History of Libya - History of Libya The visible history of Libya is a flux of stronger and weaker control by outsiders. The invisible unwritten history of Libya includes the history of its rich mix of peoples added to the indigenous Berber tribes. For most of their history, the peoples of Libya have been subjected to varying degrees of foreign control. The modern history of independent Libya begins in 1951. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Ancient Libya (Tripolitania and Cyrenaica) to 647 CE 2 Islamic Tripolitania and Cyrenaica 647-1911 3 Italian Colony, 1911-1951 4 Modern Libya Ancient Libya (Tripolitania and Cyrenaica) to 647 CE Since Neolithic times, the climate of North Africa has been drying. Reminder of the desertification of the area is provided by megalithic remains, which occur in.
History of Chad - History of Chad This page discusses the history of Chad, Africa. A humanoid skull found in Borkou is more than 3 million years old. Because in ancient times the Saharan area was not totally arid, Chad's population was more evenly distributed than it is today. For example, 7,000 years ago, the north central basin, now in the Sahara, was still filled with water, and people lived and farmed around its shores. The cliff paintings in Borkou and Ennedi depict elephants, rhinoceroses, giraffes, cattle, and camels; only camels survive there today. The region was known to traders and geographers from the late Middle Ages. Since then, Chad has served as a crossroads for the Muslim peoples of the desert and savanna regions, and the animist Bantu tribes.
History of present-day nations and states - History of present-day nations and states This is a list of articles on the history of the countries that still exist today. See List of extinct countries, empires, etc for articles about countries that are no longer in existence. See List of countries for other articles and lists on countries. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A Afghanistan - Albania - Algeria - Andorra - Angola - Anguilla - Antigua and Barbuda - Argentina - Armenia - Aruba - Ashmore and Cartier Islands - Australia - Austria - Azerbaijan B Bahamas - Bahrain - Baker Island - Bangladesh - Barbados - Bassas da India - Belarus.
History of Africa - History of Africa The following is an outline of African history, followed by a list of articles about the history of particular places in Africa. The text may be dated in parts because it was taken originally from a 1911 encyclopedia— please modernise and update as required. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Origins of the Name 2 Prehistory 3 Neolithic North Africa and Phoenician and Greek colonization 4 Islamic North Africa 5 Sub-Saharan Africa: Medieval empires 6 European exploration and conquest 6.1 Portuguese 6.2 19th Century European explorers 6.3 Partition among European Powers 6.4 Conflicting ambitions of the European powers 6.5 The Berlin Conference of 1884-85 7 Africa at the start of the 20th century 8 Africa Between the World Wars 9 World War II Era.
History of Lebanon - History of Lebanon Lebanon is the historic home of the Phoenicians, Semitic traders whose maritime culture flourished there for more than 2,000 years (c.2700-450 B.C.). In later centuries, Lebanon's mountains were a refuge for Christians, and Crusaders established several strongholds there, notably the County of Tripoli. Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, the League of Nations mandated the five provinces that had comprised present-day Lebanon to France. Modern Lebanon's constitution, drawn up in 1926, specified a balance of political power between the various religious groups. The country gained independence in 1943, and French troops withdrew in 1946. Lebanon's history from independence has been marked by periods of political turmoil interspersed with prosperity built on Beirut's position as a regional center for.
History of Niger - History of Niger Considerable evidence indicates that about 600,000 years ago, humans inhabited what has since become the desolate Sahara of northern Niger. Long before the arrival of French influence and control in the area, Niger was an important economic crossroads, and the empires of Songhai, Mali, Gao, and Kanem-Bornu, as well as a number of Hausa states, claimed control over portions of the area. During recent centuries, the nomadic Tuareg formed large confederations, pushed southward, and, siding with various Hausa states, clashed with the Fulani Empire of Sokoto, which had gained control of much of the Hausa territory in the late 18th century. In the 19th century, contact with the West began when the first European explorers--notably Mungo Park (British) and Heinrich Barth (German)--explored the.
History of Somalia - History of Somalia Early History The original settlers of the Somali region were ethnic Cushites from the fertile lakes of southern Ethiopia. This group is sub-divided into a number of other ethnicities, which are still readily recognized (and fought over) today. Archeaological evidence supports the idea that most of the coastline of present day Somalia had been settled by 100 AD. These early villages put the Somalis in contact with Arab traders traveling along the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. In the ensuing centuries, the Somalis were one of the first peoples to convert to Islam. The Arabs established the ancient city of Salec on the horn of Africa which would last as a central trading hub until the 17th century, when it was sacked by.
History of Sudan - History of Sudan This is an overview of the history of Sudan. Early history In the 7th century, Sudan was a collection of small, independent kingdoms and principalities. The oldest of these were Nubia south of the First Cataract of the Nile, the Makoritae at Old Dongola, and the kingdom of the Alodaei around Soba on the Blue Nile. The Makoritae and Nubians later merged to form the kingdom of al-Muqurra. Islam came to Egypt in the 640s, and pressed southward; around 651 the governor raided as far south as Dongola, but appears to have had little effect. The area between the Nile and the Red Sea was a source of gold and emeralds, and Arab miners gradually moved in. Around the 970s an Egyptian envoy.
History of Italy - History of Italy Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The Romans 2 The Middle Ages and the Renaissance 3 Foreign domination 4 Italian unification 5 The World Wars 6 Birth of the Italian Republic 7 Recent history The Romans Greeks settled in the southern tip of the Italian peninsula in the eighth and seventh centuries B.C.; Etruscans, Romans, and others inhabited the central and northern mainland. The peninsula subsequently was unified under the Roman Republic. After the victory in the Punic wars against the rival city of Carthage, the neighboring islands also came under Roman control by the third century B.C.; in the first century A.D. the roman state effectively dominated the Mediterranean world but was subject to several civil wars, leading to the transformation into the.
History of the United States (1980-present) - History of the United States (1980-present) This article is part of the History of the United States series. Colonial America History of the United States (1776-1865) The coming of the Civil War The Civil War History of the United States (1865-1918) History of the United States (1918-1945) History of the United States (1945-1964) History of the United States (1964-1980) History of the United States (1980-present) Demographic history of the United States Military history of the United States Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The Reagan Revolution 1.1 Changing demographics and the growth of the Sunbelt 1.2 The growth of conservatism, the assault on Détente, and the elections of 1980 1.3 Supply-side economics and the fiscal crisis 1.4 Reagan and the world 2 The post-Cold War era 2.5.
History of swimming - History of swimming Swimming has been known since prehistoric times. Drawings from the Stone Age were found in "the cave of swimmers" near Wadi Sora (or Sura) in the southwestern part of Egypt. Written references date from 2000 B.C, including Gilgamesh, the Iliad, the Odyssey, the Bible (Ezekiel 47:5, Acts 27:42, Isaiah 25:11), Beowulf, and other sagas. In 1538 Nicolas Wynman, German professor of languages, wrote the first swimming book, "Colymbetes". Competitive swimming in Europe started around 1800, mostly using breaststroke. The front crawl, then called the trudgen, was introduced in 1873 by John Arthur Trudgen, copying it from Native Americans. Swimming was part of the first modern Olympic games in 1896 in Athens. In 1902 the trudgen was improved by Richard Cavill, using the flutter.
History of Ancient Egypt - History of Ancient Egypt This article is part of the History of Egypt series. Ancient Egypt Greek and Roman Egypt Early Arab Egypt Ottoman Egypt Modern Egypt List of Egyptians Ancient Egypt appeared as a unified state sometime around 3300 BC. It survived as an independent state until about 1300 BC. Archeological evidence indicates that a developed Egyptian society has existed for much longer. Archeological findings show that primitive tribes lived along the Nile long before the dynastic history of the pharaohs began. By 6000 B.C., organized agriculture had appeared. In about 3100 B.C., Egypt was united under a ruler known as Mena, or Menes, who inaugurated the 30 pharaonic dynasties into which Egypt's ancient history is divided--the Old and the Middle Kingdoms and the New.
History of Greek and Roman Egypt - History of Greek and Roman Egypt This article is part of the History of Egypt series. Ancient Egypt Greek and Roman Egypt Early Arab Egypt Ottoman Egypt Modern Egypt List of Egyptians Ptolemy I, King of Egypt The conquests of Alexander the Great brought Egypt within the orbit of the Greek world for the next 900 years. After 300 years of rule by the Macedonian Ptolemies, Egypt was incorporated into the Roman Empire in 30 BC, and was ruled first from Rome and then from Constantinople until the Arab conquest in AD 639. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Ptolemaic Egypt 1.1 Ptolemy I 1.2 Ptolemy II 1.3 Ptolemy III 1.4 The decline of the Ptolemies 1.5 The later Ptolemies 2 Roman Egypt 2.6 Roman rule in.
Cyrene, Libya - Cyrene, Libya Cyrene, the ancient Greek city (in present-day Libya) was the oldest and most important of the five Greek cities in the region and gave eastern Libya the classical name 'Cyrenaica' that it has retained to modern times. Cyrene was founded as a colony of the Greeks of Thera, traditionally led by Aristotle (later called Battus) of Thera, about 630 BCE. Details concerning the founding of the city are contained in Book IV of the Histories of Herodotus. Cyrenaica became part of the empire controlled by the Ptolemies from Alexandria in Egypt and later passed to the Roman empire. Cyrene was the birthplace of Eratosthenes and there are a number of philosophers associated with the city including Callimachus, Carneades, Aristippus and Arete. The inhabitants of Cyrene.
Military history of Italy during World War II - Military history of Italy during World War II This page is intended to serve as a focal point for studying Italian military history during the WWII-era. See also: List of World War II personas The Beginning of WWII Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. Following this event, Mussolini would change his mind repeatedly as to whether or not he intended to enter the war. The British commander in Africa, General Wavell, was correct in arguing that Mussolini's pride would ultimately cause him to enter the war. Wavell would compare Mussolini's situation to that of someone at the top of a diving board, "I think he must do something. If he cannot make a graceful dive he will at least have to jump in somehow; he can.
Military history of Britain during World War II - Military history of Britain during World War II This page is intended to serve as a focal point for information pertinent to understanding British activity during World War II. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The Beginning of WWII 2 Western Europe, 1940 2.1 The Battle of France 2.2 Dunkirk 2.3 The Battle of Britain 3 The War at Sea 4 The North African Desert 5 Britain Goes on the Offensive 6 Greek Interlude and Crete 7 Iraq, Syria and Persia 8 Rommel Arrives 9 To and Fro in the Western Desert 10 Operation Torch and El Alamein 11 Battle for Tunisia 12 Invasion of Sicily 13 Surrender of Italy 14 The Winter Line and Monte Cassino 15 Anzio and Rome 16 The Gothic Line and Victory in.
Libya - Libya الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الإشتراكية al-Jamāhīrīyah al-cArabīya al-Lībīyah ash-Shacbīyah al-Ishtirākīyah (In Detail) Official language Arabic Capital Tripoli Brother Leader of the Revolution Moammar Al Qadhafi President Zentani Muhammad az-Zentani Area - Total Ranked 16th 1,759,540 km² Population - Total (Year) - Density Ranked 103rd 5,499,074 3.1/km² Currency Libyan dinar Time zone UTC +3 Independence - Declared (From Italy) December 24, 1951 National anthem Allahu Akbar Internet TLD .ly Calling Code 218 The Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya or Libya (Arabic: ليبيا) is a country in North Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, located between Egypt and Tunisia . Its capital city is Tripoli. (Note that in ancient Greece, Libya is used in a broader meaning, encompassing all of North Africa west of Egypt. The three.
Libyan Arab Airlines - Libyan Arab Airlines is the national airline of Libya. History Not much information is available about the history of Libyan Arab Airlines, in part because of their country's government's bad relations with the United Nations and most of its country members. But Libyan Arab Airlines used to be one of the most important Arabian airlines of the 1970s and 1980s. It was during the 1970s that a Boeing 727 of Libyan Arab Airlines was bombed by Israeli air forces that suspected it of being an enemy plane, killing all the passengers in the 727. During the 1980s, Libyan Arab enjoyed a large presence in European airports. But after the bombing of the Pan Am Boeing 747 over Lockerbie, Scotland in 1988 by Libyan terrorists, the United Nations imposed several sanctions on.
Libyan Desert - second lowest point in Africa The Sand Seas The three sand seas contain dunes up to 110m in height. These cover ~25% of the region. Egyptian Sand Sea Kalansho Sand Sea Ribiana Sand Sea See Also Geography Egypt Libya History World War II.
January 21 - business 1908 - New York City passes a law, the Sullivan Ordinance, making it illegal for women to smoke in public only to be vetoed by the mayor. 1911 - The first Monte Carlo motor rally 1915 - Kiwanis International founded in Detroit, Michigan 1924 - Vladimir Lenin dies and Joseph Stalin begins to purge his rivals to clear way for his leadership. 1925 - Albania declares itself a republic 1941 - World War II: Australian and British forces attack Tobruk, Libya 1950 - Alger Hiss is convicted of perjury 1954 - The first nuclear-powered submarine, the USS Nautilus, is launched in Groton, Connecticut. 1968 - Simon & Garfunkel release the Original Soundtrack to The Graduate, which quickly goes to #1 on the pop charts and which will bring Simon a.
