 1.3 Ptolemy III 1.4 The decline of the Ptolemies 1.5 The later Ptolemies 2 Roman Egypt 2.6 Roman rule in Egypt.
Golden Age of Latin Literature - Golden Age of Latin Literature The golden age of Latin literature is a period consisting roughly of the time from approxiately 75 BC to 14 AD, covering the end of the Roman Republic and the reign of Augustus Caesar. Classical Latinists believe that this period represents the peak of quality of Latin literature, and that its Latin usage represents the best norm that other writers should follow. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Grammatical differences between early Latin and Golden Age Latin 2 The Classical Golden Authors 2.1 Poetry 2.2 Prose Grammatical differences between early Latin and Golden Age Latin Classical Latin basically had changed the very early -om and -os endings to -um and -us. Some lexical differences to later Latin include the broadening of meaning later on (eg..
Greek - Greek Greece Greek language Greek alphabet Greek literature Greek mythology Greek philosophy ancient Greece Mycenaean civilization Hellenic civilization Hellenistic Greece Roman Empire Byzantine Empire ethnic Greek The Greeks (mathematical finance).
Greek language - Greek language The Greek language (Ελληνικά) is an Indo-European language, born in Greece and once spoken also along the coast of Asia Minor. In classical times there were a variety of spoken dialects, most notably Ionic, Doric, and Attic. Modern Greek is a living tongue, and some scholars have overly stressed similarity to millennia-old Greek languages. Its interintelligibility with ancient Greek is a matter of debate. It is claimed that a "reasonably well educated" speaker of the modern tongue can read the ancient language, but it is not made plain how much of that education consists of exposure to vocabulary and grammar obsolete in normal communication. From 1834 to 1976 there was an attempt to impose Katharevousa ("purified" language--an attempt to "correct" centuries of natural linguistic.
Greek mythology - Greek mythology Greek mythology is the set of legends which come from the religion of ancient Hellenic civilization. These stories were familiar to all ancient Greekss and, although some thinkers professed skepticism, they provided the people with both rituals and history. See also: Greek religion, Roman mythology, Roman religion, paganism In Greek mythology, the gods in the Greek pantheon are given human form, but are first and foremost personifications of the forces of the universe. As such they are more or less unchanging, and while they sometimes seem to have a sense of justice, they are often petty or vengeful. The gods' favors are won by sacrifices and piety, but this does not guarantee them, for the gods are known to be prone to frequent changes.
Greeks - The name by which Hellenes are known in Latin literature (Graeci or Greeks in English). Aristotle and Apollodorus first write about Graeci, who seem to be the same people as Selle from Epirus. The name becomes known to Latins with the colonization of Italy from Greek settlers. While Greeks call themselves Hellenes, the Romans begin to call them Graeci, the name of the specific Greek colonists. During the Roman era the name Hellenes is not used anymore. The Greeks, along with the rest of the people from the Roman provinces, call themselves Romans. After the fall of the Western Roman State in 395 A.D. and the beginning of the Middle Ages in Western Europe the Latin term for the Greeks is used broadly. In Eastern Roman State a change takes place..
Greek Anthology - Greek Anthology Greek Anthology is a collection of poems, mostly epigrams, that span the Ancient and Byzantine periods of Greek Literature. While papyrii containing fragments of collections of poetry have been found in Egypt, the earliest known anthology in Greek was compiled by Meleager of Gadara, under the title Anthologia, or "Garland." It contained poems by the compiler himself and forty-six other poets, including Archilochus, Alcaeus, Anacreon, and Simonides. In his preface to his collection, Meleager describes his arrangement of poems as if it were a head-band or garland of flowers woven together in a tour de force that made the word "Anthology" a synonym for a collection of literary works for future generations. Meleager's Anthology was popular enough that it attracted later additions. Prefaces to.
Greek religion - Greek religion Greek religion, or rather, Greek religions, is the religion practiced in ancient Greece, and the practical counterpart of Greek mythology. In a wider sense, it was the faith of Rome and the other European cultures of classical antiquity, and the polytheism most people have in mind when they think of paganism. In the modern era, the closest candidate for the "Greek religion" would be the Greek Orthodox Church, which has been part of Greek culture for more than a millenium. It is, of course, a Christian church whose beliefs are thus very different from the "Greek religion" described in this article. See also: Greek mythology, Roman religion, Roman mythology, paganism Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Overview 2 Worship 3 Theology 4 Mystery religions 5.
Karl Krumbacher - educated at the universities of Munich and Leipzig, and held the professorship of the middle age and modern Greek language and literature in the former from 1897 to his death. His greatest work is his Geschichte der byzantinischen Literatur von Justinian bis zum Ende des Ostroemischen Reiches (from Justinian to the fall of the Eastern Empire, 1453), a second edition of which was published in 1897, with the collaboration of A. Ehrhard (section on theology) and H Gelzer (general sketch of Byzantine history, AD 395-1453). The value of the work is greatly enhanced by the elaborate bibliographies contained in the body of the work and in a special supplement. Krumbacher also founded the Byzantinische Zeitschrift (1892) and the Byzantinisches Archiv (1898). He travelled extensively and the results of a journey to.
Karl Otfried Müller - Silesia. He was educated partly in Breslau, partly in Berlin, where his enthusiasm for the study of Greek literature, art and history was fostered by the influence of Böckh. In 1817, after the publication of his first work, Aegineticorum liber, he received an appointment at the Magdaleneum in Breslau, and in 1819 he was made adjunct professor of ancient literature in the university of Göttingen, his subject being the archaeology and history of ancient art. His aim was to form a vivid conception of Greek life as a whole; and his books and lectures marked an epoch in the development of Hellenic studies. Müller's position at Göttingen being rendered unpleasant by the political troubles which followed the accession of Ernest Augustus (duke of Cumberland) to the throne of Hanover in 1837,.
Karl Friedrich Hermann - on his return from which he lectured as Privatdozent in Heidelberg. In 1833 he was called to Marburg as professor ordinarius of classica literature; and in 1842 he was transferred to Göttingen to the chair of philology and archaeology, vacant by the death of Otfried Müller. His knowledge of all branches of classical learning was profound, but he was chiefly distinguished for his works on Greek antiquities and ancient philosophy. Among these may be mentioned the Lehrbuch der griechischen Antiquitaten (new ed., 1889) dealing with political, religious and domestic antiquities; the Geschichte und System der Platonischen Philosophie (1839), unfinished; an edition of the Platonic Dialogues (6 vols., 1851-1853); and Culturgeschichte der Griechen und Römer (1857-1858), published after his death by CG Schmidt. He also edited the text of Juvenal and Persius.
Kafka's language - work is that he wrote in Prussian dialect, not German. Prussian literature is uncommon, at best, as Prussian is thought to be a strict, highly technical language-- the language of engineers. (The difference between Prussian and German is akin to the difference between the English of Nabokov's Lolita and that of the Owner's Manual from a '94 Jeep Wrangler.) In this regard, Kafka follows an interesting Jewish literary tradition: the oldest Jewish prayers (e.g. Mourner's Kaddish) and literature (e.g. The Old Testament's Song of Songs, aka the Song of Solomon) are written in Aramaic-- a trade language older than Hebrew. The vast bulk of the Jewish contribution to World Literature and Art, prior to WWII and Shoa (aka the Holocaust), was in Yiddish-- a pidgin composed of German, Russian, Polish, Hungarian,.
Kemal Atatürk - victory by repulsing the Allied invasion of Gallipoli in 1915. Kemal organized the Turkish Nationalist Republican Party in 1919 from local resistance groups. This group overthrew the incumbent Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI and the Allies in Anatolia, and he and his lieutenant Ismet Pasha (later Ismet Inönü) presided over the defeat of the Greek invasion of 1920 - 1922. They subsequently founded the Republic of Turkey on October 29, 1923. He was elected Turkey's first president in 1923. The name "Atatürk", meaning father of Turks was then bestowed on Kemal by the national parliament. Atatürk began a variety of Westernizing reforms by abolishing the Caliphate (March 1924). The theological schools were closed, the Sharia law of Islam was replaced by the Swiss Civil Code -- importantly for the politics of the.
Kievan Rus' - daughters to the kings of Poland, France, Hungary, and Norway. Vladimir's greatest achievement was the Christianization of Kievan Rus', a process that began in 988. He built the first great edifice of Kievan Rus', the Desyatinnaya Church in Kiev. Yaroslav promulgated the first East Slavic law code, Rus'ka pravda (Justice of Rus'); built cathedrals named for St. Sophia in Kiev and Novgorod; patronized local clergy and monasticism; and is said to have founded a school system. Yaroslav's sons developed Kiev's great Peshcherskiy monastyr' (Monastery of the Caves), which functioned in Kievan Rus' as an ecclesiastical academy. The Russian annals state that when Vladimir had decided to accept a new faith instead of the tradition idol-worship of the Slavs, he sent out some of his most valued advisors and warriors as emissaries.
Jan Bake - and critic. He was born at Leiden, and from 1817 to 1854 he was professor of Greek and Roman literature at the university. His principal works are:- Posidonii Rhodii Reliquiae Doctrinae (1810) Cleomedis Circularis Doctrina de Sublimitate (1820) Bibliotheca Critica Nova (1825-1831) Scholica Hypomnemata (1837-1862), a collection of essays dealing mainly with Cicero and the Attic orators Cicero, De Legibus (1842) De Oratore (1863) the Rhetorica of Apsines Longinus (1849). His biography was written (in Dutch) by his pupil Bakhuizen van der Brink (1865); for an appreciation of his services to classical literature see L Müller, Geschichte der klassischen Philologie in den Nederlanden (1869)..
James Mill - him first to the parish school and then to the Montrose Academy, where he remained till the unusual age of seventeen and a half. He then entered the university of Edinburgh, where he distinguished himselt as a Greek scholar. In October 1798 he was licensed as a preacher, but met with little success. From 1790 to 1802, in addition to holding various tutorships, he occupied himself with historical and philosophical studies. Finding little prospect of a career in Scotland, in 1802 he went to London in company with Sir John Stuart, then member of parliament for Kincardineshire, and devoted himself to literary work. From 1803 to 1806 he was editor of an ambitious periodical called the Literary Journal, which professed to give a summary view of all the leading departments of.
Jacob Baradaeus - dress, the better to which disguise his spiritual functions from the eyes of the authorities, he performed his swift and secret journeys over Syria and Mesopotamia. John of Ephesus reports that Jacobus was born at Tela Mauzalat, otherwise called Constantina, a city of Osrhoéne, 55 miles to the east of Edessa, near the close of the 5th century. His father, Theophilus Bar-Manu, was a priest in Tela Mauzalat. In obedience to his parent's vow, Jacobus, when two years old, was placed the local monastery under the care of abbat Eustathius, and trained in Greek and Syriac literature and in the strictest asceticism. He became remarkable for the severity of his self-discipline. Having on the death of his parents inherited their property, including a couple of slaves, he manumitted them, and made.
Jerome - Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus) is best known as the translator of the Bible from Greek and Hebrew into Latin. Jerome's edition, the Vulgate, is still the official biblical text of the Roman Catholic Church. He is recognized by the Vatican as a Doctor of the Church. He was born at Stridon, on the border between Pannonia and Dalmatia, in the second quarter of the fourth century, and died near Bethlehem Sept. 30, 420. Jerome is a name shared across the European languages in remarkably unintuitive forms: Hieronymus (Latin) = Jerome (English, and with diacritical marks, French) = Girolamo (Italian) = Geronimo (Spanish) Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Life 2 Writings 2.1 Translations 2.2 Historical Writings 2.3 Letters 2.4 Theological Writings 3 Theological Position Life Jerome was born to Christian parents, but was.
