Guoyu - Guoyu zh-cn:国语zh-tw:國語 Kuo-yü (in Wade-Giles) or Guoyu (in pinyin) (國語 ㄍㄨㄛ ㄩ) (literally "national language") was adopted by Republic of China (on Taiwan) and hence as the official pronunciation of Chinese language words. Technically, Kuo-yü refers only to speech and not to writing. In practice, it is synonymous with Mandarin. Unlike the People's Republic of China's putonghua, which is influenced by non-Beijing forms of Mandarin, Kuo-yü is in theory based only on the pronunciation of Beijingese (speech of Beijingers). In practice, the differences are slight. Guoyu originally referred to the language the Emperor spoke. It was the Xianbei language during the Northern Wei Dynasty, Mongolian during the Yuan Dynasty and Manchu during the Qing Dynasty. Guoyu in the sense of national language was coined in Japan.
Table of Chinese monarchs - xia4 yu3 or Da Yu大禹 da4 yu3 Qi啟 qi3 Tai Kang太康 tai4 kang1 Zhong Kang仲康 zhong4 kang1 Xiang相 xiang4 Shao Kang少康 shao4 kang1 or Xia Shao Kang夏少康 xia4 shao4 kang1 Zhu杼 zhu4 Huai槐 huai2 Mang芒 mang2 Xie泄 xie4 Bu Jiang不降 bu4 jiang4 Jiong扃 jiong1 Jin廑 ( Putonghua: jin3 or Guoyu: jin4 ) Kong Jia孔甲 kong3 jia3 Gao皋 gao1 Fa發 fa1 Jie桀 jie2 or Xia Jie夏桀 xia4 jie2 or Luu Gui履癸 luu3 gui3 Shang Dynasty Sovereigns of Shang Dynasty Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Convention: posthumous name Note: 1) all dates are approximate until the Duumvirate when first accurate dating of Chinese history began. Refer to Zhou dynasty for more info. 2) Personal names of most of the Shang sovereigns were unknown. The following names were most likely posthumous owing to.
Chinese dialect - used to classify different dialects may be only loosely related to their linguistic features. For example, two speakers of Cantonese from different cities (say Taishan and Hong Kong) tend to think of themselves as speaking the same dialect, whereas speaker of Wu from Hangzhou and one from Shanghai would tend to think of themselves as speaking the different dialects. Mandarin 北方話/北方话: This is the mother dialect of Chinese living in northern and southwestern China. It is the basis for the official spoken language of Chinese which is called 普通話/普通话 Putonghua in the People's Republic of China and 國語/国语 Guoyu in the Republic of China (Taiwan). One distinctive feature of Mandarin is the partial loss of tones in comparison to Middle Chinese and the other dialects. Another is the loss of consonants.
Xia Dynasty - xia4 yu3) or Da Yu (大禹 da4 yu3) Qi (啟 qi3) Tai Kang (太康 tai4 kang1) Zhong Kang (仲康 zhong4 kang1) Xiang (相 xiang4) Shao Kang (少康 shao4 kang1) or Xia Shao Kang (夏少康 xia4 shao4 kang1) Zhu (杼 zhu4) Huai (槐 huai2) Mang (芒 mang2) Xie (泄 xie4) Bu Jiang (不降 bu4 jiang4) Jiong (扃 jiong1) Jin (廑 (Putonghua: jin3 or Guoyu: jin4)) Kong Jia (孔甲 kong3 jia3) Gao (皋 gao1) Fa (發 fa1) Jie (桀 jie2) or Xia Jie (夏桀 xia4 jie2) or Lü Gui (履癸 luu3 gui3) See also History of China Chinese sovereign Chinese mythology Sanhuangwudi Shang Dynasty.
Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation - 1913 to select an ancillary phonetic symbols for Mandarin Chinese (Zhuyin was the product) and set the standard Guoyu pronunciation of basic Chinese characters. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 History 2 Members 3 Phonetic symbols 4 Programs History It was decided in a draft on August 7, 1912, a month after a conference led by the Cai Yuanpei in July 10, that a set of phonetic symbols are to be used for education purposes. The Commission was set up in December, led by Woo Tsin-hang. The Commission ended on May 22, 1913. A later similar organization that still exists, also headed by Woo Tsin-hang for a while, is the Mandarin Promotion Council. Members The first meeting took place on February 15, 1913 in Beijing, with 44 delegates. The chairman was Woo;.
Putonghua - Chinese. The theory behind putonghua, however, is very different from that of guoyu (國語,lit. "national language"). Guoyu is based exclusively on the pronunciation of words from Beijing and putonghua is influenced by non-Beijing pronunciations. However in practice the differences are small differences with guoyu in: tone transcription: putonghua uses Pinyin Putonghua and guoyu refer to speech and hence the difference in the use of simplified characters and traditional characters is not usually considered to be a difference between these two concepts..
Mandarin Promotion Council - the purpose of standardizing and popularizing the usage of Guoyu in China. It was created as Preparatory Commission for the Unification of the National Language (國語統一籌備會 Guóyǔ Tǒngyī Chóubèi Huì) by the Republic (then still based in Nanjing) on April 21, 1919. On December 12, 1928, the Commission was renamed to the Preparatory Committee for the Unification of the National Language (國語統一籌備委員會 Guóyǔ Tǒngyī Chóubèi Wěiyuanhuì), headed by Woo Tsin-hang and has 31 members. The Committee was revived in 1983 as the Mandarin Promotion Council based on Taiwan. The decisions reached by the Council include: Change the first- and second-grade textbook titles from Guowen (國文 "National Script") to Guoyu (國語 "National language") on January 24, 1920 Published the Guoyin Zidian (國音字典 "National Pronunciation Dictionary") edited by Woo Tsin-hang on December 24,.
Woo Tsin-hang - of Pronunciation that created Zhuyin (based on Zhang Binglin's work) and standardized Guoyu pronunciation. Woo Tsin-hang was born in Wujing (武進), Jiangsu province, during the Qing Dynasty, In 1905, before the establishment of the Republic of China, he met Sun Yat-sen in Europe, then he joined the Tong Meng Hui. He also became the first Academic Scholar of the Humanity Division (人文組院士) of the Academia Sinica (中央研究院), and a representative in the National People's Delegate Conferences (國民大會). He immigrated to Taiwan and was the teacher of Chiang Ching-kuo. He died in Taipei at the age of 88. He was also respected for his various styles of calligraphy, which is evident in the design of chu-yin, all of its symbols have the strokes and essence of calligraphy. His publications can be found.
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