History of Austria - History of Austria This is the history of Austria. See also the history of Europe and history of present-day nations and states. Much of present-day Austria was once the Roman territory of Noricum. Under the Franks, parts of modern-day Austria were considered first part of Bavaria and later the Eastern Frankish Kingdom and the Ostmark, or Eastern March. The Marches were overseen by a comes or dux as appointed by the king. The most normal translation of these offices is count or duke, but these titles conveyed very different meanings in the Early Middle Ages, and the Latin terminology is preferable to any modern translation. In German-speaking countries, the title was eventually regularized to Margrave (Ger. Markgraf). (ie "Mark count"). In 1154 the Privilegium Minus elevated.
History of Europe - History of Europe For links to the history of individual countries in Europe see the end of this article. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The origins 2 The Greeks 3 Rome 4 Early Middle Ages 5 Later Middle Ages 6 Renaissance and Reformation 7 Colonial expansion 8 The 16th, 17th and 18th century 9 The French Revolution and Napoleon 10 The 19th century 11 Early 20th century: the World Wars 12 Late 20th century: the Cold War 13 Early 21st century: the European Union 14 Histories of present-day territories The origins Neanderthals settled Europe long before the emergence of modern humans, Homo sapiens. The earliest appearance of modern people in Europe has been dated to 35,000 B.C. Evidence of permanent settlement dates from 7,000 B.C The.
History of Germany - History of Germany This article is the top of the History of Germany series. Franks Holy Roman Empire German Confederation German Empire Weimar Republic Nazi Germany Germany since 1945 The history of Germany is, in places, extremely complicated and depends much on how one defines "Germany". As a nation state, Germany did not exist until 1871. Before, Germany can only be looked at as a cultural region where many territories, with greatly varying independence, each had their own historical events and it was not entirely clear what area was part of Germany in the first place. This article briefly outlines each period of German history only; details are presented in separate articles (see the links in the box and below). Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Struggle.
History of philosophy - History of philosophy Philosophy has a long history. Generally, philosophers divide the history of Western philosophy into ancient philosophy, medieval philosophy, modern philosophy, and contemporary philosophy. Ancient Philosophy Western Philosophy is generally said to begin in the Greek cities of western Asia Minor (Ionia) with Thales of Miletus, who was active around 585 B.C. and left us the opaque dictum, "All is water." His most noted students were Anaximenes of Miletus and Anaximander ("All is air"). Other thinkers and schools appeared throughout Greece over the next couple of centuries. Among the most important were: Heraclitus, who stressed the transitory and chaotic nature of all things ("All is fire"; "We cannot step into the same river twice"). Anaxagoras, who conversely asserted that reality was so ordered that.
History of Poland - History of Poland This article is the top of the History of Poland series. Early history of Poland (until 1385) The Jagiellon Era The Noble Republic Partitioned Poland (1795-1914) Independence of Poland Regained History of Poland (1939-1945) People's Republic of Poland History of Poland (1989-present) The people of Poland took pride in their long history, filled with the struggle to get, keep, and regain freedom—the main value for Poles. Poles founded one of the first parliamentary systems in the world, invented the idea that pagans share the same human rights as Christians, and implemented one of the first systems based on religious pluralism and tolerance. Over the past millennium, the name Poland has been applied to a shifting territorial base. At one time, in the 16th.
History of present-day nations and states - History of present-day nations and states This is a list of articles on the history of the countries that still exist today. See List of extinct countries, empires, etc for articles about countries that are no longer in existence. See List of countries for other articles and lists on countries. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A Afghanistan - Albania - Algeria - Andorra - Angola - Anguilla - Antigua and Barbuda - Argentina - Armenia - Aruba - Ashmore and Cartier Islands - Australia - Austria - Azerbaijan B Bahamas - Bahrain - Baker Island - Bangladesh - Barbados - Bassas da India - Belarus.
History of Africa - History of Africa The following is an outline of African history, followed by a list of articles about the history of particular places in Africa. The text may be dated in parts because it was taken originally from a 1911 encyclopedia— please modernise and update as required. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Origins of the Name 2 Prehistory 3 Neolithic North Africa and Phoenician and Greek colonization 4 Islamic North Africa 5 Sub-Saharan Africa: Medieval empires 6 European exploration and conquest 6.1 Portuguese 6.2 19th Century European explorers 6.3 Partition among European Powers 6.4 Conflicting ambitions of the European powers 6.5 The Berlin Conference of 1884-85 7 Africa at the start of the 20th century 8 Africa Between the World Wars 9 World War II Era.
History of Finland - History of Finland This is the history of Finland. See also the history of Sweden, history of Russia, history of Europe, history of the European Union, and history of present-day nations and states. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Pre-history 2 A part of Sweden 3 Russian Grand Duchy 3..1 Nationalism 3..2 Russification 4 Independence and Civil War 4..3 Successful independence 5 Finland in the inter-war era 6 Finland in World War II 7 Finland's friendship with the Soviet Union 8 Finland in the post-Soviet era Pre-history Archeological evidence for the first settelers, mostly from the south and east, can be traced back to the 8000 BC. After 6500 BC the so called "Suomusjärvi culture", a hunter-gatherer society, spread over most of the country. Around 4200 BC.
History of Mexico - History of Mexico Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Prehistory 2 Pre-Columbian Mexico 3 Spanish Conquest 4 Wars of Independence 5 Creole Conservatism and the Struggle for Liberal Reforms 6 French Intervention and an Emperor 7 Order, Progress and the Díaz Dictatorship 8 The Mexican Revolution 9 Stabilization and the Revolution Institutionalized 10 Fall of the PRI 11 Rulers and Presidents 12 Further Reading Prehistory The area occupied by today's Mexico was settled as early as 10000 BC, and many remains of ancient settlers (one of the most famous, the Tepexpan Man) have been found and dated to that time. Pre-Columbian Mexico Present-day Mexico covers the area where several advanced Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican civilizations like the Maya, Olmec, Toltec and Aztec cultures developed and flourished for centuries before.
History of Slovenia - History of Slovenia The first state of Slovenians was established as Karantania circa 595 mainly on the territory of today Austrian Carinthia and Slovenian Carinthia. From as early as the 9th century, Slovenia had fallen under foreign rulers, including partial but cooperative control by Bavarian dukes and the Republic of Venice. With the exception of Napoleon's 4-year tutelage of parts of Slovenia and Croatia -- the "Illyrian Provinces" -- Slovenia was part of the Habsburg empire from the 14th century until 1918. Nevertheless, Slovenia strongly resisted Germanizing influences and retained its unique Slavic language and culture. In 1918, after World War I, the Slovenians joined with other southern Slav states such in forming the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Renamed in 1929 under a Serb.
History of Switzerland - History of Switzerland According to many historians, the history of Switzerland began in 1291 on a meadow called Rütli with a contract, known as the Bundesbrief ("Letter of Alliance") between leaders of regions called Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden in what is now Central Switzerland. The Bundesbrief united them in the struggle against the Habsburgs who coveted the countries controlling the Gotthard pass. At the battles of Morgarten in 1315 and Sempach 1375, the Swiss defeated the Habsburg army and secured independence from local princes as the Swiss Confederation. Within the next century, towns like Lucerne, Zug, Zurich and Berne joined the confederation, which was still a lose alliance of independent confederates (which even waged war among themselves at times) which belonged nominally to the medieval German.
History of Yugoslavia - History of Yugoslavia This is the history of the Yugoslav state. For history of the region before 1918, see history of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro and Macedonia. Also see history of Europe and list of extinct countries, empires, etc In 1918, in the aftermath of World War I, parts of Austria-Hungary which were populated by Southern Slavs seceded and formed the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. This short-lived state soon, on December 1, 1918, joined Serbia and Montenegro to form "The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes". On Vidovdan 1921, a new constitution was passed in the Parliament (Skupština) which made the country more centralized, despite a boycott from Croat political parties. On January 6 1929, king Aleksandar went a step further.
History of Liechtenstein - History of Liechtenstein The Principality of Liechtenstein has been blessed with very little history. Liechtenstein's borders have remained unchanged since 1434, when the Rhine established the border betweeen the Holy Roman Empire and the Swiss cantons. A Roman road crossed the region from south to north, traversing the Alps by the Splügen pass and following the right bank of the Rhine at the edge of the floodplain, for long uninhabited because of periodic flooding. Roman villas have been excavated in Schaanwald and Nendeln. The late Roman influx of the Alemanni from the north is memorialized by the remains of a Roman fort at Schaan. The area, part of Rhaetia, was incorporated into the Carolingian empire, and divided into countships, which became subdivided over the generations. The.
History of the Czech Republic - History of the Czech Republic The history of the Czech Republic includes the following periods: Prehistory (700 000 BC – 400 BC) Celts (400 BC – 8 BC) – Boii Germanic tribes (8 BC – 511 AD) – Marcomanni & Quadi Slavs: Czechs & Moravians – since the 6th century (535?) Samo’s realm (623 – 658) Moravian principality (late 8th century – 833) in Moravia Great Moravia (833 – 907) in Moravia (888/890 – 894 also in Bohemia) Bohemian Principality (880s – 1198): in Moravia the Margraviate of Moravia since 1182 Bohemian Kingdom (1198 – 1918): since 1526 under Habsburg rule (personal union with Austrian lands & Hungary) Czechoslovakia (1918 – 1992): since 1969 the Czech Socialist Republic, since 1990 the Czech Republic Czech Republic (since.
History of Denmark - History of Denmark Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Ancient Denmark 2 Vikings 3 Christianity and the Establishment of Denmark 3.1 Difficulties for the Kings 3.2 Margaret and the Kalmar Union 4 Reformation 5 Early Modern Politics 6 Absolutism 7 Napoleonic Wars 8 Nationalism and Liberalism 9 Early 20th century 10 Post-War Ancient Denmark See also: Neolithic and Bronze Age People lived in what is today Denmark more than 100,000 years ago, but they were likely forced to leave for a time because of the ice cap that covered the land for some of the intervening time during the ice age. It is thought that people have lived continually in Denmark since around 12,000 BC. Agriculture made inroads around 3,000 BC, dramatically changing life in the area..
History of Italy - History of Italy Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The Romans 2 The Middle Ages and the Renaissance 3 Foreign domination 4 Italian unification 5 The World Wars 6 Birth of the Italian Republic 7 Recent history The Romans Greeks settled in the southern tip of the Italian peninsula in the eighth and seventh centuries B.C.; Etruscans, Romans, and others inhabited the central and northern mainland. The peninsula subsequently was unified under the Roman Republic. After the victory in the Punic wars against the rival city of Carthage, the neighboring islands also came under Roman control by the third century B.C.; in the first century A.D. the roman state effectively dominated the Mediterranean world but was subject to several civil wars, leading to the transformation into the.
History of Württemberg - History of Württemberg History of Württemberg Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Origins 2 The Duchy of Württemberg (1495 - 1805) 3 The Kingdom of Württemberg (1806 - 1918) 4 Post-Royal Württemberg 5 External Link Origins The origin of the name Württemberg remains obscure: scholars having universally rejected the once popular derivation from "Wirth am Berg". Some authorities derive it from a proper name: Wiruto or Wirtino; others from a Celtic place-name, Virolunum or Verdunum. At all events, from serving as the name of a castle near the village of Rothenberg, not far from Stuttgart, it extended over the surrounding country, and as the lords of this district increased their possessions so the name covered an ever-widening area, until it reached its present denotation. Early forms of.
History of Bavaria - History of Bavaria The earliest known inhabitants of the district afterwards called Bavaria comprised a people, probably of Celtic extraction, whom the Romans subdued just before the opening of the Christian era, when founding colonies among them and including their land in the province of Raetia. During the 5th century the troops of Odoacer ravaged Bavaria. Almost denuded of inhabitants, it became occupied by tribes who, pushing along the valley of the Danube, settled there between 488 and 520. Many conjectures relate to the race and origin of these people, who certainly formed a new and composite social aggregate. Most likely they descended from the Marcomanni, Quadi and Narisci, tribes of the Suevic or Swabian origin, with possibly a small intermixture of Gothic or Celtic elements..
History of skiing - History of skiing The History of skiing Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Ancient history of skiing 1.1 Invention 1.2 Early Skis 1.3 Ski Poles 2 Modern history of skiing 2.4 Ski jumping 2.5 Austrian Ski pioneers 3 Museums 4 See also 5 Reference Ancient history of skiing The first hints to the existence of skis are on 4500 to 5000 year old rock drawings, e.g. at Rødøy in Norway. There are also remains of skis in bogs, e.g. the oldest ski found in Hoting, Sweden, which is about 4500 years old. The word ski goes back to two Old Norse roots, both older than 4500 years: saa and suk. Invention There are six possible roots from which skis originally might have developed: The pedal snowshoe, which.
History of Baden, Germany - History of Baden, Germany History of Baden During the middle ages, various counts ruled the country that now forms Baden. The counts and duchy of Zähringen figure prominently among these. In 1112 Hermann, son of Hermann, Margrave of Verona (d. 1074) and grandson of Berthold, duke of Carinthia and count of Zähringen, having inherited some of the German estates of his family, called himself Margrave of Baden, and from this time the separate history of Baden dates. Hermann appears to have called himself margrave rather than count, because of the family connection to the margrave of Verona. His son and grandson, both called Hermann, added to their territories, which were then divided, and the lines of Baden-Baden and Baden-Hochberg were founded, the latter of which divided.
