History of Lebanon - History of Lebanon Lebanon is the historic home of the Phoenicians, Semitic traders whose maritime culture flourished there for more than 2,000 years (c.2700-450 B.C.). In later centuries, Lebanon's mountains were a refuge for Christians, and Crusaders established several strongholds there, notably the County of Tripoli. Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, the League of Nations mandated the five provinces that had comprised present-day Lebanon to France. Modern Lebanon's constitution, drawn up in 1926, specified a balance of political power between the various religious groups. The country gained independence in 1943, and French troops withdrew in 1946. Lebanon's history from independence has been marked by periods of political turmoil interspersed with prosperity built on Beirut's position as a regional center for.
History of the Levant - History of the Levant This is the history of the Levant. See also: Israel and the history of Israel, Palestine, history of Palestine, Jordan, history of Jordan, Egypt, history of Egypt, Syria, history of Syria, Lebanon, history of Lebanon, the history of the Middle East, and the history of present-day nations and states. The Stone age The earliest known permanent settlements in the Levant were established by the Natufian culture. The Bronze age The first cities started developing in southern Mesopotamia during the 4th millennium BC. With these ties of religion began to replace ties of kinship as the basis for society. Each city had a patron god, worshipped in a massive central temple called a ziggurat, and was ruled by a priest-king (ishakku). Society became.
History of Palestine - History of Palestine See Also: Palestine, History of Levant, History of ancient Israel and Judah, History of Israel Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Historical overview 1.1 Ethnic analysis of Palestine 1.2 Political History of Palestine to 1917 1.3 Rise of Zionism Historical overview The term Palestine originates with the Philistines, who inhabited the southern coast of the region in biblical times. It fell into disuse with the disappearance of the Philistines c. 1000 B.C., but was reintroduced by the Romans following the Second Jewish Revolt ("Great Revolt") of Bar Kokhba of 132-135 A.D in the province of Judea. Historically, there was a clear distinction between Philistine and Judean territories; however, the Romans adopted the name for the province in an effort to erase any memories of.
History of Israel - History of Israel The neutrality of this article is disputed. This article discusses the history of the State of Israel, from 1948 A.D. to the present. See also History of Palestine for history of the region from approximately 600 B.C to 1948 A.D., and History of ancient Israel and Judah for history prior to approximately 600 B.C. This article concerns controversial issues. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Zionism and Israel 2 Early History of Modern Israel 2.1 References 3 The Lavon Affair 4 1956 Suez War 5 Six-Day War 6 The Yom Kippur War 7 "Zionism is Racism" Resolution 8 Egyptian-Israeli Peace Process 9 Lebanon 10 First Intifada 11 Gulf War 12 Immigration from the former Soviet Union 13 Middle East Peace Process 14 Assassination of.
History of present-day nations and states - History of present-day nations and states This is a list of articles on the history of the countries that still exist today. See List of extinct countries, empires, etc for articles about countries that are no longer in existence. See List of countries for other articles and lists on countries. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A Afghanistan - Albania - Algeria - Andorra - Angola - Anguilla - Antigua and Barbuda - Argentina - Armenia - Aruba - Ashmore and Cartier Islands - Australia - Austria - Azerbaijan B Bahamas - Bahrain - Baker Island - Bangladesh - Barbados - Bassas da India - Belarus.
History of Asia - History of Asia History of Levant History of Babylonia History of Israel History of Jordan History of Lebanon History of Mesopotamia History of Palestine History of Persia History of Sumer History of Syria History of South Asia History of Afghanistan History of Bangladesh History of Bhutan History of India History of Nepal History of Pakistan History of Sri Lanka History of Tibet History of East Asia History of China History of the People's Republic of China History of the Republic of China History of Japan History of Korea History of North Korea History of South Korea History of Mongolia History of Southeast Asia History of Cambodia History of Indonesia History of Laos History of Malaysia History of Myanmar History of the Philippines History of Singapore History.
History of Jordan - History of Jordan The land that became Jordan forms part of the richly historical Fertile Crescent region. Its history began around 2000 B.C., when Semitic Amorites settled around the Jordan River in the area called Canaan. Subsequent invaders and settlers included Hittites, Egyptians, Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Arab Muslims, Christian Crusaders, Mameluks, Ottoman Turks, and, finally, the British. At the end of World War I, the territory now comprising Israel, Jordan, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and Jerusalem was awarded to the United Kingdom by the League of Nations as the mandate for Palestine and Transjordan. In 1922, the British divided the mandate by establishing the semi-autonomous Emirate of Transjordan, ruled by the Hashemite Prince Abdullah, while continuing the administration of Palestine under.
History of Sardinia - History of Sardinia History of Sardinia Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Prehistory 2 Nuragic age 3 Roman domination 4 Medieval history 5 Giudicati 6 General 6.1 Eleonora di Arborea 6.2 Aragonese domination 6.3 Spanish domination 6.4 Sardinian kingdom 6.5 The unification of Italy 7 Contemporary age Prehistory In 1979 human remains were found that were dated 150,000 BC. Following retrievals are of about 15,000 BC. It is supposed ancient Sardinians descend from a mysterious people: Shardana. The first men to settle in Gallura and Northern Sardinia probably came from Italian mainland, maybe from Etruria. The central region might have been populated by people arrived from Iberian Peninsula through Balearic Islands. Southern settlements (around the gulf of Cagliari) were very likely founded by Africans. Prehistoric arrowheads (third.
History of the United States National Security Council 1953-1961 - History of the United States National Security Council 1953-1961 History of the United States National Security Council Eisenhower Administration, 1953-1961 Under President Dwight D. Eisenhower, the National Security Council system evolved into the principal arm of the President in formulating and executing policy on military, international, and internal security affairs. Where Truman was uncomfortable with the NSC system and only made regular use of it under the pressure of the Korean war, Eisenhower embraced the NSC concept and created a structured system of integrated policy review. With his military background, Eisenhower had a penchant for careful staff work, and believed that effective planning involved a creative process of discussion and debate among advisers compelled to work toward agreed recommendations. The genesis of the new NSC system.
History of the United States National Security Council 1981-1989 - History of the United States National Security Council 1981-1989 History of the United States National Security Council Reagan Administration, 1981-1989 The Reagan administration, like its predecessors, faced the recurring dilemma of determining which official or agency would have primary responsibility for the direction, control, and supervision of U.S. foreign policy. During the 1980 campaign, Ronald Reagan pledged to downgrade the post of National Security Adviser in order to end the rivalry between the NSC and the Department of State that had plagued previous administrations. On inauguration day, Secretary of State-designate Alexander Haig presented a draft National Security Decision Directive (NSDD) on the organization of U.S. foreign policy to Presidential Counselor Edwin Meese III. The intent of Haig's draft was to place overall responsibility for the direction.
History of Armenia - History of Armenia Armenia first emerged into history around 800 BC as part of the Kingdom of Urartu or Van, which flourished in the Caucasus and eastern Asia Minor until 600 BC. After the destruction of the Seleucid Empire, the first Armenian state was founded in 190 BC. At its zenith, from 95 to 65 BC, Armenia extended its rule over parts of Caucasus and the area that is now eastern Turkey, Syria and Lebanon. For a time, Armenia was one of the strongest states in the Roman East. It became part of the Roman Empire in 64 BC and the Armenian People adopted a Western political, philosophical, and religious orientation. In 301 AD, Armenia became the first nation to adopt Christianity as a state religion,.
History of the United States (1945-1964) - History of the United States (1945-1964) This article is part of the History of the United States series. Colonial America History of the United States (1776-1865) The coming of the Civil War The Civil War History of the United States (1865-1918) History of the United States (1918-1945) History of the United States (1945-1964) History of the United States (1964-1980) History of the United States (1980-present) Demographic history of the United States Military history of the United States Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The breakdown of postwar peace 1.1 Introduction: 1.2 The origins of the Cold War 1.3 Two visions of the world 1.4 The collapse of postwar peace 1.5 Containment and the escalation of the Cold War 1.6 The Korean War 2 The "Affluent Society" and.
History of the United States Navy - History of the United States Navy The history of the United States Navy divides into two major periods: the "Old Navy", a small but respected force of sailing ships that was also notable for innovation in the use of ironclads during the American Civil War, and the "New Navy", the result of a modernization effort that began in the 1880s and eventually made the US Navy the most powerful in the world. Revolutionary War The Navy actually predates the United States itself; in 1775 the Continental Congress passed a resolution urging the individual colonies to build and equip fleets, followed on August 26 by a resolution from Rhode Island that there be a single Continental fleet. In the meantime, George Washington had begun to acquire ships,.
History of the United States (1980-present) - History of the United States (1980-present) This article is part of the History of the United States series. Colonial America History of the United States (1776-1865) The coming of the Civil War The Civil War History of the United States (1865-1918) History of the United States (1918-1945) History of the United States (1945-1964) History of the United States (1964-1980) History of the United States (1980-present) Demographic history of the United States Military history of the United States Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The Reagan Revolution 1.1 Changing demographics and the growth of the Sunbelt 1.2 The growth of conservatism, the assault on Détente, and the elections of 1980 1.3 Supply-side economics and the fiscal crisis 1.4 Reagan and the world 2 The post-Cold War era 2.5.
History of Australia since 1901 - History of Australia since 1901 This article is part of the History of Australia series. History of Australia before 1901 History of Australia since 1901 Constitutional history of Australia Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Federation 2 The 20th century 3 Postwar Australia 4 Recent controversies 5 Related articles Federation The 1890s depression (the most severe Australia had ever faced) made the inefficiencies of the six colonies seem ever more ridiculous, and, particularly in border areas, a push for an Australian Federation began. Other motives for Federation were the need for a common immigration policy (Queensland was busy importing indentured workers from New Caledonia, known as Kanakas, to work in the sugar industry: both the unions and the other colonies strongly opposed this), and fear of the.
History of the Israeli Defence Forces - History of the Israeli Defence Forces This article is about the history of the Israeli Defence Forces. For current status of the IDF, see: Israeli Defence Forces and Israel. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The Foundation of the Israeli Defence Forces 2 Before 1948 3 The First Arab-Israeli War 4 1949-1956 5 The Sinai Campaign (1956) 6 1956 - 1966 7 The Six Days War (1967) 8 The Attrition War (1967-1970) 9 Yom Kippur War (1973) 10 1974-1981 11 Appendices 11.1 List of Chief of the General Staff 11.2 Other famous generals and soldiers The Foundation of the Israeli Defence Forces The Israel Defence Forces (Hebrew: צבא הגנה לישראל Tsva Haganah Le-Israel, often abbreviated צה"ל Tsahal) is the name of Israel's armed forces (army, air force.
Foreign relations of Lebanon - Foreign relations of Lebanon The foreign policy of Lebanon reflects its geographic location, the composition of its population, and its reliance on commerce and trade. Lebanon's foreign policy is heavily influenced by Syria, which maintains forces throughout parts of Lebanon. The framework for relations was first codified in May 1991, when Lebanon and Syria signed a treaty of mutual cooperation. This treaty came out of the Ta'if Agreement, which stipulated that "Lebanon is linked to Syria by distinctive ties deriving strength from kinship, history, and common interests." The Lebanese-Syria treaty calls for "coordination and cooperation between the two countries" that would serve the "interests of the two countries within the framework of sovereignty and independence of each." Numerous agreements on political, economic, security, and judicial affairs have followed.
Background history of the September 11, 2001 attacks - Background history of the September 11, 2001 attacks This article is part of the September 11 series. Background history Planning and execution September 11 Rest of September October Aftermath United States' strongest allies in west Asia are Turkey (a member of NATO), Israel and Egypt. All of these nations receive financial aid from the U.S. The U.S. also has military bases in Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, and Oman. 1954-1979: United States backs the Iranian monarchy led by Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran. This rule gradually loses the population's favor, as in addition to its ruthless and dictatorial nature (including a brutal secret police), they see it as alien and secular, and gradually fundamental Shi'ite Islam strengthens. 1967: United States holds that Israel should withdraw from.
Timeline of United States diplomatic history - Timeline of United States diplomatic history Timeline of United States Diplomatic History 1776- Declaration of Independence - written by Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Robert Livingston, and Roger Sherman. 1778- Treaty of Alliance (1778)- As a result of Battle of Saratoga, France and US agreed to come to each others aid in event of British attack from the present time and forever, abrogated in late 1799 after XYZ Affair. 1789- Jay-Gardoqui Treaty- Spain's exclusive right to navigate Mississippi River guaranteed for 30 years, Spain's European and West Indian portss open to American shipping, not ratified under Articles of Confederation. 1795- Jay Treaty- Promised British subjects would leave Great Lakes region within a year, did not deal with impressment nor Loyalists debts. Accepted by Senate. early 1800s- Barbary Wars- Algiers,.
Timeline of United States history (1970-present) - Timeline of United States history (1970-present) This section of the Timeline of United States history concerns events from 1970 to the present. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 1970s 2 1980s 3 1990s 4 2000s 1970s 1970 - Environmental Protection Agency enacted 1971 - 26th Amendment ratified 1972 - U.S. presidential election, 1972 (including Watergate burglary) 1973 - Roe v. Wade Supreme Court ruling over-turns state laws against abortion 1973 - Skylab, USA's first space station launched 1974 - Richard Nixon resigns Presidency over Watergate 1974 - Gerald R. Ford becomes President (by succession rather than election) 1976 - U.S. presidential election, 1976 1977 - Jimmy Carter becomes President 1978 - Humphrey Hawkins Full Employment Act 1978 - Camp David Accords (1978) 1979 - Three Mile Island nuclear accident 1979.
