History of Finland - History of Finland This is the history of Finland. See also the history of Sweden, history of Russia, history of Europe, history of the European Union, and history of present-day nations and states. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Pre-history 2 A part of Sweden 3 Russian Grand Duchy 3..1 Nationalism 3..2 Russification 4 Independence and Civil War 4..3 Successful independence 5 Finland in the inter-war era 6 Finland in World War II 7 Finland's friendship with the Soviet Union 8 Finland in the post-Soviet era Pre-history Archeological evidence for the first settelers, mostly from the south and east, can be traced back to the 8000 BC. After 6500 BC the so called "Suomusjärvi culture", a hunter-gatherer society, spread over most of the country. Around 4200 BC.
History of Europe - History of Europe For links to the history of individual countries in Europe see the end of this article. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The origins 2 The Greeks 3 Rome 4 Early Middle Ages 5 Later Middle Ages 6 Renaissance and Reformation 7 Colonial expansion 8 The 16th, 17th and 18th century 9 The French Revolution and Napoleon 10 The 19th century 11 Early 20th century: the World Wars 12 Late 20th century: the Cold War 13 Early 21st century: the European Union 14 Histories of present-day territories The origins Neanderthals settled Europe long before the emergence of modern humans, Homo sapiens. The earliest appearance of modern people in Europe has been dated to 35,000 B.C. Evidence of permanent settlement dates from 7,000 B.C The.
History of present-day nations and states - History of present-day nations and states This is a list of articles on the history of the countries that still exist today. See List of extinct countries, empires, etc for articles about countries that are no longer in existence. See List of countries for other articles and lists on countries. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A Afghanistan - Albania - Algeria - Andorra - Angola - Anguilla - Antigua and Barbuda - Argentina - Armenia - Aruba - Ashmore and Cartier Islands - Australia - Austria - Azerbaijan B Bahamas - Bahrain - Baker Island - Bangladesh - Barbados - Bassas da India - Belarus.
History of Russia - History of Russia zh-cn:俄罗斯历史 The history of Russia series: Early Russian East Slavs Kievan Rus' Khazaria Mongol invasion of Russia Muscovy Imperial Russia Russian Revolution Russian Civil War The Soviet Union History of the Soviet Union: Part I (1917-1945) History of the Soviet Union: Part II (1945-1991) Collapse of the Soviet Union Commonwealth of Independent States Post-communist Russia List of famous Russians Related histories History of Belarus History of Estonia History of Finland History of Latvia History of Lithuania History of Ukraine Related articles Eastern Orthodoxy History of Europe History of Asia Russian colonization of the Americas History of present-day nations and states..
History of Sweden - History of Sweden This is the history of Sweden. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Early Kingdoms - 700 2 Unification - 1100 3 Modern Sweden - 1523 4 The Rise of Sweden as a Great Power - 1600 5 The Swedish Empire - 1648 6 The Great War - 1700 7 Absolute Monarchy - 1772 8 Union with Norway - 1809 9 The Modernization of Sweden - 1866 10 Industrialization of Sweden - 1914 11 See also 12 References Early Kingdoms - 700 Main article: Early Swedish Kingdoms During the 7th and 8th centuries, the Swedes were merchant seamen well known for their far-reaching trade. In the 9th century, Nordic Vikings raided and ravaged the European continent as far as the Blackandand Caspian Seas. Unification -.
History of Estonia - History of Estonia This is the history of Estonia. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Pre-history 2 The Middle Ages 3 Swedish Control 4 Under Russian Rule 5 Independence 6 Soviet Occupation 7 Regaining Independence 8 Time line 9 See also Pre-history Estonians are one of the longest settled European peoples, whose forebears, known as the "comb pottery" people, lived on the southeastern shores of the Baltic Sea over 5,000 years ago. Like other early agricultural societies, Estonians were organised into economically self-sufficient, male-dominated clans with few differences in wealth or social power. By the early Middle Ages most Estonians were small landholders, with farmsteads primarily organised by village. Estonian government remained decentralized, with local political and administrative subdivisions emerging only during the first century A.D. By.
History of Denmark - History of Denmark Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Ancient Denmark 2 Vikings 3 Christianity and the Establishment of Denmark 3.1 Difficulties for the Kings 3.2 Margaret and the Kalmar Union 4 Reformation 5 Early Modern Politics 6 Absolutism 7 Napoleonic Wars 8 Nationalism and Liberalism 9 Early 20th century 10 Post-War Ancient Denmark See also: Neolithic and Bronze Age People lived in what is today Denmark more than 100,000 years ago, but they were likely forced to leave for a time because of the ice cap that covered the land for some of the intervening time during the ice age. It is thought that people have lived continually in Denmark since around 12,000 BC. Agriculture made inroads around 3,000 BC, dramatically changing life in the area..
History of Norway - History of Norway Settled since the end of the last ice age, modern-day Norway became famous in the Middle Ages for its fearless warriors, explorers and traders, the Vikings, who controlled most of Scandinavia, Iceland, Greenland and parts of France, Britain, and Ireland between AD 800 and AD 1100, and were also known to travel as far as Constantinople, Greece, Northern Africa and Newfoundland. A number of small Norwegian communities were gradually organized into larger regions in the 9th century, and in 872 King Harald Fairhair (Harald Hårfagre) unified the realm and became its first supreme ruler. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The Viking Kings 2 Kalmar Union 3 Control by Sweden 4 World Wars 5 Post War 6 Monarchy 7 See also The Viking Kings.
Historical provinces of Finland - Historical provinces of Finland Coats of Arms Finland Proper Lapponia Karelia Ostrobothnia Satakunta Savonia Tavastia Uusimaa Åland The Historical Provinces, Maakunta or Landskap, of Finland is a legacy of the country's joint history with Sweden. The provinces ceased to be an administrative entity already in 1634 when they were superseded by the Counties, a reform which remained in force in Finland until 1997. The provinces remain as a tradition but have no administrative function today. Heraldry At the funeral of King Gustav Vasa in 1560 the coats of arms for the provinces were displayed togeather for the first time and several of them had been granted for that particular occasion. After the separation of Finland from Sweden in 1809 the traditions for the provincial arms has somewhat diverged..
History of Parliamentarism - History of Parliamentarism For a definition of Parliamentarism see: Parliamentary system of government. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Origins of Parliamentary Democracy: The Westminster Model 2 France: Swinging between Presidential & Parliamentary Systems 3 The Spread of Parliamentarism in Europe Origins of Parliamentary Democracy: The Westminster Model The origins of the modern concept of prime ministerial government go back to the Kingdom of Great Britain (1707 - 1800). (The Parliamentary System in Sweden 1721 - 1772 has had a lesser impact, primarily due to Sweden being a smaller country without much influence.) In theory, power resided in the monarch, who chaired cabinet and chose ministers. In reality, King George I's inability to speak English led the responsibility for chairing cabinet to go to the leading minister,.
History of Åland - History of Åland The Åland Islands occupy a position of great strategic importance, commanding as they do both one of the entrances to the port of Stockholm and the approaches to the Gulf of Bothnia, in addition to being situated proximate to the Gulf of Finland. The Åland Islands belonged to the provinces Sweden had to cede to Russia to become the semi-autonomous Grand duchy of Finland. When, by the treaty of Fredrikshamn in September 1809, the islands were ceded to Russia, the Swedes were unable to secure a provision that the islands should not be fortified. The question was, however, a vital one not only for Sweden but for Great Britain, whose trade in the Baltic was threatened. In 1854, accordingly, during the Crimean War,.
History of the United States (1945-1964) - History of the United States (1945-1964) This article is part of the History of the United States series. Colonial America History of the United States (1776-1865) The coming of the Civil War The Civil War History of the United States (1865-1918) History of the United States (1918-1945) History of the United States (1945-1964) History of the United States (1964-1980) History of the United States (1980-present) Demographic history of the United States Military history of the United States Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The breakdown of postwar peace 1.1 Introduction: 1.2 The origins of the Cold War 1.3 Two visions of the world 1.4 The collapse of postwar peace 1.5 Containment and the escalation of the Cold War 1.6 The Korean War 2 The "Affluent Society" and.
Famous women in history - Famous women in history Especially many proponents of feminism have argued that the achievements of women have been insufficiently represented in works of history up through the 20th century. Therefore, many historians and especially those who concentrate on women's studies have drawn attention to women who can be considered historically significant. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Rulers, consorts, heads of state: 2 Politicians, political figures 3 Activists and revolutionaries 4 Artists, writers, poets 5 Scientists and mathematicians 6 Medical notables 7 Musicians 8 Outlaws, pirates and criminals 9 Religious figures 10 Soldiers, agents, spies 11 Famous actors 12 Sportswomen 13 Famous models (most are female) 14 Other Rulers, consorts, heads of state: Hatshepsut of Egypt, (c. 1504 BC-1458 BC), (Egypt) Arsinoe II of Egypt (Egypt) Cleopatra VII of.
Finland - Finland The Republic of Finland (Finnish: Suomi, Swedish: Finland) is a Nordic country, bound by the Baltic Sea to the southwest, the Gulf of Finland to the southeast and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, bordering Sweden, Norway and Russia (sea border with Estonia). Suomen Tasavalta Republiken Finland (In Detail) ''National motto: None'' Official languages Finnish and Swedish language Capital Helsinki President Tarja Halonen Prime minister Matti Vanhanen Area - Total - % water Ranked 63rd 337,030 km² 9.4% Population [1] - Total (2003) - Density Ranked 106th 5,211,311 17.1/km² Independence - Declared - Recognized From Russia December 6, 1917 January 4, 1918 Currency Euro¹, Finnish euro coins Time zone UTC +2 National anthem Maamme/ Vårt land Internet TLD .FI Calling Code 358 (1) Prior.
Finland-Swedish - Finland-Swedish Finland-Swedish is a variety of Swedish. Until the mid-19th century it was the sole language of jurisdiction, administration and higher education in Finland. In 1892 Finnish became an official language and gained a status comparable to that of Swedish, and at Finland's independence in 1917 Finnish clearly dominated in government and society. Finland has since then been a bilingual country with a Swedish-speaking minority, speaking Finland-Swedish, living mostly in the coastal areas of southern and south-western Finland [1]. The autonomous island-province of Åland (Finnish: Ahvenanmaa) is an exception, being monolingually Swedish-speaking according to international treaties. It is a matter of definition whether the Swedish spoken on Åland is to be considered Finland-Swedish or not. Finland-Swedish differs slightly from Swedish spoken in Sweden ("rikssvenska"), most notably.
Finland Proper - Finland Proper Finland Proper, Egentliga Finland or Varsinais-Suomi, is a historical province in south western Finland. It borders to Satakunda, Tavastia and Nyland. It is also bounded by the Baltic sea facing Åland. There is also a modern region by the name Finland Proper. Egentliga Finland Varsinais-Suomi Land Österland Administration Western Finland Area xx,xxx km² Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Administration 2 History 3 Geography 4 Culture 5 Heraldry 6 External Links Administration Main article: Western Finland Finland Proper is comprised within the boundaries of the administrative province of Western Finland. History Main article: History of Finland Proper The province, which had been a part of Sweden from the 12th century, separated when Finland was ceded to Russia in 1809. The provinces has no administrative function.
Finland's language strife - Finland's language strife The language strife was one of the major conflicts of Finland's national history and domestic politics. (The other revolving around the relations to Tsarist Russia, to Socialism, and to the Finnic peoples under Russian supremacy.) Following Finland's incorporation into Sweden in the 12th century, Swedish became the dominant language in administration and education, although Finnish recovered its predominance after a 19th-century resurgence of Fennomanic Finnish nationalism (also working to assure Russia of the Grand Duchy's loyalty). The publication in 1835 of the Finnish national epic The Kalevala first stirred the nationalism that later came to lead to Finland's independence from Russia. The Finnish national awakening in the mid-19th century was the result of members of the Swedish-speaking upper classes deliberately choosing to promote.
Eastern Finland - Eastern Finland The Province of Eastern Finland is a province of Finland. It borders to the provinces of Oulu, Western Finland and Southern Finland. It also borders to the Gulf of Finland and Russia. In the 1997 redesign that reduced their number of provinces from 12 to 6 the Mikkeli province, Kuopio province and Pohjois-Karjala province formed the new province of Eastern Finland. Itä-Suomen lääni Östra Finlands län Residence city Mikkeli Governor Pirjo Ala-Kapee Historical provinces Savonia Karelia Area - Total Ranked 4th 48,726 km² Population - Total (2002) - Density Ranked 3rd 588,106 12 / km² Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Historical Provinces 2 Administration 3 Regions 4 Municipalities 5 Heraldry 6 External Links Historical Provinces For History, Geography and Culture see: Savonia and Karelia Administration.
Esperanto history - Esperanto history In 1878, L. L. Zamenhof considered a revival of Latin to be the solution for the language problem, but after learning it he realized it was obsolete and too difficult for the task. When he learned English, he noted that verb conjugations were unnecessary for comprehension. At this point, he still had the problem of a large vocabulary base until he encountered two signs labelled ŝvejcarskaja (porter's lodge-- place of the porter) and konditorskaja (confectioner's shop-- place of sweets). Then he realized that the proper use of suffixes could greatly decrease the number of words needed in the vocabulary. The vocabulary was chosen to be the most recognizable by the most speakers of the most number of languages. For six years he worked on translations.
A Hacker History - A Hacker History 1971 a Vietnam vet named John Draper discovered that the giveaway whistle in Cap'n Crunch cereal boxes perfectly reproduced a 2600 hertz tone. Draper builds a "blue box" that, when used in conjunction with the whistle and sounded into a phone receiver, allows phreaks to make free calls. Shortly thereafter, Esquire magazine publishes "Secrets of the Little Blue Box" with instructions for making a blue box, and wire fraud in the United States escalates. 1972 Abbie Hoffman helps found The Youth International Party Line newsletter. Hoffman's publishing partner, Al Bell, changed the YIPL newsletter's name to TAP, for Technical Assistance Program. 1972 The InterNetworking Working Group is founded to govern the standards of the developing network. Vinton Cerf is the chairman and is known.
